CNG Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

After a substantial success of LPG vehicles in Serbia and an extensive shift toward bi-fuelled LPG gasoline passenger cars, the market, and especially corporate users were eager to welcome all the other alternative and renewable fuels, as CNG and Biodiesel. The main prerequisite was that they could be implemented shortly, as soon as possible with as lower technical interventions and implementation investments as possible with really high expectations of considerable short-term savings. It is now certain that enthusiastic but inexperienced users as well as an immature vehicle market and refueling infrastructure in a developing country recovering from a decade-long crisis as Republic of Serbia, expected a miracle, which unfortunately did not happen. In the paper, the authors present some of the problems arisen especially from insufficient fuel availability and poor quality of conversion since the majority of car owners expected important incentives and subventions for conversions due to the stringent cost limitations (i.e. lower incomes). Unfortunately, national policy never backed up this isolated effort. From such an implementation experience important lessons were learnt and highlighted in the paper, as well as some of the applicable best practices to overcome it from similar/comparable countries. Eventually, several crucial recommendations were delivered for all the subsequent trials, promotions and presently lacking but in the near future necessary national supportive policy for alternative fuels in transportation in order not to disappoint anymore the users and though make a stable path for their wider, easier and effective implementation.

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- Biodiesel, Alternative Fuels, Biofuels, CNG
- by Ronaldo Pasaribu
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- Control Systems Engineering, Renewable Energy, Control Systems, Optimization
- by Raheel Malik and +1
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- Biodiesel, Risk Management, Fuel Cell, Comparison
- by Siram Rohith
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- Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Chemistry, Reference
- by Salha Alzahrani
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- Engineering, Information Retrieval, Pragmatics, Plagiarism Detection

The factor to be considered while designing a new combustion process are , higher compression ratio, lean homogeneous air fuel mixture, complete and instantaneous combustion, which lead to HCCI. HCCI is a clean and efficient combustion process. The main objective of the HCCI engine to achieve the high compression ratio. HCCI combustion is the potential to work with high thermal efficiency, low fuel consumption, and extremely low NOx and PM emission. Alternative fuels including methane/hydrogen blend, methane/syngas blend to Improving of HCCI engine performance, reducing the pollutant emission, increasing the output energy. For use of the ethanol fuelled HCCI engine to BTE increasing with increasing the charged temperature, exhaust gas temperature decrease with increase intake air temperature. HCCI operating range higher efficiency is found at higher engine load and lower engine speed, and low NOx and CO emission. For use of hydrogen and Natural gas in diesel HCCI engine to Reduce NOx, CO, PM emission, fuel consumption And Increasing engine efficiency by 13% to 16%. For CNG/Biodiesel duel fuel mode is more suitable especially high engine load for high thermal efficiency, lower combustion, improving the break thermal efficiency and lower rate of emission. Finally The Experiment is conduct to blend of palm-oil bio-diesel and CNG in HCCI engine. To derive objective by executing work for use of bio-fuels is waste cooking oil from palm oil blending with diesel fuel. The bio-diesel has been produced via trans-esterification process.

A small fleet of classic London Taxis (Black cabs) equipped with hydrogen fuel cell power systems is being prepared for demonstration during the 2012 London Olympics.This paper presents a Life Cycle Analysis for these vehicles in terms of energy consumption and CO2 emissions, focusing on the impacts of alternative vehicle technologies for the Taxi, combining the fuel life cycle (Tank-to-Wheel and Well-to-Tank) and vehicle materials Cradle-to-Grave.An internal combustion engine diesel taxi was used as the reference vehicle for the currently available technology. This is compared to battery and fuel cell vehicle configurations. Accordingly, the following energy pathways are compared: diesel, electricity and hydrogen (derived from natural gas steam reforming).Full Life Cycle Analysis, using the PCO-CENEX drive cycle, (derived from actual London Taxi drive cycles) shows that the fuel cell powered vehicle configurations have lower energy consumption (4.34 MJ/km) and CO2 emissions (235 g/km) than both the ICE Diesel (9.54 MJ/km and 738 g/km) and the battery electric vehicle (5.81 MJ/km and 269 g/km).► A Life Cycle Analysis of alternative vehicle technologies for the London Taxi was performed. ► The hydrogen powered vehicles have the lowest energy consumption and CO2 emissions results. ► A hydrogen powered solution can be a sustainable alternative in a full life cycle framework.

