Pipeline Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Electrical heat tracing systems have generally replaced a large class of steam tracing systems. Nowhere is this more apparent than the arctic environments. Electrical heat tracing has been used from the beginning of the development of the... more

Electrical heat tracing systems have generally replaced a large class of steam tracing systems. Nowhere is this more apparent than the arctic environments. Electrical heat tracing has been used from the beginning of the development of the North Slope Oil Fields. Parallel-circuit self-regulating heaters have generally been used in recent applications. Increased monitoring of these systems has been specified as the desire for centralized control and monitoring of all processes has advanced with the adoption of more sophisticated distributed control and monitoring systems. One of the most extensive heat tracing monitoring systems ever installed is examined. Over 400 circuits in a crude-oil separation facility are independently and individually monitored. The results of the initial construction commissioning and the first six months of operation are reported. Analysis of cost effectiveness and engineering lessons learned about electrical heat tracing systems operations are examined in detail. Heat tracing monitoring systems have been described in the literature, but the results of an operational system, lacking in the past, are examined here.

This work deals with the analysis of the interaction of earthquakes with pipelines transporting and distributing natural gas for industrial and civil use. To this aim, a new large data-set of seismic information classified on the basis of... more

This work deals with the analysis of the interaction of earthquakes with pipelines transporting and distributing natural gas for industrial and civil use. To this aim, a new large data-set of seismic information classified on the basis of selected seismological, geotechnical and structural parameters is presented and analyzed. Particular attention is devoted to continuous pipelines under strong ground shaking, which is the geotechnical effect due to passage of waves in soil.

The GLNG Consortium, formed by Santos, Total, Petronas and Kogas, is planning a large scale development to extract coal seam gas (CSG) from existing and future fields in the Roma, Fairview and Arcadia Valley area (Queensland, Australia)... more

The GLNG Consortium, formed by Santos, Total, Petronas and Kogas, is planning a large scale development to extract coal seam gas (CSG) from existing and future fields in the Roma, Fairview and Arcadia Valley area (Queensland, Australia) and to supply that gas for commercial sale and/or conversion to liquefied natural gas (LNG). A gas transmission pipeline called the "GLNG Pipeline" is a major component of the development. The GLNG Pipeline will be approximately 420 km in length and will be used to transport (CSG) from the existing and future fields to an LNG processing facility at Curtis Island near Gladstone (LNG Plant). Three inlets are foreseen in the initial pipeline section: F-PCS-01 at KP0 Future F-HCS-05 at KP12.4 Future A-HCS-01 at KP52.3 The detail engineering phase of the pipeline is under completion, and the construction activities have already started in 2013. Saipem is in charge for both activities. This paper describes the process and flow assurance related characteristics of the GLNG Pipeline pressure control system developed during detail engineering, compliant with the requirements established by the adopted design standard, i.e. AS2885.1. The control system, ensuring adequate overpressure protection, allows a safe operation taking care of envisaged pipeline operating pressure, close to MAOP, and downward slope, causing risk for excessive pressurization of lower downstream sections.

Results of long-term hydrostatic strength study of piping systems made from polyethylene with increased temperature resistance PERT type II of Hostalen 4731B without reinforcement are presented and discussed in this paper. The different... more

Results of long-term hydrostatic strength study of piping systems made from polyethylene with increased temperature resistance PERT type II of Hostalen 4731B without reinforcement are presented and discussed in this paper. The different approximations of durability curves and various equivalent stress measures are considered and compared. An analytical expression for the maximum allowable internal pressure as function of service life of pipes, temperature, geometrical parameters of pipe cross-section and material properties is given. Pipes without reinforcement with nominal outer diameters from 32 mm to 225 mm were analyzed to assess long-term hydrostatic strength using equivalent stress, provided that there is no change in mechanism of damage accumulation. This allowed us to use linear extrapolation into area of long service life. The results indicate possible use of pipes SDR7.4 in heating networks for 50 years with heat transfer fluid parameters of 95 °C and internal pressure of 1 MPa.

This study presents a survey of deformation characteristics of the installed high-density polyethylene ͑HDPE͒ pipelines. Video and laser inspections are carried out on over 15,000 ft ͑4,572 m͒ of buried HDPE pipelines installed across the... more

This study presents a survey of deformation characteristics of the installed high-density polyethylene ͑HDPE͒ pipelines. Video and laser inspections are carried out on over 15,000 ft ͑4,572 m͒ of buried HDPE pipelines installed across the nation. Different types of deformation failure modes observed in the buried HDPE pipelines are identified in this paper. The results show that the majority of buried HDPE pipelines have deformations in excess of the commonly acceptable limits along multiple locations within each pipeline.

This report provides an assessment of the potential costs of a worst-case hydrocarbon spill from Enbridge Energy Limited Partners’ Line 5 pipeline system (Line 5) in the Straits of Mackinac. The assessment was conducted over the first... more

This report provides an assessment of the potential costs of a worst-case hydrocarbon spill from Enbridge Energy Limited Partners’ Line 5 pipeline system (Line 5) in the Straits of Mackinac. The assessment was conducted over the first half of 2018 by Michigan Technological University and its subcontractors, and was performed for the Michigan Departments of Environmental Quality and Natural Resources, the Michigan Agency for Energy, and the Michigan Office of Attorney General (collectively the State) as recommended in the Michigan Petroleum Task Force Report of July 2015.

