Emissions Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

An effort has been taken to study the performance and emission characteristics of a Variable Compression Ratio (VCR) diesel engine fuelled with biodiesel (Rapeseed Oil Methyl Ester-ROME) using EGR. Experiments are conducted on a single cylinder, four-stroke diesel engine powered by Variable Compression ratio with 0%, 5%, 10 % and 15% EGR keeping the load constant i.e. 12kg. Various engine performance parameters such as Brake thermal efficiency; Specific Fuel Consumption, Mechanical efficiency etc. were calculated from acquired data. The engine performance and efficiency obtained with biodiesel was less as compared to diesel which can be attributed to lower calorific value of biodiesel. At CR-18, the performance and emission parameters for ROME are better when compared to other compression ratio. This indicates the feasibility of using ROME as an alternative fuel for diesel. With application of EGR the NO emissions were considerably reduced. However using EGR at high levels result in certain penalties. It increases CO and HC emissions and also affects the performance. The purpose of this Paper is to determine the possibility of using biodiesel as an alternative fuel for petro diesel and effect of EGR on emission Characteristics of Engine.

- by
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- Biodiesel, Emissions, NOx, Egr
- by Lugano Wilson
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- Carbon Dioxide, Urban Planning, Modeling, Air Pollution and Health Effects
- by Amirhasan Kakaee and +1
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- Thermodynamics, Emissions
- by Hieu Do trung
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- Computer Science, Software Engineering, Human Computer Interaction, Reference

We quantify the concentration changes and Radiative Forcing (RF) of short-lived atmospheric pollutants due to shipping emissions of NO , SO , CO, NMVOCs, BC and OC. We use high resolution ship emission inventories for the Arctic that are more suitable for regional scale evaluation than those used in former studies. A chemical transport model and a RF model are used to evaluate the time period 2004–2030, when we expect increasing traffic in the Arctic region. Two datasets for ship emissions are used that characterize the potential impact from shipping and the degree to which shipping controls may mitigate impacts: a high (HIGH) scenario and a low scenario with Maximum Feasible Reduction (MFR) of black carbon in the Arctic. In MFR, BC emissions in the Arctic are reduced with 70 % representing a combination technology performance and/or reasonable advances in single-technology performance. Both scenarios result in moderate to substantial increases in concentrations of pollutants both globally and in the Arctic. Exceptions are black carbon in the MFR scenario, and sulfur species and organic carbon in both scenarios due to the future phase- in of current regulation that reduces fuel sulfur content. In the season with potential transit traffic through the Arctic in 2030 we find increased concentrations of all pollutants in large parts of the Arctic. Net global RFs from 2004–2030 of 53 mW m−2 (HIGH) and 73 mW m−2 (MFR) are similar to those found for preindustrial to present net global aircraft RF. The found warming contrasts with the cooling from his- torical ship emissions. The reason for this difference and the higher global forcing for the MFR scenario is mainly the reduced future fuel sulfur content resulting in less cooling from sulfate aerosols. The Arctic RF is largest in the HIGH scenario. In the HIGH scenario ozone dominates the RF during the transit season (August-October). RF due to BC in air, and snow and ice becomes significant during Arctic spring. For the HIGH scenario the net Arctic RF during Spring is 5 times higher than in winter.

- by Ray Minjares
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- Shipping, Arctic, Emissions, Black Carbon
- by Kareem Adel
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- Renewable Energy, Carbon, Heat Transfer, Power
- by thun thun
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- Climate Change, Renewable Energy, LNG, Biomass

