Cycling Performance Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

The aim of this study was to examine differences in cycling efficiency between competitive male and female cyclists. Thirteen trained male (mean ± SD: 34 ± 8 yr, 74.1 ± 6.0 kg, Maximum Aerobic Power (MAP) 414 ± 40 W, VO2max 61.3 ± 5.4... more

The aim of this study was to examine differences in cycling efficiency between competitive male and female cyclists. Thirteen trained male (mean ± SD: 34 ± 8 yr, 74.1 ± 6.0 kg, Maximum Aerobic Power (MAP) 414 ± 40 W, VO2max 61.3 ± 5.4 ml·kg(-1)·min(-1)) and 13 trained female (34 ± 9 yr, 60.1 ± 5.2 kg, MAP 293 ± 22 W, VO2max 48.9 ± 6.1 ml·kg(-1)·min(-1)) competitive cyclists completed a cycling test to ascertain their gross efficiency (GE). Leg and lean leg volume of all cyclists was also measured. Calculated GE was significantly higher in female cyclists at 150W (22.5 ± 2.1 vs 19.9 ± 1. 8%; p < 0.01) and 180W (22.3 ± 1.8 vs 20.4 ± 1.5%; p = 0.01). Cadence was not significantly different between the groups (88 ± 6 vs 91 ± 5 rev·min(-1)). Lean leg volume was significantly lower for female cyclists (4.04 ± 0.5 vs 5.51 ± 0.8 dm(3); p < 0.01) and was inversely related to GE in both groups at 150 and 180W (r = -0.59 and -0.58; p < 0.05). Lean leg volume was shown to account for t...

Current expertise theory suggests that while variables such as genetics and environmental factors are likely to play a role in the development of an expert, other mediators such as deliberate practice and an adaptation to task constraints... more

Current expertise theory suggests that while variables such as genetics and environmental factors are likely to play a role in the development of an expert, other mediators such as deliberate practice and an adaptation to task constraints lead to expertise. However, empirical research describing the underlying mechanisms responsible for expertise in sport is limited. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to gain an understanding of the psychological components of elite cycling. Five cyclists (4 male, 1 female) from the British national and junior cycling squads were interviewed to determine expertise from a psychological perspective. Interviews revealed that both deliberate physiological training and overcoming psychological obstacles were of particular importance. Specifically, the interpretation of anxiety and pain as being debilitative or facilitative as well as social support concerns were found to effect performance. Implications for expertise development and future psychological intervention protocols in cycling are discussed.

It has been reported that performance in cycling time-trials is enhanced when power is varied in response to gradient although such a mechanical pacing strategy has never been confirmed experimentally in the field. The aim of this study... more

It has been reported that performance in cycling time-trials is enhanced when power is varied in response to gradient although such a mechanical pacing strategy has never been confirmed experimentally in the field. The aim of this study was, therefore, to assess the efficacy of mechanical pacing by comparing a constant power strategy of 255 W with a variable power strategy that averaged to 255 W over an undulating time-trial course. 20 experienced cyclists completed 4 trials over a 4 km course with 2 trials at an average constant power of 253 W and 2 trials where power was varied in response to gradient and averaged 260 W. Time normalised to 255 W was 411±31.1 s for the constant power output trials and 399±29.5 s for the variable power output trials. The variable power output strategy therefore reduced completion time by 12±8 s (2.9%) which was significant (p<0.001). Participants experienced difficulty in applying a constant power strategy over an undulating course which acted to reduce their time gain. It is concluded that a variable power strategy can improve cycling performance in a field time-trial where the gradient is not constant.

There is strong evidence that athletes have approached the improvement of their performance with intelligence and creativity from the very beginnings of formal competition. This has involved the evolution of training methods, the... more

There is strong evidence that athletes have approached the improvement of their performance with intelligence and creativity from the very beginnings of formal competition. This has involved the evolution of training methods, the development of equipment and experimentation with diet. However, the introduction of significant prizes in events such as the ancient Olympics quickly corrupted the noble goals of seeking athletic perfection for itself or as a tribute to the Gods. Certainly in the ancient Olympic Games competitors used a variety of herbs and funguses as stimulants and hallucinogenics. Philostratus, a 3rd-2nd Century BC sophist, reveals that doctors helped athletes prepare for their events at Olympia and advised cooks in the preparation of concoctions containing such ingredients as the juice of the opium poppy to deaden pain. However evidence is hard to come by as they carefully hid their efforts from the Hellanodikai, the judges, as athletes continue to do (König, 2008; Papagelopoulos, Mavrogenis, and Soucacos, 2004). It is possible that the English word ‘doping’ originates in the Dutch word dop, a viscous opium juice, probably similar to that used by the ancient Greeks (Bowers, 1998).