- by Patricia Baptista
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- LNG, Energy Policy, Power System, Energy Consumption
- by Editor IJRET
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- Renewable Energy, Hydrogen, CNG, Nitrogen Oxides

The way in which organisms detect specific volatile compounds within their environment, and the associated neural processing which produces perception and subsequent behavioural responses, have been of interest to scientists for decades. Initially, most olfaction research was conducted using electrophysiological techniques on whole animals. However, the discovery of genes encoding the family of human olfactory receptors (ORs) paved the way for the development of a range of cellular assays, primarily used to deorphan ORs from mammals and insects. These assays have greatly advanced our knowledge of the molecular basis of olfaction, however, while there is currently good agreement on vertebrate and nematode olfactory signalling cascades, debate still surrounds the signalling mechanisms in insects. The inherent specificity and sensitivity of ORs makes them prime candidates as biological detectors of volatile ligands within biosensor devices, which have many potential applications. In the previous decade, researchers have investigated various technologies for transducing OR:ligand interactions into a readable format and thereby produce an olfactory biosensor (or bioelectronic nose) that maintains the discriminating power of the ORs in vivo. Here we review and compare the molecular mechanisms of olfaction in vertebrates and invertebrates, and also summarise the assay technologies utilising sub-tissue level sensing elements (cells and cell extracts), which have been applied to OR deorphanisation and biosensor research. Although there are currently no commercial, “field-ready” olfactory biosensors of the kind discussed here, there have been several technological proof-of-concept studies suggesting that we will see their emergence within the next decade.▶ Discovery of olfactory receptor (OR) genes facilitated novel cellular assays used to deorphan ORs. ▶ There is agreement on vertebrate olfactory signalling but debate surrounds signalling in insects. ▶ Here we review and compare the molecular mechanisms of olfaction in vertebrates and invertebrates. ▶ We also summarise assay technologies applied to OR deorphanisation and biosensor research. ▶ Proof-of-concept studies suggest that commercial olfactory biosensors will soon appear.

- by Richard Glatz
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- Cognitive Science, Invertebrates, Molecular Mechanics, Signal Transduction

Günümüzde artan çevre bilinci, doğal kaynakların sürdürülebilirliği ve dünya enerji pazarlarındaki gelişmelerle birlikte temiz yakıt arayışı çok önemli bir konu haline gelmiştir. Bu minvalde, temiz yanma, düşük karbondioksit salınımı,... more

- by Gökhan Soruş
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- LNG, Transportation, Natural Gas, CNG
- by Federico Perini
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- Hydrogen, Internal Combustion Engines, Methane, CNG
- by Amit Pal
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- Renewable Energy, Hydrogen, Emissions, CNG
- by Anuradha Shukla
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- Internal Combustion Engine, Natural Gas, Scientific, CNG

Gas asli termampat (CNG) merupakan bahan api alternatif yang paling berjaya dan digunakan dengan meluas bagi kenderaan terkini yang berada di pasaran. Kenderaan pacuan petrol bagi tujuan ini biasanya dilengkapkan dengan kit penukar gas asli bagi membolehkan operasian dwi-bahan api di antara CNG dan petrol. Pendekatan secara uji kaji ini difokuskan ke atas penggunaan bahan api, emisi ekzos dan kos bahan api di antara operasian gas asli dan petrol. Rig ujian terdiri dari sebuah sistem enjin teksi dwi-bahan api menggunakan 1500 cc dengan 12 injap sistem karburetor adalah dibina khusus. Penggunaan bahan api dan emisi ekzos yang setara diperolehi pada kelajuan putaran seminit (rpm) enjin yang berbeza ketika operasian menggunakan bahan api CNG dan petrol secara berasingan. Pengoperasian rpm enjin tanpa bebanan diubahsuai dari kedudukan pegun kepada kedudukan melebihi 5000 rpm untuk memperolehi profil penggunaan bahan api dan emisi ekzos. Kedua-dua data yang diperolehi ini kemudiannya digu...

- by Zulkifli Abdul Majid
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- Engineering, Carbon Dioxide, Natural Gas, Carbon Monoxide
- by Debora Fino
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- Inorganic Chemistry, Transmission Electron Microscopy, Methane, Combustion Synthesis
- by Thomas Tomich
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- Engineering, Technology, Renewable Energy, Biomass
- by majid hussain
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- Pakistan, Biological Sciences, Environmental Sciences, Bat
- by Mohamed Selim
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- Engineering, Engineering Design, Methane, Compressed Natural Gas
- by Kerry Brown
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- Air Quality, Decision Making, Public Transport, Technology development
- by Young Whan Choi
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- Engineering, Hydrogen Energy, CHEMICAL SCIENCES, CNG

Pollution from the petroleum oil increases day by day in terms of CO2, CO, NOX, PM and many other gases and particles. Price difference and economy leads people toward the use of alternative fuels. To overcome this problem Tri-fuel is the best suitable fuel for the IC engine because of its clean emission characteristics. The present experiment focused on non-petroleum renewable and non-polluting fuels to be used for I.C engines. The tri-fuel is assortment of petrol, butanol blend and CNG gas. It is found that power produced by the Tri-fuelled engine is more and lower NOx emissions compare to Gasoline engine because of the high volumetric efficiency, high compression ratio.