This study aims to provide a reference for the pipeline construction cost, by analysing individual pipeline cost components with historical pipeline cost data. Cost data of 412 pipelines recorded between 1992 and 2008 in the Oil and Gas... more

This study aims to provide a reference for the pipeline construction cost, by analysing individual pipeline cost components with historical pipeline cost data. Cost data of 412 pipelines recorded between 1992 and 2008 in the Oil and Gas Journal are collected and adjusted to 2008 dollars with the chemical engineering plant cost index (CEPCI). The distribution and share of these 412 pipeline cost components are assessed based on pipeline diameter, pipeline length, pipeline capacity, the year of completion, locations of ...

An intelligence system used electronic chips and transmitter-receiver for improving, correcting and monitoring over truly operation of line break detector in automatic valves has been introduced. Automatic valves Line break detector... more

An intelligence system used electronic chips and transmitter-receiver for improving, correcting and monitoring over truly operation of line break detector in automatic valves has been introduced. Automatic valves Line break detector systems send an alarm to control center while detecting a break. Control center decides about right breaking by analyzing the received data from locally electronic systems in gas pipeline amplifying station, city gate and power station and comparing to that received from automatic valves then decides and sends relative order accordingly.

The development to operations model, known as DevOps, refers to a framework that integrates the development and operation phases of organizational applications. DevOps bridges the gap between these two processes that traditionally... more

The development to operations model, known as DevOps, refers to a framework that integrates the development and operation phases of organizational applications. DevOps bridges the gap between these two processes that traditionally prolonged the implementation of these applications. This framework aims at enhancing service delivery and releasing subsequent updates based on real-time customer feedback. Consumers in this modern era prefer tailor-made services, and a slight downtime from one supplier can quickly shift their preference to the company's competitors. However, DevOps involves sophisticated coding activities, and there is a need for someone to oversee these processes to ensure developers are not overwhelmed. The objective of this survey is to clarify the significance of a lead person to monitor the DevOps pipeline and report any failure detected in each development stage. The study utilized meta-analysis of verified tertiary resources from other researchers that took a deep dive into the DevOps model and how it works towards organizational goals in various firms. All institutions involved in multiple business platforms should take advantage of new technologies to scale up their service delivery and net profit. If adopted and appropriately monitored, DevOps can revolutionize the capabilities of most business applications by minimizing downtimes and providing uninterrupted services.

This paper presents port-Hamiltonian models for describing flow dynamics of incompressible fluids in rigid pipelines with faults. Two types of faults are addressed in this paper: leaks and partial blockages. In order to facilitate the... more

This paper presents port-Hamiltonian models for describing flow dynamics of incompressible fluids in rigid pipelines with faults. Two types of faults are addressed in this paper: leaks and partial blockages. In order to facilitate the understanding of the modeling, the proposed formulation is introduced starting from the analogy between electrical and hydraulic circuits. Thanks to the port-Hamiltonian formalism the models proposed here have a particular structure that makes them plug-in and modular, so that they can be interconnected for building holistic models for faulty water distribution networks.

Corrosion in pipelines has been probabilistically modeled. However, the potential effect of spatial correlation of corrosion defects, in several segments of a pipeline, on its failure probability has not received much attention. In this... more

Corrosion in pipelines has been probabilistically modeled. However, the potential effect of spatial correlation of corrosion defects, in several segments of a pipeline, on its failure probability has not received much attention. In this paper, several degrees of spatial correlation are assumed for the corrosion in determined segments of a pipeline and their effects on the global reliability are examined. The pipeline is assumed to be a series system. The failure mode is considered to be controlled by the stresses due to internal pressure and the presence of corrosion. Component reliability is calculated by First Order Second Moment approximations. First order bounds are used to define the limits for the global failure probability by assuming first, either no correlation (independent pipeline segments) and, secondly, perfect correlation between segments. Then, second order bounds are estimated to improve the calculation of the failure probability by including the correlation coefficients mentioned above. The correlation degree between failure modes at two pipeline segments increases with the degree of correlation of the corrosion initial depths located at these segments. Also, for a correlation coefficient between corrosion depths larger than 0.6, its contribution to the correlation between failure modes becomes significant and, therefore, should be accounted for. When the specific correlation degree between corrosion defects at adjacent pipeline segments is considered in the calculation of an example pipeline failure probability, this probability is narrowly bounded between 0.58 and 0.59, as compared to the usual practice where this correlation is assumed to be either 0 or 1 for which the failure probability is bounded between 0.49 and 0.79. The formulation may be used to set optimal maintenance schedules for pipelines under corrosion.

This study examines the effect of hydrostatic pressure testing on the microstructure of a carbon steel pipeline material. The study is targeted at establishing the likelihood of change in the microstructure of the tested pipe material.... more

This study examines the effect of hydrostatic pressure testing on the microstructure of a carbon steel pipeline material. The study is targeted at establishing the likelihood of change in the microstructure of the tested pipe material. The experimental assessment involves subjecting two spools to service and hydrostatic pressures respectively, cutting the spools and preparing samples for metallography and finally, comparison of the photomicrographs and metallographic results to that of a control pipe spool. The results obtained showed that there is a significant change in the grains arrangement in both the service and hydrostatic pressure tested cases but more pronounced in the microstructure of the hydrostatically tested specimen.