While it was invented nearly two centuries ago in Germany, the balance bike is only now beginning to make its presence known in the United States. A balance bike is a bicycle with no pedals – propelled by running or walking – and is... more

While it was invented nearly two centuries ago in Germany, the balance bike is only now beginning to make its presence known in the United States. A balance bike is a bicycle with no pedals – propelled by running or walking – and is designed to teach young children how to ride a bike in less time by allowing children to practice balance and steering with minimal risk of falling. The introduction of the balance bike to the United States is gaining traction as the “new” way to transition children to riding a bicycle without using training wheels. However, the implementation of a balance bike unit within the vast majority of elementary physical education programs is surprisingly lacking. The purpose of this article is to provide an introduction to the balance bike, highlight the benefits of implementing it into the elementary physical education curriculum, and offer a four-lesson ready-to-use balance bike unit plan.

This paper describes the development and evaluation of a novel effort control system for cycling, which contributes to promote the users’ mobility and physical health. This system provides automatic control of the motor assistance level... more

This paper describes the development and evaluation of a novel effort control system for cycling, which contributes to promote the users’ mobility and physical health. This system provides automatic control of the motor assistance level of an electric bicycle in order to ensure that the cyclist’s effort remains inside the desired target zone, regardless of changes in other variables which normally affect the effort, such as the slope of the road. The system presented in this paper controls the pedaling resistance perceived by the cyclist through the use of a sensor device placed inside of the bicycle crankset, which provides the required torque signal. The data processing, effort control algorithm and user interface are implemented in a smartphone application, whereas a microcontroller on the bicycle is responsible for the data acquisition, wireless data exchange with the smartphone, and real-time control of the motor assistance level. Experimental results validate the effectiveness of the implemented effort control system.

Since its creation in 1903, the Tour de France has remained the biggest of all professional cycling events. This chapter aims to present three aspects of the economic history of the Tour de France and what they tell us about the economic... more

Since its creation in 1903, the Tour de France has remained the biggest of all professional cycling events. This chapter aims to present three aspects of the economic history of the Tour de France and what they tell us about the economic history of sport. First, the Tour has always been owned by private newspaper and media companies. This is why I analyze the level and composition of these companies’ turnover, their business strategies and the reasons for their overall success. Second, Tour riders have always been professionals. This is why I analyze riders’ incomes and prize money and their distribution, which shows clear “winner-takes-all” aspects. Third, the demand for sport shows by Tour spectators reveals broad trends in Europe’s economic history since the early 20th century: the diffusion of bicycles, newspapers and mass consumption, the increase in leisure time, and the advent of the mass media.

Marine protected areas (MPAs) are an important investment in natural resources that contribute significantly to conservation of marine resources and human welfare at the local, national and global levels. Most MPAs charge an entrance fee... more

Marine protected areas (MPAs) are an important investment in natural resources that contribute significantly to conservation of marine resources and human welfare at the local, national and global levels. Most MPAs charge an entrance fee for visits. However, in most cases, the fee is nominal and does not reflect the level of consumer surplus or benefits provided by the MPA. The objective of this paper is to conduct a broad meta‐analysis of relevant, previously conducted contingent valuation (CV) studies to identify an estimate for visitors’ willingness to pay (WTP) to visit MPAs around the world as well as attempt to identify which features, if any, are correlated with a higher WTP. The information resulting from this study seeks to demonstrate the significant consumer surplus that exists, highlight the potential revenue source, and recommend applications for future management. The information resulting from this study would be useful for efficient marine protected area management and the development of appropriate conservation policies.

Wearable technology is an exciting emerging area with the potential to be hugely significant in the way we interact with clothing and electronic technology. Knowledge and skills from a combination of disciplines including computer... more

Wearable technology is an exciting emerging area with the potential to be hugely significant in the way we interact with clothing and electronic technology. Knowledge and skills from a combination of disciplines including computer science, electronics, textile technology, garment and product design are essential for the area to flourish.
A presented case study explores design considerations and processes involved in the development of a wearable electronic jacket containing a lighting system aimed at enhancing the safety of city cycling commuters. Practice based research with a experimental approach to smart clothing and electronic integration was used to form a technical framework in which the requirements of the end user were addressed.
The paper highlights practical considerations and project insights which have lead to the identification of collaboration, project planning and user centred design focus as essential ingredients to those involved in wearable electronic projects.

