Design process Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

The quest for designing secure and trusted software has led to refined Software Engineering methodologies that rely on tools to support the design process. Automated reasoning mechanisms for requirements and software verification are by now a well-accepted part of the design process, and model driven architectures support the automation of the refinement process. We claim that we can further push the envelope towards the automatic exploration and selection among design alternatives and show that this is concretely possible for Secure Tropos, a requirements engineering methodology that addresses security and trust concerns. In Secure Tropos, a design consists of a network of actors (agents, positions or roles) with delegation/permission dependencies among them. Accordingly, the generation of design alternatives can be accomplished by a planner which is given as input a set of actors and goals and generates alternative multiagent plans to fulfill all given goals. We validate our claim with a case study using a state-of-the-art planner.

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- Social Psychology, Software Engineering, Artificial Intelligence, Modeling

The proliferation of data together with the increase of computing power in the last decade has triggered a new interest in artificial intelligence methods. Machine learning and in particular deep learning techniques, inspired by the topological structure of neurons network in brains, are omnipresent in the IT discourse, and generated new enthusiasms and fears in our society. These methods have already shown great effectiveness in fields far from architecture and have long been exploited in software that we use every day. Many computing libraries are available for anyone with some programming skills and allow them to "train" a neural network based on several types of data. The world of architecture has not remained external to this phenomenon: many researchers are working on the applications of artificial intelligence to architectural design, a few design software allow exploiting machine learning algorithms, and some large architectural firms have begun to experiment with deep learning methods to put into practice data accumulated over years of profession, with a special interest in environmental sustainability and building performance. If on the one hand, these techniques promise great results, on the other we are still in an exploratory phase. It is then necessary, in our opinion, to understand what the roles of this technology could be within the architectural design process, and with which scopes they can facilitate such a complex profession as that of the architect. On this subject we made ten interviews with as many designers and researchers in the AEC industry, In the article we will report a summary of their testimonies, comparing and commenting on the responses of the designers, with the aim of understanding the potentials of using artificial intelligence methods within the design process, report their perceptions on how artificial intelligence techniques can affect the architect's approach to the project, concluding with some reflections on the critical issues identified during the interviews with the designers.

- by Giuseppe Gallo and +1
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- Artificial Intelligence, Architecture, Machine Learning, Design Process (Architecture)

Building type explores interpretation as a creative strategy for developing experimental design processes that translate architecture into type. The research sits within the experimental area of the contemporary type design context. The methodology is based on a hermeneutic framework and establishes a cycle of research methods that enable the project to progress through several phases of inquiry. It is a practice-based project, but its intended outputs are not fully resolved typefaces, but rather a range of experimental type design strategies. These strategies translate aspects of selected New Zealand suburban architecture (a single-bay villa, a Californian bungalow and a state house) into letterforms and prototypefaces. The outcomes are communicated through two sets of publications, large format posters, plan print guidelines, card inserts and an exegesis.

- by Caroline Powley
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- Conceptual Metaphor Theory, Typeface Design, Experimental Design, Design process

Biologically inspired engineering design uses analogies to biological systems to develop solutions for engineering problems. We conducted a study of biologically inspired design in the context of an interdisciplinary introductory course on biologically inspired engineering design in Fall of 2006. The goals of this study were to understand the process of biologically inspired engineering design and to provide insight into biologically inspired design as a type of design activity. This paper provides a descriptive account of biologically inspired design processes and products, and summarizes our main observations: 1) designers use two distinct starting points for biologically inspired design; 2) regular patterns of practice emerge in biologically inspired design; and 3) certain errors occur regularly in the design process.

- by Michael Helms
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- Information Systems, Engineering Design, Design Cognition, Design process

Building product usage scenario of products, building product-user relationship, thinking like users and empathizing with users are the most frequently encountered problems in project-based studio courses in current undergraduate education of Industrial Design and Industrial Product Design departments in Turkey.In this research, undergraduate second and third year programs of Industrial Design departments of 13 different universities in Turkey are examined. Learning outcomes, contents and objectives of the product design courses are compared and contrasted. Thus the similarities and the differences are obtained. Consequently, the two main reasons for the ignorance of user research during design process are; the absence of theoretical courses about user research and the absence of practical and supportive reflection of these courses on product design studio courses. Application of these concepts in design process could be one of the solutions for current problems. As a result of this study, integration of the new methods such as; participatory design, co-design and collaborative design approaches to design process in product design education is suggested. Besides, the importance and the necessity of user participation experience are emphasized.