Natural gas represents today a promising alternative to conventional fuels for road vehicles propulsion, since it is characterized by a relatively low cost, better geopolitical distribution than oil, and lower environmental impact. This explains the current spreading of Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) fuelled S.I. engine, above all in the bi-fuel version, i.e. capable to run either with gasoline or with natural gas. This characteristic, on the one hand, permits the vehicle to go even when natural gas is not available, on the other hand requires the engine to be designed to run safely with gasoline, i.e. with compression ratio lower than what natural gas would allow. Moreover the electronic control units are programmed to adopt rich mixture and poor spark advance when running with gasoline at medium-high loads, in order to prevent the engine from dangerous knocking phenomena: this causes an increase in fuel consumption and pollutant emissions. Starting from these considerations, the authors decided to investigate on the benefit attainable by means of a double-fuel injection, i.e. the injection of a certain amount of natural gas during the gasoline operation in order to increase the knocking resistance of the mixture and to run the engine with “overall stoichiometric” mixture even at full load, thus improving both engine efficiency and its environmental impact. To this purpose, the authors carried out an experimental campaign on the engine test bed, equipped with a fully instrumented series production bi-fuel spark ignition engine; the gasoline injection was managed by means of a real-time controlled ECU, while the simultaneous injection of natural gas was performed by means of IGBT transistors properly designed for fuel injection or spark timing control connected to a counter/timing PCI board. The results obtained fuelling the engine with both fuels in stoichiometric proportion with air show, with respect to the pure gasoline operation, considerable increase in fuel economy without remarkable power losses, while, with respect to the pure natural gas operation, only power improvements have been achieved: these advantages may lead the way to the adoption of the double-fuel injection in bi-fuel-engines.

. Damage to the vehicle CNG pressure vessels and the resulting injuries are always a concern of the consumer. Because of nowadays tend to use natural gas to reduce pollution in cities is increasing. So pay attention to the design, manufacture, inspection and related to the particular importance will be the last. An important part of this process is non-destructive tests. In recent years, these techniques have led to significant advances in many industries and use them to increase the reliability of reduce the possible accidents. As far as the world today is considered a classic of science. This article reviews the manufacturing defect that caused the damage, subject to the occurrence of non-destructive inspection and must be in the path of production and consumption of these reservoirs, has been paid.

- by Amir Heydari
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- Production, Consumption, Non Destructive Testing, CNG

Natural gas, referred to as green fuel, has emerged as a solulion to depleting crude oil resources as well as to the deteriorating urban air quality problem. As a gaseous fuel, gains from natural gas have already been established in terms of low emissions of carbon monoxide, hydrocarbon and particulate matter. Air-fuel ratio, operating cylinder pressure, fuel injection, and compression ratio are some of the parameters that need to be analyzed and optimally exploited for better engine performance and reduced emissions. In this study, a comprehensive review of various operating parameters and concerns have been prepared for better understanding of operating conditions (spark and compression ignited engines) and constrains for a natural gas fueled internal combustion engine.

- by Kirti Bhandari
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- Engineering, Internal Combustion Engine, Natural Gas, Scientific

Pollution from the petroleum oil increases day by day in terms of CO2, CO, NOX, PM and many other gases and particles. Price difference and economy leads people toward the use of alternative fuels. To overcome this problem Tri-fuel is the best suitable fuel for the IC engine because of its clean emission characteristics. It is found that power produced by the Tri-fuelled engine is more and lower NOx emissions compare to Gasoline engine because of the high volumetric efficiency, high compression ratio.

Increasing Industrialization and Urbanization has led to phenomenal growth in transportation sector. Due to depletion of fossil fuel in the nature, alterative of Gasoline and Diesel was obtained i.e CNG (Compressed Natural Gas) mainly composed of Methane. CNG emits less pollution and it has inherent clean nature of combustion. One of the main drawback of CNG is producing less Torque as compared to Gasoline and Diesel this is due to its less Volumetric efficiency, Heat transfer rate and flame propagation speed.