Gas pipelines are environmentally sensitive because they cross varied fields, rivers, forests, populated areas, desert, hills and offshore and also different parameters in gas transmission progresses are effective. Underground gas... more

Gas pipelines are environmentally sensitive because they cross varied fields, rivers, forests, populated areas, desert, hills and offshore and also different parameters in gas transmission progresses are effective. Underground gas transmission pipelines have been grown as one of the low risk methods with low cost in the world specially in middle east and Europe. Physical and chemical properties of liquid gas, pipeline properties and also its environmental condition are the main factors of increasing the technical and environmental risk. In this article the quantitative risk assessment has been done by using GIS and overlaying the information layers. For this purpose, all effective risk factors were identified and projected. In order to achieve the same and comparable results, the entire pipeline route was divided into 500 meter intervals and the risk was calculated in each interval, finally the scores of these intervals such as each criterion risk was calculated. The case study of the article is Savadkooh to PoleSefid pipeline in Mazandaran.

This paper examines the advances in pipeline third party encroachment alert systems and leak control methods in the oil/gas industry. It also highlights the extent of spill/pollution issues in the Niger Delta region due to... more

This paper examines the advances in pipeline third party encroachment alert systems and leak control methods in the oil/gas industry. It also highlights the extent of spill/pollution issues in the Niger Delta region due to intended/unintended damages and suggests a possible method of control. It is believed that the best option to avoid pollution due to pipeline failure is to ensure that hydrocarbon does not exit from the pipeline. With the different methods considered in this review, acoustic monitoring of change in the operational sound generated from a given pipeline section is suggested to be practicable to identifying sound abnormalities of third party encroachments. One established challenge of the acoustic system for buried pipelines protection is attenuation of acoustic transmission. An attempt to check the performance of an acoustic transmission on steel pipelines submerged in water points to a similar research on plastic water pipelines that attenuation is small compared with pipe buried in soil. Fortunately, Niger Delta of Nigeria is made of wetland, swamps and shallow water and could therefore offer an opportunity to deploy acoustic system for the safety of pipelines against third party attacks in this region. However, the numerous configuration and quantity of oil installation in this region imply that cost of application will be enormous. It is therefore suggested that a combination of impressed alternating cycle current (IACC) which traces encroachment on the pipeline coating and an acoustic system be used to manage intended and unintended pipeline potential damages. The IACC should be used for flow lines and other short distance delivery lines within the oilfield, while the relatively large diameter and long length delivery, trunk and transmission lines should be considered for acoustic protection. It is, however, noted that further efforts are required to reduce cost and improve effectiveness of these systems.

This paper presents a new approach for automatically pipelining sequential circuits. The approach repeatedly extracts a computation from the critical path, moves it into a new stage, then uses speculation to generate a stream of values... more

This paper presents a new approach for automatically pipelining sequential circuits. The approach repeatedly extracts a computation from the critical path, moves it into a new stage, then uses speculation to generate a stream of values that keep the pipeline full. The newly generated circuit retains enough state to recover from incorrect speculations by flushing the incorrect values from the pipeline, restoring the correct state, then restarting the computation.

Az Északi Áramlat 2 (angolul: North Stream 2) napjaink Európájának az egyik legmegosztóbb energetikai projektje. Megépülése esetén az 1.200 km-es tengeri (offshore) vezeték jelentős mennyiségű, évi 55 milliárd köbméternyi orosz földgáz... more

Az Északi Áramlat 2 (angolul: North Stream 2) napjaink Európájának az egyik legmegosztóbb energetikai projektje. Megépülése esetén az 1.200 km-es tengeri (offshore) vezeték jelentős mennyiségű, évi 55 milliárd köbméternyi orosz földgáz Németországba történő exportját tenné lehetővé. Ezzel Oroszország megkerülné a kulcsfontosságú ukrán tranzitútvonalat, egyúttal pedig 60 százalékra növelné a részesedését a német gázpiacon.
A projekt üzleti indokoltsága és geopolitikai hatásai körüli viták erősen megosztják az Európai Unió tagállamait, illetve a transzatlanti viszonyt is beárnyékolják. A német és az orosz álláspont szerint a beruházás pusztán üzleti kérdés, míg az Amerikai Egyesült Államok, az Európai Unió, Ukrajna és Lengyelország az erősödő orosz befolyás és a fokozódó importfüggőség veszélyeire hívja fel a figyelmet. A visegrádi négyek sokáig egységes álláspontot képviseltek az ügyben, és – Lengyelországgal az élen – markánsan elítélték a projektet. Az utóbbi hónapokban azonban ez az egység a színfalak mögött némileg megbomlani látszik.
Az Északi Áramlat 2 várhatóan jövő év tavaszára épülhet meg teljesen, de még így is rengeteg a tisztázatlan kérdés a következményeit illetően. Egyfelől nem tudni, hogy teljesen kiváltja-e majd az ukrán tranzitot, mint ahogy azt sem, hogy az Európai Unió által idén februárban elfogadott új közösségi gázirányelv milyen mértékben lassíthatja a beruházás megvalósítását.

Investment evaluation is a crucial part of investment decisions to measure will the project generate profit for the company. There is four Capital Budgeting technique used to measure this investment evaluation in this project Net Present... more

Investment evaluation is a crucial part of investment decisions to measure will the project generate profit for the company. There is four Capital Budgeting technique used to measure this investment evaluation in this project Net Present Value (NPV), Internal Rate Return (IRR), Discounted Probability Index (DPI), and Payback Period (PBP). From the evaluation, it was obtained that a positive NPV of 280.649, an IRR of 8,10% greater than the WACC of 4,21%, while the DPI of 1.25 and PBP of 3,25 years was faster than the duration of the 5 (five) year contract. Monte Carlo simulation used 1.000 times to calculate Probability NPV<0 with result Probability NPV<0 in this project is 0,17% meanwhile probability NPV>0 is 99,83%.In the sensitivity analysis, it is found that the increase in the cost of capital and the duration of the agreement are factors that are sensitive to project feasibility. From the results of the above calculations, it can be concluded that Optimization Of Gas Pipeline Utilization For Section 2 Pemping-Tanjung Uncang With The Provision Of Mini LNG Plant For Karimun Regency is Eligible to be accepted.