Furnace oil is atomized with air in the burner and fired, which produces hot flue gases that pass into the boiler tubes to generate steam. The furnace oil fired boilers contribute to green house gas emissions and secondary pollutants. Briquette as a fuel to address these problems is a better alternative. This work deals with the fuel system conversion of an existing fire tube boiler running with furnace oil to saw dust briquettes. Further the boiler capacity is increased by mounting a water wall assembly. The efficiency of this combined fire tube and water tube boiler is determined by using indirect method approach also called as heat-loss method as per Indian Standard for boiler efficiency testing IS-8753 as well as by American Society of Mechanical Engineers, Power Test Code ASME PTC 4.1. The emission measurements are carried out by portable flue gas analyzer. The efficiency of boiler when fired with briquettes is found lower than that when fired with furnace oil. A significant reduction in the operating cost of boiler is achieved by fuel conversion technology. The emissions of furnace oil boiler are compared with that of briquette boiler. The sulphur oxides (SO x), nitrogen oxides (NO x), carbon dioxide (CO 2) emission levels are low while firing briquettes. Carbon monoxide (CO) emission level due to incomplete combustion of fuel is more when firing briquettes. This conversion of fuel system utilizing briquettes in boiler offers many economical, social and environmental benefits.

- by P V Rao
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- Emissions, Steam Boilers, Briquettes

Preliminary analysis of the results of atmospheric dispersion modeling for dust emission from the Katowice Steelworks (Poland) showed necessity of verification the particulate matter, lead and cadmium emission from the plant. The verification was limited to the substance emission sources influencing air pollution to the largest extent. Both scale of dust emission and its granulometric and chemical composition were re-evaluated. Further calculations of the air propagation for the pollutants were carried out and calculation results were compared with direct measurements. Thus the Katowice Steelworks impact on air quality and the level of total dust, lead and cadmium ground deposition was evaluated.
English title: Verification of dust emission from the Katowice Steelworks and range of its impact.

- by Robert Oleniacz and +1
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- Steel Making, Heavy Metal Pollution, Emission Factors, Lead
- by Prabhakar PhdScholar
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- Combustion Modeling, Emissions, Injection Timing, Ci Engine

According to the report from IEA 2011 [21], cogeneration system becomes the most
efficient method to satisfy the electricity and heat demand. A number of countries have
specific CHP targets and many have undertaken studies assessing their CHP potential.
Germany intends to double its current share of CHP from 12.5% to 25% of national
power generation. Japan has identified that around 11% of its power generation could
come from CHP plants. In the USA, the share of CHP could raise from 8% to 12-21% by
2015.In the present work, parametric performance analysis, irreversibility, power to heat
ratio and the assessment of different configurations with respect to energy and exergy
analyses are conducted through the simulation. The configurations include simple
backpressure steam turbine cogeneration (configuration 1), combined backpressure steam
turbine with condensing steam turbine cogeneration (configuration 2), and the double
backpressure steam turbine cogeneration (configuration 3). The parametric analysis
demonstrates the effect based on changing either the steam inlet pressure or temperature
along and makes the other parameter be constant. As the result, higher steam temperature
can contribute the benefits on the first law and second law efficiency in the cogeneration
systems, and the increasing pressure could also provide the benefits, but this altering will
provide more work output from the steam turbines to compensate a lesser quantity of
process heat generation. Therefore the investigation in operating conditions is necessary,
otherwise, little gains from the performance improvement by replacing HP/HT steam
condition is worthless. By means of the power to heat ratio, configuration 2 is appropriate
when the demands ratio in power over the process heat approximately 0.5 and rest of
configurations can apply to where has very high demands in process heat. Overall, the
iv
results and findings are going to assist when the considerations need to be made for
selecting the operating conditions in the cogeneration plant and provide a suggestions
regarding on the judgement in generating how much power and process heat
Keywords: Biomass, Cogeneration, Steam Turbines, Energy Efficiency, Exergy
Efficiency, Emissions

- by Yung Lein
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- Emissions, Steam Turbines, Cogeneration, Energy Efficiency
- by BHAT MOHD SKINDER
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- Transportation, Industrialization, Emissions, Pollution

;In this work, simulations of the combustion reaction within an
optical Sandia/Cummins N14 direct-injection compression ignition engine
are conducted. First, validation of the spray model against liquid and
vapor penetration data was conducted using a trial and error method.
Secondly, the overall engine model was validated against pressure and
temperature data across high and low temperature combustion regimes. The
third phase of the work was focused on creating a combustion model for
biodiesel. The fourth and final phase was to test the biodiesel
combustion model in the pertinent combustion regimes. The agreement with
common trends in emissions of biodiesel combustion models were only
verified in a few cases. Negative changes in combustion quality, based
on fundamental differences in fuel physical properties, were reflected
in the combustion characteristics of biodiesel. The negative effects of
biodiesel fuel impingement on the piston and wall, as a result in high
viscosity fuel nozzle flows, accurately throttled the combustion
process. Overall comparison indicates that the interplay of the spray,
collision, breakup, and autoignition models must be further understood
to improve the accuracy of predictions.