- by Dr. Aftab Ahmed
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- Renewable Energy, Policy, Socio-Economic Status, CNG

- by SAEID MOSHTAGHPOOR
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- Production, Consumption, Non Destructive Testing, CNG
- by Kjetil Taskén
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- Immune response, Biology, Cell Cycle, Cellular Signalling
- by P. Bielaczyc
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- Engineering, Economics, MPI, Si
- by Jose Barros
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- Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Chemistry, Combustion

The paper presents the consequences of LNG usage as a marine fuel. The restrictions of harmful substances emission to atmosphere from marine engines, especially in controlled emission areas (ECA and SECA areas) of nitrogen oxides and sulfur oxides, forces the engine makers to use additional installations, which operation may fulfill the purification requirements of exhaust gases. The option is a usage gaseous fuels, especially liquid natural gas (LNG) or compressed natural gas (CNG). There is no an alternative – only gaseous fuels may fulfill the Tier3 level without exhaust gases purification process. In prognosis about 650 ships (in high scenario about 2000) will be fuelled LNG in the year 2025. It was written why the liquid fuels stay unattractive. The basic problem is still the limited network of LNG distribution in ports and the lack of small vessels or barges for LNG bunkering. The proposition of design of LNG tank and barges were presented. The next problem is a deficiency of ...

- by Jerzy Herdzik
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- LNG, Natural Gas, CNG, Marine fuel

Abstract:- The application of new technologies in the automotive field has highly improved the performances of internal combustion engines. In particular, applying electronic control to the fuel injection system has improved dynamic performances and reduced noxious emissions, noise and fuel consumption. To achieve this goal it is necessary to exactly meter the injected fuel by controlling both the injection pressure and the injectors opening time. On the other hand, to develop a suitable control strategy for the injection system, it is necessary a mathematical representation, describing the dynamics of most significant variables. In this paper we propose a fast and simple model of a Compressed Natural Gas injection system to predict the system dynamics with a good accuracy for different operating conditions. We also present a comparison between simulation and experimental data to validate the results. Then we use this model to design a fuzzy logic controller of the injection pressur...

- by Robert Eckl
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- Engineering, LNG, Pipeline, Risk Analysis
- by Tőke Orsolya
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- EM, ABC, Ion Channels, Signal Transduction
- by ahmed benzaoui
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- Multidisciplinary, Greenhouse Gas Emissions, Compressed Natural Gas, CNG

Government of India doesn't want to compromise with environment pollution, so it makes the strict emission norms for IC engine. Diesel engine is well known for fuel economy and efficient operation but only problem is engine emission .to fulfill the future emission norms HCCI Bifuel engine is one of the best option, so it can operate diesel engine with CNG. The use of CNG in HCCI engine along with pilot diesel injection, the emissions has been decreased drastically. Homogeneous mixing of fuel and air leads to cleaner combustion and lower emissions. The premixed lean mixture reduces soot particles. By optimizing operating parameter like mixture strength and load we can obtain less emission and better fuel economy. In experimental work there is use of CNG injection at high pressure and fixed amount of diesel for initiate combustion only and then varying amount of CNG for optimization of low emission and higher performance for particular load.

- by Paulien Herder
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- Air Quality, Decision Making, Public Transport, Technology development

- by rahmat mohsin
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- Engineering, Carbon Dioxide, Natural Gas, Carbon Monoxide
- by Myriam Aguirre
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- Environmental Engineering, Chemical Engineering, SEM, Methane
- by Subhes C Bhattacharyya
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- Business, Engineering, Technology, Rural Development

Abstract. Damage to the vehicle CNG pressure vessels and the resulting injuries are always a concern of the consumer. Because of nowadays tend to use natural gas to reduce pollution in cities is increasing. So pay attention to the design, manufacture, inspection and related to the particular importance will be the last. An important part of this process is non-destructive tests. In recent years, these techniques have led to significant advances in many industries and use them to increase the reliability of reduce the possible accidents. As far as the world today is considered a classic of science. This article reviews the manufacturing defect that caused the damage, subject to the occurrence of non-destructive inspection and must be in the path of production and consumption of these reservoirs, has been paid.

- by SAEID MOSHTAGHPOOR
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- Production, Consumption, Non Destructive Testing, CNG
- by Shirish Karande
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- Routing, Wireless Sensor Networks, Channel Coding, Convex Optimization
- by Shirish Karande
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- Routing, Wireless Sensor Networks, Channel Coding, Convex Optimization
- by B. Hartsough
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- Engineering, Renewable Energy, Biomass, Financial Modeling
- by A. Barbuti
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- Kinetics, Biology, Medicine, Ion Channels
- by Kyllike Christensson
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- Pediatrics, HR, Growth, Humans
- by Van Rene
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- Air Quality, Public Transport, Principal Component Analysis, Performance
- by Carlos Rodrigues Pereira Belchior
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- Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Combustion, FTIR