In this paper, we have introduced an analysis of the architecture of the ARM processor. This processor includes some concepts of memory diagram, relative performance, and pipeline stages. Here we have briefed about the introduction, block... more

In this paper, we have introduced an analysis of the architecture of the ARM processor. This processor includes some concepts of memory diagram, relative performance, and pipeline stages. Here we have briefed about the introduction, block diagram, pipeline organization, and various stages of pipelining, features and application of ARM processor. And we have also included a comparison between different ARM processor and architecture.

The presented report will analyze the accident occurred at the Chalk Point Generating Station of the Piney Point Oil Pipeline system in southeastern Prince George's Country, Maryland in April 2000. Several failures during the pipeline... more

The presented report will analyze the accident occurred at the Chalk Point Generating Station of the Piney Point Oil Pipeline system in southeastern Prince George's Country, Maryland in April 2000. Several failures during the pipeline monitoring procedures resulted in occurrence of crack in the line followed by leakage of 3,089 barrels of oil to the wetland. The paper will review a chronology of events, root causes and circumstances of failures, and consequences and effects that followed the accident. This will be followed by examination of actions taken and lessons learned after the rupture of oil pipeline. Analysis of the accident revealed personal failure, expiration time of pipeline section, failure of the alarm system, adverse weather conditions and external human influences to be the causes of the crash. Even though the accident did not lead to human loses, it had a significant negative impact on the environment, resulted in huge financial loss and affected the decrease of reputation of the Potomac Electric Power Company, owner of the Piney Point Oil Pipeline system. Nevertheless, the Maryland accident left a positive trace in the oil transportation industry as it served as a severe example and forced to reconsider and reexamine the existing safety precautions and standards in this field, revealed the effectiveness of implementation of Incident Command System, importance of providing any updated information during the recovery procedures, importance of trainings aimed to improve communication between personnel, the necessity of introducing National pipeline wrinkles recognition criteria and effective pipeline monitoring system.

In this paper, analytical expressions for stress concentration factors in pipes subjected to internal pressure and axial force are derived for a number of design cases based on classical shell theory. The effect of fabrication tolerances... more

In this paper, analytical expressions for stress concentration factors in pipes subjected to internal pressure and axial force are derived for a number of design cases based on classical shell theory. The effect of fabrication tolerances in simple butt welds is assessed. Analyses based on classical mechanics are compared with results from axisymmetric finite element analyses for verification of the presented methodology. Stress concentration factors are presented for circumferential butt welds in pipes welded together from pipes with different thicknesses, welds at buckling arrestors, welds at flanged connections in pipelines, and welds at ring stiffeners on the inside and the outside of the pipes. It also includes stress concentration factors at end closures in pipes for gas storage. Larger pipes are fabricated from plates with a longitudinal weld. This fabrication process introduces out-of-roundness in the pipes. The actual out-of-roundness is a function of internal pressure. An analytical expression for the bending stress in the pipe wall due to this out-of-roundness is presented. The derived stress concentration factors can be used together with a hot spot stress S-N curve for calculation of fatigue damage.

El polipropileno es un material con características únicas, ya que su composición hace que sea un plástico muy resistente y que sus aplicaciones sean muy diversas. El sistema de tuberías de polipropileno viene siendo usado desde 2008 y ha... more

El polipropileno es un material con características únicas, ya que su composición hace que sea un plástico muy resistente y que sus aplicaciones sean muy diversas. El sistema de tuberías de polipropileno viene siendo usado desde 2008 y ha revolucionado las bases de la fontanería por lo que es utilizado actualmente en un 60% de las obras de construcción. En este caso se evaluará los beneficios de las tuberías de polipropileno en comparación a las tuberías de PVC mediante un análisis comparativo entre el trazado y diseño para ambos sistemas. Por un lado, se contrastará las condiciones del trazado y diseño de los dos sistemas de tuberías. Por otro lado, se comprará cálculo de pérdidas de presión que se generan en ambos sistemas.
La metodología se ampara en los pilares de una investigación cuantitativa. Se realizará el trazado y diseño utilizando las consideraciones para cada tipo de tuberías en el caso del pabellón de aulas de informática de un colegio en el distrito de La Molina. Los resultados que se obtuvieron muestran que existe un beneficio de utilizar menores accesorios con las tuberías de `polipropileno, sin embargo, en el este dato no ha influido en el cálculo de caída de presión, ya que sí se considera el coeficiente de rugosidad. Por otra parte, las dimensiones de los diámetros con polipropileno en este sistema fueron mayores que el de PVC, ya que se utiliza unidades de medida como es el métrico. Por lo tanto, se concluye que las condiciones de trazado y dimensionamiento con polipropileno generan mayores facilidades maximizando recursos en comparación de las tuberías de PVC. Asimismo, se presentaron algunas recomendaciones para trabajos futuros para profundizar el tema de la investigación.