- by Kyle Morse
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- Computational Fluid Dynamics, Combustion, Biodiesel, Emissions
- by enzo cursio
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- African Studies, Renewable Energy, Africa, Biomass

Bioethanol production from lignocellulosic biomass (LCB) has been demonstrated as alternative to conventional fuel, as it is considered to be renewable and clean energy. The major problem of bioethanol is the availability of biomass materials for its production. This review paper aims to provide an overview of the recent developments and potential regarding production techniques, ethanol yields, and properties, as well as the effects of bioethanol fuel as replacement for fossil fuel. The literature indicates that the best results have been obtained with cellulase and β-glucanase cocktail which significantly increases bioethanol production compared to fermented acid pretreatment. The classification of pretreatment, hydrolysis, and fermentation have significant effects on physico-chemical properties of bioethanol fuel, which also influence the internal combustion engines. Difference in operating conditions and physico-chemical properties of bioethanol fuels, may change the combustion behaviors and sometimes makes it difficult to analyze the fundamentals of how it affects emissions.

- by IAEME Publication
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- BIOETHANOL, Emissions, Lignocellulosic Biomass, Combustion Behaviors
- by GAURANG LAKSHANE
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- Environmental Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Renewable Energy, Biodiesel

The main objective of the project is to develop the loose biomass waste to briquettes primarily to explore value of application avenues. The loose biomass waste composites to briquettes are developed in India on the basis of two strategy of preventing depletion of agricultural and forest wastages. In this raw material marigold (gillyflower), rose flower, lemon peels, orange peels, gigantean leaves, thorny leaves to briquettes based composites material with the addition of Synthetic adhesives binder have been developed substitutes for coal charcoal of briquettes & high density and comparison of wood. In this project the biomass wastages were fabricated by combining materials of moulding box in copped from hand lay method. A synthetic adhesive (INDOCOL-DLD) was used as the matrix material. The mechanical and thermal properties of these samples were investigated according to IS and ASTM standards. From the result it was observed that the comparison of biomass briquettes and wood with high calorific value and density and also very less carbon sulphur emission. The biomass briquettes are equal amount of compressive strength and durability has been observed. Briquettes have much lower ash content (20-40% as compared to wood or coal).

The paper aims to establish a long-run and the Granger causal relationship between economic growth, emissions, international trade, energy consumption, and population density in Malaysia. The study will use annual data from 1970 to 2014. A unique cointegrating relationship between our variables was identified. The study employed the Auto-Regressive Distributed Lag model to examine the Environmental Kuznets Curve. Our empirical results analysis showed a long-run relationship between per capita emissions and our explanatory variables. To investigate the Granger causal relationship between, the Vector Error Correction Model was employed and our results, associated the absence of Granger causality between emissions and economic growth in the short-run while revealing a unidirectional Granger causality movement from economic growth to emissions in the long-run. Hence, an increase in will lead to a rise in emissions in Malaysia.

- by Ejiro U . Osiobe
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- Economic Growth, Sustainable Development, Malaysia, Environmental Sustainability

The fact that road transportation negatively affects the quality of the environment and deteriorates its bearing capacity has drawn a wide range of concerns among researchers. In order to provide more realistic traffic data for estimations of environmental impacts, dynamic traffic assignment (DTA) models have been adopted in transportation planning and traffic management models concerning environmental sustainability. This review summarizes and examines the recent methodological advances of DTA models in environmentally sustainable road transportation applications including traffic signal control concerning vehicular emissions and emission pricing. A classification of emission estimation models and their integration with DTA models are accordingly reviewed as supplementary to the existing reviews. Finally, a variety of future research prospects of DTA for environmentally sustainable road transportation research are discussed. In particular, this review also points out that at present the research about DTA models in conjunction with noise predictive models is relatively deficient.