Transportation is a necessary process that requires not only adequate means, but also individual choices. And apparently, the recent boom of alternative modes of transportation has substantially changed people’s perceptions of cycling, as... more

Transportation is a necessary process that requires not only adequate means, but also individual choices. And apparently, the recent boom of alternative modes of transportation has substantially changed people’s perceptions of cycling, as well as the reasons why they decide to use a bike. Nevertheless, people identify some motives that encourage this use together with the perceived risks and the discouraging factors which affect the choice of using a bike, thus making it important to explore all these elements in the light of the empirical evidence. The objective of this study was to explore and describe the encouraging and discouraging reasons behind the use of bikes among cyclists, together with the reasons behind their journeys and the relationship of these elements with their crash history. For this study, 1064 cyclists were asked to complete an electronic survey which gathered information on their cycling-related habits, perceptions and motives. The results show that physical health and fitness (38%), contribution to environmental sustainability (14%), economy (13%) and time saving (10%) were the most frequent factors which encouraged cycling. On the other hand, perceived crash risk (17%), adverse weather conditions (17%) and lack of safety (16%) were found to be the most relevant discouraging factors. Finally, participants who cycled with more regularity were found to be less prone to suffer cycling crashes. The findings of this study support that cycling is a choice based on both benefits and risks, and its perceived connection to health is highly prevalent among active cyclists. Furthermore, perceived risks which may discourage cycling are an issue that needs to be addressed by transport policies, in order to enhance the engagement of the population in this mode of transportation. Also, this study highlights the need to strengthen utility cycling (cycling for transport to and from places) as a way to integrate transportation within healthier practices and habits.

Why did cycling become professional as early as the late nineteenth century, while other sports (such as rugby) and other sport events (such as the Olympic Games) remained amateur until the 1980s? Why are the organizers of the most... more

Why did cycling become professional as early as the late nineteenth century, while other sports (such as rugby) and other sport events (such as the Olympic Games) remained amateur until the 1980s? Why are the organizers of the most important bicycle races private companies, while in other sports such as soccer the main event organizer is a nonprofit organization? To what extent have bicycle races changed since the late nineteenth century? And how does cycling reflect long-term economic changes? The history of professional road cycling helps answer these questions and understand many related phenomena. This chapter provides a long-term, historical perspective on (1) professional road cycling’s economic agents, i.e., the public, race organizers, team sponsors and riders, and the relationships amongst them; (2) cycling’s governing body, the International Cycling Union; and (3) professional cycling’s final product, i.e., the show of bicycle races. More precisely, the chapter mostly focuses on the history of male professional road cycling in Western Europe since the late nineteenth century. It is founded on both an analysis of quantitative time series on the Grand Tours (and, to some extent, the classics) and a review of the existing literature on the history of professional cycling, whether economic history, institutional history, cultural history, or sport history.

The map book (atlas) and register of the +1000 natural (with oronyms) and artificial cycling climbs around Nijmegen (Netherlands) and Kleve (Nordrhein-Westfalen) clustered into Hill Boards (Nimmalaya, Kalkarpaten etc.) analogous to Water... more

The map book (atlas) and register of the +1000 natural (with oronyms) and artificial cycling climbs around Nijmegen (Netherlands) and Kleve (Nordrhein-Westfalen) clustered into Hill Boards (Nimmalaya, Kalkarpaten etc.) analogous to Water Boards. Including the explanation of the principles, methodology and measurements, results, glossary and a classification system.