Considering corrosion rate during the remaining life assessment of aging pipelines is fundamental to calculate the interval between two consecutive inspections. A total of 798 internal and external corrosion defects have been detected,... more

Considering corrosion rate during the remaining life assessment of aging pipelines is fundamental to calculate the interval between two consecutive inspections. A total of 798 internal and external corrosion defects have been detected, using the Magnetic Flux Leakage intelligent inspection tool, over 48 km of a pipeline length located in the west region of Algeria. The statistical analysis has shown that there is a strong correlation between the corrosion defect length and the corrosion defect circumferential width, with a significant correlation coefficient equal to 82.87%. A probabilistic methodology is presented for the assessment of the remaining life of a corroded pipeline transporting gas, and a finite element method (FEM) was used to assess the pipeline failure pressure. The numerical FEM modeling results were compared with the commonly used codes-models for calculating limit pressure to establish a more realistic and accurate engineering model. The reliability analysis of an API 5L X60 steel made Algerian natural gas pipeline, in service for thirty years, and exposed to active corrosion attack, is presented. The sensitivity analysis of the basic random variables within the nonlinear limit state function was carried out to bring out the relative contribution of each variable affecting the remaining life of corroded pipelines. The reliability analysis is carried out by using Breitung's formula, based on the second-order reliability method (SORM). The reliability assessment of the corroded pipeline is based on the usage of the notched failure assessment diagram (NFAD), different codes for the calculation of the failure pressure, and the numerical results using the finite element analyses (FEA) software ANSYS.

Accurate prediction of burst pressure plays a central role in engineering design and integrity assessment of oil and gas pipelines. Theoretical and empirical solutions for such prediction are evaluated in this paper relative to a burst... more

Accurate prediction of burst pressure plays a central role in engineering design and integrity assessment of oil and gas pipelines. Theoretical and empirical solutions for such prediction are evaluated in this paper relative to a burst pressure database comprising more than 100 tests covering a variety of pipeline steel grades and pipe sizes. Solutions considered include three based on plasticity theory for the endcapped, thin-walled, defect-free line pipe subjected to internal pressure in terms of the Tresca, von Mises, and ZL (or Zhu-Leis) criteria, one based on a cylindrical instability stress (CIS) concept, and a large group of analytical and empirical models previously evaluated by Law and Bowie (International Journal of Pressure Vessels and Piping, 84, 2007: 487e492). It is found that these models can be categorized into either a Tresca-family or a von Mises-family of solutions, except for those due to Margetson and Zhu-Leis models. The viability of predictions is measured via statistical analyses in terms of a mean error and its standard deviation. Consistent with an independent parallel evaluation using another large database, the Zhu-Leis solution is found best for predicting burst pressure, including consideration of strain hardening effects, while the Tresca strength solutions including Barlow, Maximum shear stress, Turner, and the ASME boiler code provide reasonably good predictions for the class of line-pipe steels with intermediate strain hardening response.

In this paper a nonlinear dynamic PDE formulation for a pipe string suspended from a pipelay vessel to the seabed in a pipelay operation is developed. This model extends a three-dimensional beam model capable of undergoing finite... more

In this paper a nonlinear dynamic PDE formulation for a pipe string suspended from a pipelay vessel to the seabed in a pipelay operation is developed. This model extends a three-dimensional beam model capable of undergoing finite extension, shearing, twist and bending, to apply for marine applications by adding the effects of restoring forces, hydrodynamic drag and seabed interaction. The model is validated against the natural catenary equation and the FEM code RIFLEX. The model is extended to include the pipelay vessel dynamics by applying a potential theory formulation of a surface vessel, suited for dynamic positioning and low speed maneuvering, as a boundary condition for the PDE. This system is found to be input-output passive and stable. Pipeline installation applications where the presented model is suited are e.g., analysis and simulation of the installation operation, operability analysis, hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) testing for vessel control systems, and automation of the pipelay operation.

Box culverts are an essential component of highways and railroads since they transfer storm runoffs from upstream to downstream. Box jacking (BJ) is a trenchless technology method to install box culverts under embankments of existing... more

Box culverts are an essential component of highways and railroads since they transfer storm runoffs from upstream to downstream. Box jacking (BJ) is a trenchless technology method to install box culverts under embankments of existing highways and railroads with minimum surface disruptions. Over excavation (overcut) during box jacking operations is required to facilitate steering and reduce friction forces. Surrounding soils may collapse into the annular space during or after project box jacking and cause soil movements. Soil movement is reduced away from top of the box due to arching effect. Arching is a mechanism where soil particles are prevented from collapsing completely above the installed pipe/box and consequently less load is applied to pipe/box. The objective of this paper is to investigate the applicability of available empirical methods to estimate soil vertical displacements in box jacking projects and compare their results with a case study. Finite element modeling (FEM) using PLAXIS 2D is used to simulate box jacking operations. Data is collected from a box jacking project to validate the FEM model.

ASME B31.3-2008
Process Piping
ASME Code for Pressure Piping, B31

Design parameters and calculation for pipeline
Berechnungen von Rohrleitungen
Boru hattı basınç kayıpları,sürtünme katsayısı,reynold sayısı,laminar,türbülant,basınç kaybı,sürtünme katsayısı,pürüzlülük katsayısı

Along with the growing necessity of improvement in the Brazilian oil and it’s derivatives transport infrastructure, comes up the necessity that every pipeline project becomes more economically efficient, reducing the project’s total cost... more

Along with the growing necessity of improvement in the Brazilian oil and it’s derivatives transport infrastructure, comes up the necessity that every pipeline project becomes more economically efficient, reducing the project’s total cost at its maximum. To achieve that, this study intends to assist the understanding the influence of some variables on the project’s total cost due to the creation of a hypothetical relief with different inclinations, aiming always to obtain the route that represents the minimum cost for every case studied through the solution of a minimum path problem using the Dijkstra’s algorithm. Has a support tool, helping to determine with the best precision the flow’s pressure loss influence on the total cost, the software Ansys CFD was used. Analyzing the results of the volumetric fraction and pipe diameter variations it could be noted that different optimum routes tendencies were observed on the different analyzed cases, the main influencer factor was the cost due the pumping of the fluids. The costs of the routes varied from 0,00374 to 0,08032 US$/m³ of fluid transported between the studied cases, raising proportionally to the volume of oil in the mixture and in an inverse relationship, decreasing with the increase of the pipe’s diameter.