- by Al Quin
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- Carbon, Power, Emissions, Cooling

We argue that environmental legislation and regulation of more developed countries reflects significantly their moral values, but in less developed countries it differs significantly from their moral values. We examined this topic by using the keywords “sustainability” and “sustainable development”, studying web pages and articles published between 1974 to 2018 in Web of Science, Scopus and Google. Australia, Zimbabwe, and Uganda were ranked as the top three countries in the number of Google searches for sustainability. The top five cities that appeared in sustainability searches through Google are all from Africa. In terms of academic publications, China, India, and Brazil record among the largest numbers of sustainability and sustainable development articles in Scopus. Six out of the ten top productive institutions publishing sustainable development articles indexed in Scopus were located in developing countries, indicating that developing countries are well aware of the issues su...

- by Rita Li
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- Environmental Engineering, Environmental Science, Jurisprudence, Development Economics

This report provides the results of an inter-model comparison exercise undertaken by five modelling teams to analyse the future growth of India’s transport sector and to evaluate the role of various transport sector policies in reducing... more

- by Nazar Kholod
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- Energy, Transportation, India, Emissions

- by IAEME Publication
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- BIOETHANOL, Emissions, Lignocellulosic Biomass, Combustion Behaviors

Cara-cara penanganan limbah gas

- by Mohamed Aroua
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- Engineering, Kinetics, Performance, Vegetable Oils

Air staging is a well-known effective method to control NOx emissions from solid fuel combustion boilers. However, further research is still needed to clarify the effect of air staging at different injection locations on the gaseous emissions of Fluidised Bed Combustion (FBC) boilers that fire 100% biomass fuels, particularly non-woody biomass fuels. The main objective of this work is to investigate the effect of the staging air injection location on the gaseous emissions (NOx and CO) and temperature profiles of a 20 kW th bubbling fluidised bed combustor firing three non-woody (straw, miscanthus and peanuts) and two woody biomass fuels. The experimental results showed that injecting the secondary air at the higher location could lead to a greater NOx reduction due to the fact that the biomass combustion reaction mainly took place in the splash zone and/or beginning of the freeboard. Up to 30% of NOx reduction, compared with no air staging, was achieved for the non-woody fuels when the staging air was injected at the higher-location. Air staging also significantly reduced the CO emissions as a result of the higher temperatures in the freeboard and longer residence time in the primary combustion zone.

- by Daniel Afilaka and +2
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- Renewable Energy, Energy, Biomass energy, Biomass combustion
- by Alper Alkoç
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- Renewable Energy, Carbon, Power, Apc

In this study, energy, exergy and cost analyses of a continuous type hybrid photoelectrochemical hydrogen production system are performed, and the comparative results are presented. The proposed system has the advantage to eliminate generating waste by converting by-products into commercially viable products. In addition to hydrogen, the system generates Cl2 and NaOH as useful commodities which are desired by various industries. The proposed system is designed to have an annual production capacity of 2.8 kg hydrogen per square meter of heliostat with a production cost of $1/kg hydrogen produced. In addition to converting the by-products into usable commodities, the system emits no pollutants during operation.

- by Canan Acar and +1
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- Hydrogen, Building Integrated Solar Energy Technologies, Energy efficiency, GHG Emissions
- by Bonnie Dorr
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- Mechanical Engineering, Energy, Renewable energy resources, Marine Diesel Engines