- by International Journal of Innovative Research in Education and +1
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- Design education, Participatory Design, Co-Design, User Research

We report on a long-term participatory design process during which we designed and improved RealTimeChess, a collaborative but competitive game that is played using touch input by multiple people on a tabletop display. During the design process we integrated concurrent input from all players and pace control, allowing us to steer the interaction along a continuum between high-paced simultaneous and low-paced turn-based gameplay. In addition, we integrated tutorials for teaching interaction techniques, ...

- by Frédéric Vernier
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- Territoriality, Design process, Awareness

Chapter 1: Process Background & Selection
Chapter 2: Site Location
Chapter 3: Mass Balance
Chapter 4: Energy Balance
Chapter 5: Process Simulation
Chapter 6: Environmental and Waste Management
Chapter 7: Process Integration
Chapter 8: Process Control & Instrumentation
Chapter 9: Design of Major Equipment (Chemical & Mechanical)
Chapter 10: Economic Analysis
Chapter 11: Plant Safety & Layout

The series of symposia on Design Thinking Research (DTRS) was begun in 1991 with seven symposia and workshops held to date. The series has produced a substantial set of publications in books and journals, with significant research results, and has helped foster an international community of scholars and researchers focused on design cognition. One particular innovation of the series is

- by Janet McDonnell
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- Design Research, Design thinking, Design Cognition, Design process

This paper details the process used by a research team at Purdue University to map out and design an educational chemistry video game sponsored by the National Science Foundation. The design process developed by the team is significant because it integrates the design process used by traditional video game developers and the process used by instructional designers.

- by Carlos Morales
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- Video Games, Video Game, Design process

The design and implementation of even the simplest architectural projects are almost exclusively collaborative endeavors, often requiring individuals of diverse experience and background, working together to achieve a singular goal. Each highly trained in their respective areas, yet few (if any) are formally trained authorities in the skills of collaboration. This includes architects, individuals who are often put at the lead of design projects which include people of varied backgrounds, working styles and areas of expertise.
Historically, the education of an architect has been a highly individualized pursuit, focused on the development of an individual skill set that seldom includes collaboration beyond that of student and professor. While this individualized hand’s on approach to education has been highly revered by many, it often falls short of its potential and fails to recognize that the greatest design accomplishments of humankind have been the undertaking of collaborative enterprise. Furthermore, architecture students are being prepared in a manner that is contrary to the highly collaborative nature of the architectural practice they will enter.
As Collaborative methods begin to see increased popularity in the design studios, the next generations of architects will have a greater capacity to work within the growing range of complexities of architectural practice. It is no longer possible for an architect to build anything substantial without the help of multiple sources, whether it is within their own team or from outside contributors. This paper begins by exploring the need for collaborative design pedagogy by looking at what goals this methodology seeks to achieve and the methods by which it has been and currently is being implemented. After making a case for the use of collaborative design pedagogy the paper concludes by examining the anatomy of a collaborative design studio recently conducted with a group of first years graduate students in architecture.

- by Thomas McPeek
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- Collaboration, Pedagogy, Design Studio, Teamwork

This paper describes an effective method for teaching design in a deterministic manner that is especially effective for underrepresented students (e.g. culture, race, gender, physical disability, personality, etc.). Ten years ago we postulated that students can learn a deterministic design process not only to learn about design, but to better study math and science with peers through the use of an ordered peer-review process. The foundation of Deterministic Design is that everything happens for a reason (science, e.g., physics) and a systematic approach should be used first by individuals in a team to ask and answer questions. To ensure participation and to check that items have not been overlooked, work by individuals is followed by a Peer-Review Evaluation Process (PREP) and then the team brainstorms. Deterministic Design has designers describing what is to be done (functional requirements), how it can be done (design parameters), why it will work (analysis), who else has done similar work (references), what are the risks and possible countermeasures. PREP is especially useful for diverse teams of designers with members from various backgrounds and personalities. It is also especially useful for enabling introverted team members to fully contribute to the development of designs.