Avrupa ülkelerinin batıya yönelimi ve sürekli bir pazar arayışının temel sebebi olan Marshall Planı sonucunda; Avrupa, bir taraftan Amerika’ya ekonomik bağımlılığı engelleme ve diğer taraftan Rusya’yı batıdan uzak tutma politikaları... more

Avrupa ülkelerinin batıya yönelimi ve sürekli bir pazar arayışının temel sebebi olan Marshall Planı sonucunda; Avrupa, bir taraftan Amerika’ya ekonomik bağımlılığı engelleme ve diğer taraftan Rusya’yı batıdan uzak tutma politikaları geliştirmiştir. Avrupa’nın tüm bu endişeleri ve Avrupa Birliği Enerji Politikalarının fayda unsurları olan Kontrollerin Kaldırılması, Enerji Güvenliği ve Çevre Koruması politikaları da göz önünde bulundurulduğunda ortaya çıkan Enerji Ticareti Merkezi (HUB) olma hedefi, Türkiye’nin uygulayacağı doğru politikalarla ve gerekli altyapı çalışmalarıyla gerçekleşebilir.
​Türkiye’nin bu vizyonu doğrultusunda harici etkenlerin yanında, dâhili taleplerin de artması ve yeni doğal gaz alım anlaşmaların imzalanmasıyla kaynak çeşitliliğinin Türkiye pazarına sokulmasıyla getirilen enerji Avrupa’ya daha da yaklaşmaktadır. Bu da ülkemizin batı için dolaylı Enerji Kaynağı, Türkiye açısından da Avrupa’nın talep unsuru anlamı teşkil etmesini sağlamaktadır.
​Ayrıca, Çevre Korumaları Politikaları çerçevesinde özellikle 20. yüzyıldan itibaren sanayileşmiş ülkelerdeki enerjinin üretimi, tüketimi ve dönüşümü sırasında oluşan çevre kirliliği; başta fosil enerji kaynakları olmak üzere yenilenebilir kaynaklara yönelimi sağlamıştır. Bunun yanında Türkiye’nin Enerji Güvenliği konusunda da Orta Doğudaki tehlikeleri göğüsleyen ve düzenleyici olarak görülmesi enerjinin güvenliğinin sağlanması noktasında da diğer ülkelere cazip gelmektedir.
​Önemli bir diğer nokta ise; Türkiye’deki gelişen sanayinin sonucunda Çin’in ardından Enerji ihtiyacı oranının son 10 yıl içerisinde en çok artış gösteren ülke olması, enerji alım potansiyelini Avrupa ve diğer komşu ülkelere göstermektedir. Bu sebeple, önümüzdeki dönemlerde yeni projeler geliştirme ve kaynaklar araştırma faaliyetlerinin zorunluluğu batı ülkeleri için de maliyet ve enerji güvenliği açısından avantaj sağlamaktadır.
​Bu doğrultuda hazırlamış olduğum ’’ Türkiye’de Doğal Gaz Risk Yönetimi’’ araştırma makalesi, başta kaynakları tükenmeye başlayan Avrupa’nın mevcut enerji ihtiyacını uygun ve güvenilir bir yolla karşılama planları ve doğu ülkelerinin Avrupa’ya doğal gaz iletim isteği doğrultusunda Türkiye’nin Jeopolitik konumunun önemini ortaya koymaktadır. Ayrıca, dünya üzerinde kanıtlanmış Doğal gaz kaynaklarının %75’ine sahip ülkelere yakınlığının ve bu bağlamda başta doğal gaz olmak üzere enerji sektöründeki risklerin kontrol edilebilmesi için atılacak stratejik adımların öneminin fark edilmesini amaçlamaktadır.
​​​​​​​Muhammed İlkay UZUNER

Natural hazards (also known as ground movement or geohazards) can cause pipeline failures, with consequences ranging from injury/death, environmental impact, and property damage, to lengthy service disruption and a failure to achieve... more

Natural hazards (also known as ground movement or geohazards) can cause pipeline failures, with consequences ranging from injury/death, environmental impact, and property damage, to lengthy service disruption and a failure to achieve delivery targets. In North America and western Europe, pipeline failures resulting from natural hazards are typically rare (but costly) events. However, where difficult ground conditions have not been properly accounted for in pipeline design, construction, and operation, natural hazards may have an overriding influence on pipeline risk and reliability. These issues are discussed, and a framework for estimating the influence of natural hazards on pipeline risk and system reliability is introduced.