Due to the intensive and extensive consumption of fossil fuels in all life sectors such as transportation, power generation, industrial processes, and residential consumption lead to find other new alternative fuels should be the target to cover this fuel demand. Fossil fuel resources are considered non-renewable sources and they will be depleted in the near future. In addition to its environmental impact which causes global warming, harmful exhaust emissions, and its price instability. Waste cooking oil (WCO) was considered as one of these alternative fuels and additives which will provide the industry with low price fuel and may solve the problem of getting rid of waste cooking oil. The present work demonstrated a comparative study for combustion characteristics between light diesel oil (LDO) and waste cooking oil in a swirled oil burner. Waste cooking oil was used directly as a fuel inside a cylindrical combustor using a swirled liquid oil burner at different operating conditions. Waste cooking oil was preheated to 90 °C before entering oil burner to decrease its viscosity and near to light diesel oil. Physical and chemical properties of waste cooking oil were measured and characterized according to ASTM standards. Combustion characteristics of this swirled oil burner using waste cooking oil and light diesel oil were experimentally investigated. Axial and radial inflame temperatures; exhaust gas emissions concentrations and combustor efficiency were analyzed. The experimental results showed that the increase of primary air pressure led to increase in exhaust gas temperature for LDO and WCO. CO2 emissions values for LDO increased compared to WCO. Hydrocarbons a emissions for WCO were higher than LDO. Percentage of heat transferred to the combustor wall increased for WCO compared to LDO. Increase of radial inflame temperature of WCO compared to LDO was due to the increase in heat release at high equivalence ratio. Waste cooking oil tended to produce luminous flames compared to diesel oil due to higher carbon content in its chemical composition.

- by ahmed mahfouz and +2
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- Combustion, Burner, Emissions, Greenhouse Gas Emissions
- by Avick Sil
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- Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Sustainability, Emissions
- by Kar Mun Pang
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- Engineering, Economics, Computational Fluid Dynamics, Biodiesel

Emissions resulting from rice cultivation are estimated in this paper including emissions from mechanical operations, field burning and N fertilization. The estimates are constructed using data and procedures from the IPCC guidelines for emissions estimation Coupled with Life Cycle Analysis procedures. The results show that the larger amounts of emissions come from Lower Egypt (Nile Delta). The regions with higher emissions are located as a rice belt in the Northern of the Nile Delta, Methane emission from the flooded rice fields are the main source of GHG emissions, contributing about 53.25 % of the total emissions. Rice straw burning after harvesting is the second largest source contributing 35.82 %. Nitrogen fertilization contributes out 9.92% and mechanical activities contribute about 1%. Finally, the carbon footprint for paddy rice is 1.90 Kg CO2eq / Kg paddy rice.

- by Mohamed Abdrabbo and +1
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- Agricultural Engineering, Climate Change, Climate Change Adaptation, Sustainable agriculture

This report collects and analyzes the experimental data and observations made in scientiﬁc journals about spark ignition and compression ignition engine emissions when using hydrogen fuel as opposed to conventional diesel, vegetable oil, biodiesel, alcohol, oxygenated and gasoline fuels. The whole analysis confined to the engine emissions from hydrogen and other fuels comparison. Dedicating attention to the most concerning emissions are carbon monoxide (CO), oxides of nitrogen (NOx), carbon dioxide (CO2),un-burned hydrocarbon (HC) and particulate matter (PM). Over the entire observation the highest consensus was found in the sharp reduction of CO, CO2and HC in emissions. Although hydrogen addition increases NOx emissions, this can be compensated by retarding the spark timing and running leaner operation, which are allowed by the faster burning velocity and broader ignition limit of hydrogen NOx can be also minimized by using exhaust gas re-circulation (EGR) in dual fuel operation. Though EGR reduces NOx emission significantly but also increases CO and HC emissions. For an optimum EGR rate all the emissions for an engine can be limited to a least quantity. The remarkable property of hydrogen fuel is less carbon content.

Experiments were carried out to study emission of aldehydes from low heat rejection diesel engine, which consist of air gap insulated piston among 3-mm air gap with an alloy of nickel superni crown, air gap insulated liner with superni place in and ceramic coated cylinder head with normal temperature condition of crude jatropha oil - butanol mixture operation with varied injection timing and injection pressures and compared with diesel - butanol mixture operation and also clean diesel operation on conventional engine (CE). At maximum load operation by different percentages of butanol on a mass basis was introduced into the engine via a variable jet carburettor installed at the engine's inlet manifold. Comparative studies were made between LHR engine and conventional engine with diesel, crude jatropha oil and carbureted butanol at recommended injection timings and varied injection pressures. Aldehydes were measured by using the dinitrophenyl hydrazine (DNPH) method at maximum load engine operation of the engine.