- by Alexander Slocum
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- Mechanical Engineering, Modeling, Culture, Engineering Design

An improvement methodology is proposed for the design process in construction projects. Based on concepts and principles of lean production, the methodology considers the design process as a set of three different models-conversion, flow, and value. Four stages are necessary to produce improvements and changes-͑1͒ diagnosis/evaluation; ͑2͒ changes implementation; ͑3͒ control; and ͑4͒ standardization. The methodology suggests the application of seven tools in accordance to specific needs ͑detected and desired͒ on five potential areas of improvement-client, administration, project, resources, and information. Results of an application included an increase of 31% in the share of value adding activities, 44% reduction of unit errors in the products, up to 58% decrease of waiting times in the process, and an expansion of the utilization in the cycle times. In this manner, not only did the efficiency and effectiveness of internal engineering products improve, but also the whole project, by improving one of the main suppliers of construction.

- by Andreea Lazarescu
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- Engineering, Civil Engineering, Design, Project Management

This article addresses the new theories and concepts of design management: design thinking, user experience (UX) and service design. They consider people's experiences and focus on the characteristics of each one of them. From industrial design, the scope and relationships between these definitions-now better visible-were analyzed, which always belonged to the design field of the discipline, from which an attempt was made to identify how they influence innovation, design and development of new products. To account for the evolution that the design field has had, the most significant processes are contrasted to visualize the differences that make this change fundamental. Finally, it is concluded on its strategic relevance for the application in public and private organizations. Also taking into account how these theories are methodologically incorporated into the set of activities inherent to industrial design.

- by Guido Amendolaggine
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- Computer Science, User Experience (UX), Service Design, Industrial Design

In this paper a method based on combining adaptive neuro fuzzy inference systems (ANFISs) and genetic algorithm (GA) is applied for design and optimization of a circularly polarized microstrip antenna for L1 frequency band of GPS. In design process, trained ANFISs are used for estimating return loss and axial ratio. In optimization process, a proper objective function is defined and minimized with GA in order to obtain optimum physical parameters. The optimization method is much faster than conventional optimization methods. Both simulation and measurement results confirm the accuracy and efficiency of the method.

- by Abbas Heidari
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- Computer Science, Microstrip Antennas, Genetic Algorithms, Microstrip Antenna

Providing accessible Web pages is becoming a key concern for many providers of electronic information. There are many people who find accessing Web pages difficult and among these, vision impaired users are perhaps the group with the greatest needs. The Web is a strong visual environment and most designers use this aspect of the environment as a critical element in their interface and information design. Such strategies, while providing many opportunities for mainstream Web users, provide limiting and impeding outcomes for visually impaired Web users. There are a number of accessibility standards that now exist to inform and guide the designers of Web pages but little is known about precisely how best these standards can be applied and achieved. This paper will describe a study undertaken in the Australian context that sought to explore how the goals of accessibility influenced the design process and the design outcomes of an online learning environment designed to cater for visually impaired users. It is a study of the TruVision Project, a Web-based learning setting, designed to aid visually impaired users to gain an elementary qualification in Information Technology.

- by Jean Macnish
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- Information Technology, Information Design, Web Based Learning, Design process

Although adaptive applications are increasing in popularity, there are only a few approaches that focus on their generalization or the specification of a reference model. Trying to fill this gap, this paper presents a reference model for adaptive hypermedia applications, similar to AHAM. The main novelty of our approach is an object-oriented specification written in UML (Unified Modeling Language) which integrates both an intuitive visual representation and a formal unambiguous specification in OCL (Object Constraint Language). Our reference model is defined as an extension of the Dexter Hypertext Reference Model including user modeling aspects and rule-based adaptation mechanisms.

- by ANTONIO BAJUELOS
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- Computer Science, Adaptive Hypermedia, Methodology, Hypertext

Almost methods in embedded software modeling take software architecture as one of the crucial parts of the design process. Since a principal role of embedded software is the interaction with its environments, architectures that describe the dynamic aspects are also needed. Although such architectural view is significantly important in embedded software development, the existing approaches do not practically guide the architectural design based on the dynamic aspects. In this paper, we propose an operational architecture to represent the dynamic aspects of an embedded software. Also we explain how to use our operational architecture in the process of embedded software modeling. Our operational architecture effectively reflects interactionbased dynamic behavior of the system, and gives traceability between requirements and design model.