The availability, performance and distribution of petroleum products in the oil and gas industry depend largely on the workability of pipeline and its fittings. Pipelines and its fittings, used for the transportation of crude oil are... more

The availability, performance and distribution of petroleum products in the oil and gas industry depend largely on the workability of pipeline and its fittings. Pipelines and its fittings, used for the transportation of crude oil are regarded as one of the most important asset to the economic development of any nation, and to ensure the safety of the environment and the population living and working around the lines, there is need for a regular test, assessment and study of the design, materials and the manufacturing processes.
Ball valves are widely used industrial fittings for the construction of oil and gas products transportation facilities (piping systems). They are quarter-turned (90 degrees), straight through flow valves having a round closure element with complementing rounded seats, which permits uniform sealing stress. The type of seat can vary according to the valve pressure rating and materials of construction. The main objective of this dissertation is to analyse the design and manufacturing processes of the ball valves used in the oil and gas industry, with special attempt to identifying and proposing solution to the major problem with its applications (leakage).
Leakage in a valve is not only a concern in terms of safety, but can also contribute to high maintenance costs and the loss of supply. Any improvements to the methods available for monitoring the condition to the valve may yield substantial cost savings and safer working conditions. The dissertation covers area like the analysis of the materials used for the design (constitutive behaviour of stainless, carbon steel and polytetrafluoroethylene PTFE), analysis of the design model (computer aided design CAD) using the finite element method FEM, the finite element analysis (FEA) is focused on the intersection of the spherical cylindrical parts where the maximum stress concentration is expected, simulation, rapid prototype of the ball valve and the manufacturing process of the ball valve (computer aided manufacturing CAM).

Corrosion induced failure of buried ferrous pipelines causes significant economic losses to the world. Many of the existing buried water pipelines are made of ductile iron in most of the developed countries. Literature shows that the... more

Corrosion induced failure of buried ferrous pipelines causes significant economic losses to the world. Many of the existing buried water pipelines are made of ductile iron in most of the developed countries. Literature shows that the research on the corrosion-induced degradation assessments of ductile iron pipelines is limited and mostly deals with the physical deterioration i. e., loss of wall thickness determined by short-term research. This paper addresses this gap and presents a comparatively long-term study on the corrosion and its subsequent effect on the composition and nanomechanical properties of buried ductile iron pipelines in the accelerated corrosive environment. For experimentation, ductile iron specimens were immersed in the acidic simulated soil solution for 365 days. Physical deterioration assessment over the time was carried out in terms of corrosion rates measured at intervals of 180 and 365 days. A significant change in the percentage composition of key elements and phases were quantified. Furthermore, the mechanical properties of the grains were found to be considerably reduced after 365 days of immersion in the acidic environment by the nanoindentation technique. The results revealed an alarming increase of structural degradation at nano scale for some of the grains due to chloride induced localised corrosion. The significance of the current research is its in-depth analysis of the corrosion-induced degradation of ductile iron pipes which enhances the knowledge related to the failure of these pipelines.

This study aims to provide a reference for the pipeline construction cost, by analysing individual pipeline cost components with historical pipeline cost data. Cost data of 412 pipelines recorded between 1992 and 2008 in the Oil and Gas... more

This study aims to provide a reference for the pipeline construction
cost, by analysing individual pipeline cost components with historical pipeline
cost data. Cost data of 412 pipelines recorded between 1992 and 2008 in the
Oil and Gas Journal are collected and adjusted to 2008 dollars with the
chemical engineering plant cost index (CEPCI). The distribution and share of
these 412 pipeline cost components are assessed based on pipeline diameter,
pipeline length, pipeline capacity, the year of completion, locations of
pipelines. The share of material and labour cost dominates the pipeline
construction cost, which is about 71% of the total cost. In addition, the learning
curve analysis is conducted to attain learning rate with respect to pipeline
material and labour costs for different groups. Results show that learning rate
and construction cost are varied by pipeline diameters, pipeline lengths,
locations of pipelines and other factors. This study also investigates the
causes of pipeline construction cost differences among different groups.

Gas leakage fro m gas transmission and distribution facilities and pipelines can cause not only major incidents resulting in both human injuries and financial losses, but also greenhouse effect. A considerable effort has been devoted to... more

Gas leakage fro m gas transmission and distribution facilities and pipelines can cause not only major incidents resulting in both human injuries and financial losses, but also greenhouse effect. A considerable effort has been devoted to the development of reliable techniques for detecting gas leakage to avoid such situations. The main purpose of this paper is to identify the state-of-the-art in gas leak detection and localization methods. As knowing about the existence of a leak is not always enough to launch a correct ive action, so me of the leak detection techniques were designed to allo w the possibility of locating the leak. Th is paper also evaluates the capabilities of leak detection techniques in order to identify the advantages and disadvantages of using each leak detection solution. The co mmon leak detection techniques used in Titas Franchise Area (TFA) are critically analy zed and find out the necessity of using modern technology to detect gas leakage. Biological methods are used in TFA to detect a poten tial leak. Modern technology is to be used in TFA for reducing gas loss as well as financial loss by maximizing its proper usages.

These days, the oil industrial industry is leaning toward employing smart field improvements to streamline various activities in the midstream area. Oil transportation over large distances via pipelines has a cheap cost and high... more

These days, the oil industrial industry is leaning toward employing smart field improvements to streamline various activities in the midstream area. Oil transportation over large distances via pipelines has a cheap cost and high efficiency in this sector. If pipelines are not properly maintained, they may fail, potentially causing catastrophic, long-term, and irreversible consequences on both natural and human conditions. Low power wide area networks (LPWANs) are without a doubt one of the domains that cause the most from industrial fields when it comes to realizing the vision of the internet of things (IoT). Long-range (LoRa) is an emerging LPWAN technology that is particularly useful for transmitting data over long distances. The goal of this work is to offer a methodology for managing oil pipelines over long distances utilizing the LoRa communication protocol and the installation of sensor nodes and LoRa gateways along the pipeline. We also used the optimized network engineering tools (OPNET) simulator to examine various simulation findings of LoRa performance.