- by IAEME Publication
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- Butanol, Emissions, Aldehydes, LHR engine

In this paper, investigations were performed on a dual-fueled constant-speed engine. Initially, the emissions and performance of a diesel engine were investigated, and after moving to the dual-fuel engine, experimental tests were carried out under different loads (10, 25, 50, 75, and 100% of the full load) and pilot to gaseous fuel (PGF) ratios (30, 40, and 50%). The results showed that under different loads and PGF ratios, the emissions of nitrous oxides and particle materials in the dual mode were lower than those for the diesel engine, and that the difference was significant. The emission of carbon dioxide in the dual-fueled mode varied little compared to that of the diesel mode, although it was lower than that for the diesel engine. In loads lower than 75% of the full load, the emission of carbon monoxide in the diesel engine was lower than that for the dual-fueled engine. However, in full load, this result was reversed and had significant difference. The dual mode had lower hydrocarbon emission compared to that of the diesel mode in all PGF ratios and loads. A computational fluid dynamics-based numerical simulation was performed by KIVA3V, and its results showed good agreements with the experimental results under cylinder pressure.

- by K.W. Chau
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- Computational Fluid Dynamics, Natural Gas, Emissions, Engine Performance
- by Panagiotis Kontoulis and +1
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- Combustion, Fluid Dynamics, Emissions, Marine Engines

Combustion of fuels is one of the most important sources of gaseous pollutants. In order to develop effective emission control techniques, the knowledge of fuels’ oxidation mechanisms are necessary. Such data can be acquired through the use of flat flame burners. In this paper we analyze several previous works using flat burners to study pollutants emitted from premixed flames of liquid or gaseous hydrocarbons. Design features of the burners and of their supportive devices, like those of sampling-species measurements and temperature measurements, are analyzed and compared. Possible impacts on the pollutants emitted from the burner’s design and the auxiliary devices are also shown.

- by Efthimios Zervas
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- Combustion, Emissions, HYDROCARBONS, Premixed flames
- by GAURANG LAKSHANE
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- Renewable Energy, Biodiesel, Emissions, Diesel engine
- by Girish Chandra Mishra
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- Emissions, Tribological Performance
- by Abbas Mohajerani and +1
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- Recycling, Sustainable Urban Environments, Sustainable Water Resources Management, Recycled Construction Materials
- by Krešimir Puklavec
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- Computer Engineering, Computer Networks, Carbon, Power
- by Milinko Godjevac and +1
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- Renewable Energy, GHG Emissions, Emissions

This paper reviews the comparison of carbon dioxide emission from settlement land use between urban and peri-urban areas in the region of Gerbangkertosusila, in East Java. This paper is part of the research that addresses the comparison of greenhouse gas emission between urban and peri-urban areas of Gerbangkertosusila, which focused on settlement and agricultural land use. The region of Gerbangkertosusila itself consists of seven regencies/cities, namely Gresik, Bangkalan, Mojokerto, Sidoarjo, Lamongan, Surabaya and Mojokerto City. The first step is to classify the urban and peri-urban areas in Gerbangkertosusila. Classification of urban and peri-urban areas is determined through location quotient analysis as one of the economic base analysis techniques. The analysis shows that Surabaya City, Mojokerto City and Lamongan Regency are classified as urban, while Gresik, Bangkalan, Mojokerto and Lamongan are classified as peri-urban. The second step is to estimate the production of carbon dioxide emission from settlement land use in urban and peri-urban areas in Gerbangkertosusila. Carbon dioxide emission in urban areas is estimated at 8.35876E+14 TJ or accounts for 23% of emissions in the region Gerbangkertosusila, while carbon dioxide emissions in the peri-urban area is estimated at 2,8341E+15 TJ or approximately 77% of emission production in Gerbangkertosusila. The finding indicates that the contribution of settlements to the carbon dioxide emission in peri-urban area is very high in terms of the use of cooking fuel, whereas the land use of settlements as well as the number of household in peri-urban are much smaller than those in urban area.

- by Rulli Setiawan
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- Land-use planning, GHG Emissions, CO2 emissions, Emissions