Der vorliegende Sammelband ist eine anerkennenswerte studentische Leistung, die im Bachelorstudiengang Geographie am Geographischen Institut der Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen im Rahmen des „Integrativen Projekts“ (5. Fachsemester)... more

Der vorliegende Sammelband ist eine anerkennenswerte studentische Leistung, die im Bachelorstudiengang Geographie am Geographischen Institut der Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen im Rahmen des „Integrativen Projekts“ (5. Fachsemester) im Wintersemester 2010/2011 erbracht wurde. Grundlage der empirischen Forschungsarbeit war das vom Bundeswirtschaftsministerium im Rahmen des Programms „IKT für Elektromobilität“ geförderte Projekt „eE-Tour Allgäu – effiziente Elektromobilität und Tourismus“. Die Arbeitsgruppen Humangeographie unter Leitung von Prof. Dr. Rainer Rothfuß und Geoinformatik, geleitet von Prof. Dr. Volker Hochschild, widmeten sich in diesem Forschungs- und Entwicklungsverbundprojekt der Fragestellung nach der Nutzerakzeptanz und räumlichen Mustern von Elektromobilität sowie den Einsatzmöglichkeiten Geographischer Informationssysteme (GIS) zur Standortanalyse für Ladestationen sowie zur energiebezogenen Routenoptimierung für E-Fahrzeuge.

Purpose: A pilot study to examine the potential additive training stimulus of single-leg (SL) cycle training (4wk), upon double-leg (DL) cycling TT performance. Methods: 11 trained cyclists (2 female), with ≥4 yr experience (mean ± SD: 33... more

Purpose: A pilot study to examine the potential additive training stimulus of single-leg (SL) cycle training (4wk), upon double-leg (DL) cycling TT performance. Methods: 11 trained cyclists (2 female), with ≥4 yr experience (mean ± SD: 33 ± 10yr, 73 ± 5.6kg, Wmax = 335 ± 33 W, VO2max = 62 ± 5.9mL∙kg -1∙ min-1) were recruited. Cyclists performed a SL and DL VO2max test, plus a ~30min simulated DL TT, before they were randomly assigned to either the DL or SL training groups. Cyclists incorporated 12 x1h sessions (under laboratory supervision) to their normal training. DL participants performed 6 x 5min at ~70% Wmax, with both legs simultaneously (1:1 rest). SL participants performed 12 x 5min at ~35% Wmax, alternating training leg every 5min (on modified cycle ergometers- the contralateral pedal loaded with a 10 kg counter-weight). All performance tests were then repeated. Results: Cycling time trial (TT) performance was improved similarly, regardless of the mode of cycle training intervention (both groups improved TT performance by ~4.1% (p<0.05)). DL VO2max and Wmax were only increased significantly in the DL trained group (both p≤ 0.01), by ~4.6% and ~3.0% respectively. No significant improvement in SL VO2max was observed in either group. Conclusion: 4 wks of SL training did significantly improve DL TT performance in well trained cyclists, perhaps eliciting a differential training stimulus. Regardless, SL training remains to be proven significantly more effective than DL training of a similar duration and intensity.

It has been demonstrated that the modifications in the bike fit or the voluntary position changes affects in different parameters; cardiovascular, mechanic, pathologies, comfort. The objective of this study was to obtain new methods to... more

It has been demonstrated that the modifications in the bike fit or the voluntary position changes affects in different parameters; cardiovascular, mechanic, pathologies, comfort. The objective of this study was to obtain new methods to optimize the fit of the competition road bicycle, according to the anthropometric variables and torque. The study group consisted of 28 male cyclist of professional U.C.I. We measured all the anthropometric variables according with the ISAK protocol. Them we measured 20 different measures of the bike, and simulated the measurements in our ergometer (SRM ergometer). We optimized the position, changing the variable lengths of the bike and the position of the cycling shoes cleats, based on the optimal crank torque. After this, we measured again the new lengths and angles, and we correlate with the anthropometric data, to obtain relation and formulas. We realised that the 21,42 % of the subject aren’t in comfort with the position obtained by our formulas. Because this, we decided to separate into tree groups; the ones who had the relation of tall/trocanter height > 1,94, between 1,88–194 and

Introduction: The World Health Organization (WHO) has concluded that physical inactivity and overweight/obesity are the world's fourth and fifth leading risk factors for non-communicable diseases, respectively. This article investigates... more

Introduction: The World Health Organization (WHO) has concluded that physical inactivity and overweight/obesity are the world's fourth and fifth leading risk factors for non-communicable diseases, respectively. This article investigates the potential for active commuting by bicycle in
Scania county, southern Sweden, and its possible impact on public health. Physical inactivity is a growing problem on both an individual and a societal level.
Method, setting and population: A complete statistical survey and geographic analysis has been carried out based on data concerning the home and work addresses of the entire working population in the county of Scania, Sweden as of the end of 2014. This data set includes a total of
575,959 individuals.
Results: Approximately 27.9% of the population can reach their workplace by a 15-min bicycle commute, while 47.2% can reach their workplace in 30 min. It is possible to achieve a 47.2% modal share for active transport in Scania if all individuals within cycling distance of work
choose to commute by bicycle. If that were to happen, 19.2% of the working population would meet the WHO's global health recommendations just through their commutes.
Conclusion: The results demonstrate that the spatial distribution of homes and workplaces in Scania is conducive to increasing the mode share for active transport through well-designed physical environments and transport systems that prioritise physical activity.