- by Doo-Hwan Bae
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- Software Architecture, Embedded Software, Design process

In the context of information systems and information technology, information security is a concept that is becoming widely used. The European Network of Excellence INTEROP classifies information security as a nonfunctional aspect of interoperability and as such it is an integral part of the design process for interoperable systems. In the last decade, academics and practitioners have shown their interest in information security, for example by developing security models for evaluating products and setting up security specifications in order to safeguard the confidentiality, integrity, availability and accountability of data. Earlier research has shown that measures to achieve information security in the administrative or organisational level are missing or inadequate. Therefore, there is a need to improve information security models by including vital elements of information security. In this paper, we introduce a holistic view of information security based on a Swedish model combined with a literature survey. Furthermore we suggest extending this model using concepts based on semiotic theory and adopting the view of an information system as constituted of the technical, formal and informal (TFI) parts. The aim is to increase the understanding of the information security domain in order to develop a well-founded theoretical framework, which can be used both in the analysis and the design phase of interoperable systems. Finally, we describe and apply the Information Security (InfoSec) model to the results of three different case studies in the healthcare domain. Limits of the model will be highlighted and an extension will be proposed.

- by Paolo Spagnoletti
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- Information Technology, Information Security, Design process, Case Study

Passive means of vibration attenuation have been employed successfully and efficiently in machining systems such as turning and milling. Traditional approach to controlling vibration in a milling system is to develop control mechanisms for cutting tools or machine spindles. However, due to the nature of milling operations where the cutting tools rotate at high speed, the passive vibration control methods

- by Amir Rashid
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- Viscoelasticity, Modeling, Engineering Design, Modal Analysis

Design is critical to the successful development of any interactive learning environment (ILE). Moreover, in technology-enhanced learning (TEL) the design process requires input from many diverse areas of expertise. As such, anyone undertaking tool development is required to directly address the design challenge from multiple perspectives. We provide a motivation and rationale for design approaches for learning technologies that draws upon Simon's seminal proposition of design science. We then review the application of design experiments and design patterns and argue that a patterns approach has the potential to address many of the critical challenges faced by learning technologists.

- by Yishay Mor
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- Design Science, Learning Technology, Experience Design, Technology Enhanced Learning

TUSAT is a prospective Turkish Communication Satellite designed for providing mainly data communication and broadcasting services through Ku-Band and C-Band channels. Thermal control is a vital issue in satellite design process. Therefore, all satellite subsystems and equipments should be maintained in the desired temperature range from launch to end of maneuvering life. The main function of the thermal control is to keep the equipments and the satellite structures in a given temperature range for various phases and operating modes of spacecraft during its lifetime. This paper describes the thermal control design which uses passive and active thermal control concepts. The active thermal control is based on heaters regulated by software via thermistors. Alternatively passive thermal control composes of heat pipes, multilayer insulation (MLI) blankets, radiators, paints and surface finishes maintaining temperature level of the overall carrier components within an acceptable value. The...

- by Nedim Sözbir
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- Engineering, Data Communication, Design process, Satellite

The issue of horizontally lying, soil or slurry-filled geotextile tubes is covered. These tubes are utilised at present in coastal protection, river construction, dewatering of slurries, and in foundation engineering. Existing calculation methods and formulations are reviewed and compared. The method of Plaut and Suherman (1998) was chosen to carry out calculations and it was therefore programmed in Mathcad. Utilising the finite element method, models were created to get deeper knowledge about the tubes during consolidation and stacking. For the calculations the computer program ABAQUS was used. The models presented here are first approximations, which show tendencies and dependencies between different magnitudes. Diagrams are presented as application tools to simplify the design process. They are based on the dimensionless calculation method of Plaut and Suherman (1998) and describe the most important magnitudes of the tubes during the filling process.

- by Stefan Cantré
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- Civil Engineering, Finite element method, Finite Element Analysis, Design process

Computer visualizations are all around us. In this paper we describe a design process in which we explore the development of a new visualization to aid managerial decision making. The ultimate goal of our design effort is to develop a visualization that allows for presenting most of the critical financial ratios used to describe a firm's activity on a single computer display and dynamically. In doing so, we hope to enable managers to develop holistic and intuitive appreciations of such matters as how a business changes ...