Oil and Gas Hydrate plug dissociation in subsea pipelines is a challenging problem in oil and gas transport systems as limited options are available for remediation. Key concerns include technical, operational deferment and safety... more

Oil and Gas Hydrate plug dissociation in subsea pipelines is a challenging problem in oil and gas transport systems as limited options are available for remediation. Key concerns include technical, operational deferment and safety hazards that are associated with hydrate plug dissociation in oil and gas pipelines. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the physics of hydrate plugs remediation including a compilation of dissociation models, experimental work performed to date, and a detailed analysis on the problem of gas hydrate from a flow assurance perspective. Depressurization methods are critically reviewed, with influence of temperature, pressure, velocity and hydrate plug properties discussed with detail. Outstanding research questions for hydrate plug dissociation highlighted.

This report will briefly describe the design requirements and analysis of pipe systems that provide water to the building. Water is necessary for many other purposes, especially showering, washing dishes and clothes than drinking or... more

This report will briefly describe the design requirements and analysis of pipe systems that provide water to the building. Water is necessary for many other purposes, especially showering, washing dishes and clothes than drinking or cooking. When opening the valves in the houses, how this water reaches a high building level. At this point, we think how the water flowing from our faucets will contact us and how important it is, such as building height, apartment number, number of faucets, water volume and number of people living in the house. The purpose of this report is to provide a detailed analysis of the piping systems and at the same time to provide information on the calculation of head loss due to friction and friction in the pipes. This report involves three main categories: introduction to pipelines, assumptions for necessary calculations and discussion of the design problem with the desired results.

Although water is the main piece of natural life and vital functions, the de cit of balance between supply and demand of water is increasing be- cause of the negative effects of globalization to ecological life. Nowadays the insuf ciency... more

Although water is the main piece of natural life and vital functions, the de cit of balance between supply and demand of water is increasing be- cause of the negative effects of globalization to ecological life. Nowadays the insuf ciency of water sources, which is considered in the framework of human security, became one of the main problems of states. TRNC (Turk- ish Republic of Northern Cyprus), which is located in Mediterranean basis, is one of the countries, which experience water problem because of the reasons, such as being an island country, population explosion, and ecolog- ical degradations. In order to solve water problem of TRNC, some projects like desalination and water transport by balloons and tankers have been tried, however, the desired success couldn’t be achieved. The decision of The Council of Ministers in 1998 forms the basis of Turkey - TRNC Wa- ter Supply Project, which is designed for solving water problem of TRNC long-term. The construction of the project has been nished in 2015 and activated with the plan to carry annually 75 million cubic meters’ water. The article aims at analyzing importance of TRNC Water Supply Project for the Mediterranean and threats to the project. The concept of hydro-pol- itics, which is the starting point of the project and emphasizes the political importance of water, became the main factor that determines the policies of the states. In this context, TRNC Water Supply Project is going to play an important role in the cooperation, peace, and security of the states, which are located in Mediterranean basis. The mission of Turkey and TRNC is analyzing the potential risks and threats to the project and take the nec- essary precautions to exemplify this project for regional policies. In this work, TRNC Water Supply Project, which is a good example of regional cooperation in Mediterranean Basis, is going to be analyzed and be evalu- ated in the context of hydro-politics. As for the methodology of this work, case study and literature review are the main ways of analyzing sources.

This paper uses a minimum depth of cover data set from pipeline inspections at watercourse crossings to at-tempt to determine if a correlation between river geomorphology and location where either degradation or scour has occurred. As... more

This paper uses a minimum depth of cover data set from pipeline inspections at watercourse crossings to at-tempt to determine if a correlation between river geomorphology and location where either degradation or scour has occurred.
As part of an on-going integrity management program for watercourse crossings the minimum depth of cover at pipeline watercourse crossings has been collected at approximately 50,000 locations, mostly in Cana-da but also in parts of the USA. The data set includes approximately 200,000 individual measurements across 50,000 separate watercourse crossing, so multiple measurements at some sites. The data has been collected in the last 19 years.
The measurement data available is variable in the following ways: the construction date varies from pre-1950 until 2016, the initial burial depth is most often not known, the expected initial depth of cover is variable based on the code (the codes have typically specified the 0.91 m (4 feet) to 1.2 m (5 feet) range of initial depth) and also the codes set different depths for different river widths, depth of cover could be changing due to lateral movement of the watercourse, and finally variations in the accuracy of the depth of cover meas-urement. In addition to these factors, the history of flooding (the rarity of the flood) can also influence changes to the depth of cover.

The growing relevance of transit oil and gas pipelines is reflected in the general anticipation of an increase in their construction in the future because of factors such as the increasing discoveries of reserves in remote and land-locked... more

The growing relevance of transit oil and gas pipelines is reflected in the general anticipation of an increase in their construction in the future because of factors such as the increasing discoveries of reserves in remote and land-locked locations, the depletion of reserves close to established markets, and improvements in cost-effective technological methods of exploration and production in previously uneconomic reserves. Recent disputes between parties to transit pipeline agreements demonstrate, in addition to other problems, the relevance of a fundamental analysis of the workings of oil and gas pipelines in economics. The objective of this paper therefore is to provide a fundamental framework for understanding and analysing transit oil and gas pipelines. The paper finds that the concept of economic rent, natural monopoly and basic cost concepts clearly explain the rationale behind the imposition of a transit fee, although they do not sufficiently define how they are determined.