This study aimed to identify psychological demands that are commonly experienced by endurance athletes so that these demands could inform the design of performance-enhancing psychological interventions for endurance athletes. Focus group... more

This study aimed to identify psychological demands that are commonly experienced by endurance athletes so that these demands could inform the design of performance-enhancing psychological interventions for endurance athletes. Focus group interviews were conducted with 30 recreational endurance athletes of various sports (running, cycling, and triathlon), distances, and competitive levels to explore the psychological demands of training, competition preparation, and competition participation. An inductive thematic analysis was used to identify psychological demands that were experienced across sports, distances, and competitive levels. Seven themes captured demands that were commonly experienced away from the competitive environment (time investment and lifestyle sacrifices, commitment to training sessions, concerns about optimising training, and exercise sensations during training), preceding an endurance event (pre-event stressors), or during an event (exercise sensations, optimising pacing, and remaining focused despite adversity). Interventions that could be delivered to recreational athletes, who do not typically have access to a sport psychologist, are suggested. Experimental research examining the efficacy of interventions that help endurance athletes to cope with the reported psychological demands is encouraged.

La lecture de choses vues déroule l'histoire de Salvador Dali et Marcel Duchamp à Cadaqués.

The selection of cadence during cycling may be determined by a number of factors, including the degree of oxygenation in the exercising skeletal muscle. The purpose of this study was to determine the degree of muscle oxygenation... more

The selection of cadence during cycling may be determined by a number of factors, including the degree of oxygenation in the exercising skeletal muscle.
The purpose of this study was to determine the degree of muscle oxygenation associated with different cycling cadences and exercise intensities, and its putative role in the choice of self-selected cadence during cycling.
We recorded cardiopulmonary and metabolic responses to cycling at exercise intensities of 70% and 90% of the ventilatory threshold (Tvent), and used near-infrared spectroscopy to determine tissue saturation index as a measure of skeletal muscle (vastus lateralis) oxygenation.
Twelve participants cycled at cadences of 30, 50, 70, 90, and 110 revolutions per minute (rpm), each for 4 min, in a randomized sequence, interspersed with active recovery periods.
Despite cardiopulmonary and metabolic responses being greater at 90% than at 70% Tvent, and at 110 rpm compared with lower cadences, vastus lateralis oxygenation was not different between the two exercise intensities and five cadences tested.
Our results indicate that skeletal muscle tissue saturation index is not substantially affected during cycling for short periods of time at constant, moderate exercise intensity at cadences between 30 and 110 rpm, suggesting that skeletal muscle oxygenation may not be an important negative feedback signal in the choice of self-selected cadence during cycling at moderate exercise intensity.

As participation in cycling grows, so does the amount of research on the sport. But this writing often falls short of accurately conveying the experience of cycling – what it feels like to pedal along on two wheels, and how these... more

As participation in cycling grows, so does the amount of research on the sport. But this writing often falls short of accurately conveying the experience of cycling – what it feels like to pedal along on two wheels, and how these experiences are understood through a complex interaction of sophisticated sensory pathways. One place that is rife with detailed accounts of riding is the blogosphere. Online communities of mountain bikers (as an example of one particular cycling culture) provide countless, reflective, first person reports of riding. These reveal the myriad experiences had while racing, travelling and preparing for the next event. Although heavily coded with insider terminology, these accounts provide rich descriptions of what anthropologist, Michael Jackson, would call the rider's 'lifeworld'. This paper discusses some of the opportunities these data provide for theoretical arguments about sport and performance. By considering the experience of riding in all its lived complexity, we can then build upon ideas about embodied action and awareness to reflect upon a wide range of other circumstances, projects and events.