- by Richard Boland
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- Computer Science, Visualization, Animation, Decision Making

In Life Cycle Engineering, it is vital that the engineering knowledge for the product is captured throughout its life cycle in a formal and structured manner. This will allow the information to be referred to in the future by engineers who did not work on the original design but are wanting to understand the reasons that certain design decisions were made. In the past, attempts were made to try to capture this knowledge by having the engineer record the knowledge manually during a design session. However, this is not only time-consuming but is also disruptive to the creative process. Therefore, the research presented in this paper is concerned with capturing design knowledge automatically using a traditional 2D design environment and also an immersive 3D design environment. The design knowledge is captured by continuously and non-intrusively logging the user during a design session and then storing this output in a structured eXtensible Markup Language (XML) format. Next, the XML da...

- by Csaba Salamon
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- Knowledge Management, Computer Aided Design, Engineering Design, Knowledge Capture

There is a growing need for designers with research skills and designers that are able to design for the user experience, next to or instead of technical issues. Over the past five years we have developed so-called ‘contextmapping’ techniques to inform and inspire design teams about the experiences of the prospective users of the products the team designs. In this paper we present the key elements of this teaching programme, and explain how we divided the elements over different courses in the Industrial Design Engineering curriculum in our university.

In this paper, a new feature-based assembly library for injection mould bases is presented. Assembly design feature-object modeling and configuration management are the key technologies developed. This library is an important functional module of QuickMould, which is a productivity software tool for plastic injection mould design. Interactions between the library and mould design processes are realized. This paper also covers the details about the design of the system and the realization of some major functions, with which, the process of traditional mould design is simplified and standardized. Consequently, the lead-time for plastic injection mould can be significantly shortened.

- by Shu Beng Tor
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- Engineering, Computer Aided Design, Configuration Management, Technology development

Axiomatic Design (AD) is a science and design methodology that has evolved from the technology of design. It infiltrates scientific principles into the design process in order to improve design activities. The methodology utilizes customer needs as input and produces functional requirements, design parameters, and process variables through the use of matrix methods. This systematic approach to translating the customer

- by Mitchell Thornton
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- Design process, Process Design, Non Functional Requirement, Design Methodology

This paper presents a case study of concurrent cognitive actions of a novice and an expert designer. We analyzed cognitive actions of designers using the retrospective protocol analysis method and found evidence of coexistence of certain types of cognitive actions in both the novice and expert designers' protocols. The main difference between the two designers' protocols is the structure of concurrent cognitive actions. While the expert's cognitive actions are clearly organized and structured, there are many concurrent actions that are hard to categorize in the novice's protocol. We also found that the expert's cognitive activity and productivity in the design process were three times as high as the novice's. Based on these results, we discuss the possibility that the expert's structured and organized cognitive actions lead the expert to a more efficient performance than the novice. The results from this single case study raise a question for further studies: do structured and organized acts govern performance in the design process?

- by John Gero
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- Information Systems, Protocol Analysis, Information Processing, Design Cognition

The initial step of any software engineering methodology is to form requirements. Recently, a goal-oriented approach to requirements has been proposed and argued to be beneficial. Goals also play a key role in the implementation of proactive software agents. However, although some agent-oriented software engineering methodologies have incorporated (aspects of) goal-oriented requirements engineering, and although they target agent platforms that provide goals as an implementation construct, none of the methodologies provide a goal-oriented design process. We present three modifications to the Prometheus methodology which aim to make it more goal-oriented in its design phases: we introduce a goal coupling diagram, as an adjunct to the existing data coupling diagram; we modify the temporal design artefacts to include goals; and we introduce a number of goal-related consistency checks. Finally, we report on an experimental evaluation comparing the effectiveness of the original and refined methodologies.

The elderly face serious social, environmental, and physical constraints that impact their well-being. Some of the most serious of these are shrinking social connections, limitations in building new relationships, and diminished health. To address these issues, we have designed an augmented dancing environment that allows elders to select dance sequences from well-known movies and dance along with them. The goal of DanceAlong is twofold: (1) to provide entertainment and exercise for each individual user and (2) to promote social engagement within the group. We deployed DanceAlong in a cultural celebration at a senior community center and conducted evaluations. In this paper, we present the design process of DanceAlong, evaluations of DanceAlong, and design guidelines for creating similar interactive systems for the elderly.

- by Bilge Mutlu
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- Interaction Design, Dance, Design process, Exercise
- by Yanki Lee
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- Action Research, Participatory Design, Spatial Configuration, Design process

The design of #exible manufacturing systems (FMSs) is an essential but costly process. Although FMS design appears to be an excellent area for applying arti"cial intelligence (AI) and computer simulation techniques, to date there have been limited investigations on integrating AI with the modular simulation software available for FMS design. In this paper an integrated approach for the automatic design of FMS is reported, which uses simulation and multi-criteria decision-making techniques. The design process consists of the construction and testing of alternative designs using simulation methods. The selection of the most suitable design (based on the multi-criteria decision-making technique, the analytic hierarchy process (AHP)) is employed to analyze the output from the FMS simulation models. Intelligent tools (such as expert systems, fuzzy systems and neural networks), are developed for supporting the FMS design process. Active X technique is used for the actual integration of the FMS automatic design process and the intelligent decision support process.

- by Felix Chan
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- Production, Multi Criteria Decision Making, Analytic Hierarchy Process, Neural Network

The Melbourne metropolitan train network has experienced incidents of anti-social behaviour and crime across the network over recent years. Identification of this problem has lead to design research aimed at exploring ways to minimise... more

- by Arthur De Bono
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- Design Research, Quality of life, Anti Social Behaviour, System Design

This paper reviews some of the tools available for the measurement of emotion in product design. These tools are organized using the five components of emotion: feelings, expression, behavior, physiological activation and appraisal. Several problems specific to the measurement of user experience during interaction with products are also described and a coherent approach to address them is sketched. This approach includes several components: self-confrontation (video-supported self-report) to collect data about users' feelings, using tangible interaction principles and approach/avoidance tendencies to map the quality of the experience on the device used to report it, psychophysiological and facial expression recording to provide continuous measures of emotional arousal and valence. Finally, questioning users about appraisal processes underlying their affective responses is recommended as a useful inspirational tool at the beginning of the design process.

- by Gaël Laurans
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- Product Design, Facial expression, User eXperience, Design process

A student learning how to program learns best when the programming language and programming environment cater to her specific needs. These needs are different from the requirements of a professional programmer. Consequently, the design of teaching languages poses challenges different from the design of "professional" languages. Using a functional language by itself gives advantages over more popular, professional languages, but fully exploiting these advantages requires careful adaptation to the needs of the studentsas-is, these languages do not support the students nearly as well as they could. This paper describes our experience adopting the didactic approach of How to Design Programs, focussing on the design process for our own set of teaching languages. We have observed students as they try to program as part of our introductory course, and used these observations to significantly improve the design of these languages. This paper describes the changes we have made, and the journey we took to get there. 1 We were wrong about the course on other aspects as well .

- by Michael Sperber
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- Languages, Design, Teaching, Language Use

SUMMARY Following the paradigm shift in nature conservation policy towards the inclusion of local inhabitants in the planning and management of protected areas, tourism is emphasised as a means to achieve economic development in peripheral areas. Governance issues and the real impacts from tourism on development are thus often under scrutiny. This article focuses on the role of tourism in

- by Klas Sandell
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- Rural Development, Biological Sciences, Environmental Sciences, Design process

Our research investigates how the design process can accommodate a relational view of agency. According to the relational view, agency - or capacities of action - is neither an attribute of subjects nor of objects. The relational view of agency in design may allow designers to recognize and support the diversity and richness involved in human agency. To this end, we developed six design qualities to embrace the relational view of agency in design process. Using these qualities, we have created design inscriptions in the forms of materials and process constructs and applied them in a series of participatory design workshops, focusing on the notion of connectedness. We present how effective our inscriptions were in supporting the ASD qualities in each workshop.

- by A. Baki Kocaballi
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- Design, Participatory Design, Relational Agency, Actor-Network Theory
- by Andrew Kusiak
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- Production, Organization Design, Multidisciplinary, Design process

A design process is proposed which incorporates both pragmatic and artistic approaches by using the hypothesis model in combined formal and verbal explorations. Requisite changes in the conception of the architectural profession, the architectural product and the conception of design are discussed. One example, an exercise entitled 'Examining preconceptions: ideas, images, assumptions and hypotheses', is also presented.