This study examines cyclists who have crashed and have subsequently returned to cycling after they have finished recovering. Past research on the sport of cycling has mostly been limited to physical rehabilitation and focused on elite... more

This study examines cyclists who have crashed and have subsequently returned to cycling
after they have finished recovering. Past research on the sport of cycling has mostly been
limited to physical rehabilitation and focused on elite (professional) cyclists. However,
past research on amateur recreational cyclist studies indicates that along with physical
coping and rehabilitation motives, there are psychological factors that influence decision
making about whether an athlete will return to sport, namely resilience, self-efficacy, and
goal-orientation. A total of 403 male and female road cyclists, mountain bikers,
commuters, and triathletes completed a survey of 50 questions, of which 21 questions
came from the Return to Sport After Serious Injury Questionnaire (RSSIQ) that examined
associations between athlete motivations for returning to sport after injury and perceived
psychological outcomes. The majority of the cyclists indicated that their fun, passion, and
love for the sport were the main reasons for returning. Non-competitive recreational
cyclists and commuters indicated transportation and commuting needs as their main
influence, and more competitive cyclists expressed their resumption was to overcome
fear of cycling or to avoid becoming ‘quitters.’ Potential applications to research,
coaching, and sport psychology interventions in the sport of cycling are discussed.

The growing rates of traffic crashes involving cyclists are currently recognized as a major public health and road safety concern. Furthermore, risky behaviors on the road and their precedent factors have been conceptualized as potential... more

The growing rates of traffic crashes involving cyclists are currently recognized as a major public health and road safety concern. Furthermore, risky behaviors on the road and their precedent factors have been conceptualized as potential determinants for explaining, intervening and preventing traffic injuries of cyclists.
Objectives: This study aimed at examining whether individual factors and self-reported risky behaviors could explain the crash rates of cyclists in a period of 5 years.
Methods: A sample of 1064 cyclists was used, with a mean age of 32.83 years. Participants answered a survey assessing demographic data and information on risky behaviors, risk perception, knowledge of norms, and suffered cycling crashes.
Results: Using Structural Equation Models, it was found that crash rates in cyclists could be explained through risky behaviors, risk perception, knowledge of traffic norms and cycling intensity. Through a multi-group path model differentiating cyclists by age group, it was also found that cycling intensity has a differential impact on self-reported crashes in older (age>25) and younger (age<=25) cyclists.
Conclusions: This study suggests that risky behaviors mediate the relationship between the individual factors and the crash rates of cyclists, and that age exerts an important effect in the variation of the explanatory structure of the model. The design of educational tools would be useful for promoting not only the avoidance of risky behaviors, but also a generalized awareness on road safety issues.
Practical applications: This research provides an empirical precedent in the study of the impact of factors related to risky behaviors on the road and to safety outcomes of cyclists.

To enhance the properties of polyethylene separators in lithium ion batteries, we tested separators with uni-axial stretching ratios of 180% and 300%. We also tested stretched separators coated with SiO2 ceramic substance to increase... more

To enhance the properties of polyethylene separators in lithium ion batteries, we tested separators with
uni-axial stretching ratios of 180% and 300%. We also tested stretched separators coated with SiO2
ceramic substance to increase ionic conductivity and thermal stability without sacrificing mechanical
properties. To test the thermal and tensile properties, thermomechanical analyzer (TMA) is employed. CR
2032-type coin cells are prepared by sandwiching pristine and coated stretched separators, respectively,
between the Li anode and Li[Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3]O2 cathode to evaluate the AC impedance and cycling
performance. The coated separators are observed with superior ionic conductivity, thermal and tensile
properties. The cells prepared with coated separator have slightly higher discharge capacity and a better
capacity retention ratio than the cells with pristine separators. These results suggest that the coated
separator is a better option for lithium ion batteries.

April 2007 interview with Iron Horse Downhill competitor Simon Cittati on my design of a prosthetic arm device customized for my MTB technical downhill and sprint triathlon road bicycles. The issue was not published until October for the... more

April 2007 interview with Iron Horse Downhill competitor Simon Cittati on my design of a prosthetic arm device customized for my MTB technical downhill and sprint triathlon road bicycles. The issue was not published until October for the November 2007 issue of MTB World Italy. The interview material was probably used to strategize a road-trap near Civita Castellana in June 2007 and a failed illegal US attempted extradition that resulted in the murder of Meredith Kercher the last day of October 2007, as Cittati informed me in 2008 that he could not reveal who had his editor delay publication, though that they (US Marshall’s/FBI? illegal activity in Italy without a surveillance warrant) obviously did "not know how to ride a bicycle" or that athletes are not attracted to metal.