- by Julia Robinson
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- Information Systems, Design process, Design studies, Exploration

Members of newly formed design teams have different framesimplicit values, goals and assumptions -each of them hold about what problems are important and how they are best addressed. In the early, informal phases of design projects, these frames, and the degree to which they are shared within the team, have substantial consequences. However, little is known about the interactions and activities that reveal frames and support frame sharing in teams. Our study follows 22 newly-formed multi-disciplinary teams through the early phases of the design process in a New Product Development course. We used a mixed method, interdisciplinary approach to understand the dynamic process through which design frames are socially negotiated and shared. We identified core framing activities of design teams and propose a framing cycle of pseudo-frame setting, making individuals' frames explicit, making frame conflicts salient, and building a common frame.

- by Caneel Joyce
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- Design, New Product Development, Framing, Design process

Serious games are emerging as an important outgrowth of the video gaming in-dustry. Entertaining games, such as Flight Simulator and SimCity, are already in use in schools and universities across the country, and the number of serious... more

- by Atsusi Hirumi
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- Computer Science, Instructional Design, Game Design, Game Based Learning
- by Marina Jirotka
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- Information Systems, Ubiquitous Computing, Video, Technology development

Adaptation of design methodologies to the context in which they should be actually applied is seen as a necessity in order to enhance its acceptance and to widen its application. Even though, a context dependent adaptation is seen as a suitable means to make a substantial improvement of current design methodologies, only few contributions were made over the last years, and it often remains somewhat fuzzy what context actually means. This paper is intended to consolidate the different meanings of context, ways to represent and specify the context and ways to structure the different views on the context. A scheme for categorising influencing factors is presented. The scheme consolidates factors from literature which have been identified as having an influence on design projects. It is seen as a means to support understanding of a design approach and its context. Therefore, the scheme is a consolidation of existing work, which allows a more comprehensive description and analysis of the...

- by Kilian Gericke
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- Project Management, Design Management, Design process, Design Methodology

- by Heather J Rea
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- Knowledge Management, Computer Aided Design, Engineering Design, Knowledge Capture

Recent attention to Cyber Physical Systems (CPS) is driven by the need for deeper integration of design disciplines that dominate physical and computational domains. Consequently, heterogeneity is the norm as well as the main challenge in CPS design: components and systems are modeled using multiple physical, logical, functional and non-functional modeling aspects. The scope of relevant design domains includes (1) physical domains, such as structure, mechanical dynamics, thermal, propulsion, fluid, electrical, acoustics/vibration and (2) computational/networking domains, such as system control, sensors, health management, mission management, communication. However, the practice of multi-modeling-using established domain-specific modeling languages and tools independently in the design process-is insufficient. Modeling and analyzing cross-domain interactions among physical and computational/networking domains and understanding the effects of heterogeneous abstraction layers in the design flow are fundamental part of CPS design theories. I will cast this challenge as a model integration problem and discuss solutions for capturing interdependencies across the modeling domains using constructs for meta-model composition and integration.

- by Janos Sztipanovits
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- Design Theory, Health Management, Computer Network, Cyber Physical Systems

The new technologies of today's world, applied in the perceptive and creative processes, bring the need to rediscover the role of representations in both, academic and professional, areas of architecture. Therefore, this article seeks to understand and demystify Oscar Niemeyer’s (1907-2012) design process, one of the most renowned Latin American architects in the world and known for his peculiar design process - distinguished by consisting only of sketches and texts, but, as this research reveals, also by physical models - and his broad professional activity, which accompanied the variations occurred in architectural production in Brazil and in the world, between the years 1940 and 2010

- by Artur S Rozestraten
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- Sketches, Representations, Drawing, Models

Computer-aided conceptual design (CACD) aims to increase efficiency and quality of design work but with little essential progress due to the gap between abstract concept and detailed structure. In order to tackle the problem concerned with conceptual design process and automation, this paper introduces the concept of functional surface as the information carrier to link together product function and structure

- by 冠冠黃
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- Engineering, Genetics, Design process, Mathematical Sciences

One issue within current product development literature entails, both with students and with professionals, the reliable scaling, and the objective assessment of products. This article will attempt to describe a way how master's students at the University of Antwerp, within a product development case, can both assess each other, assess the process of product development, and assess the final product using comparative judgement (CJ). This, while achieving learning goals described at master level. Our evaluation was anchored by use of Comproved, a validated instrument designed to comparatively evaluate products of students, during the design process (formative) and when uploading the final deliverables (summative) for the course. The current study evaluates how first year Master students (n=72) apply CJ using an online tool, Comproved (Comproved.com) during a semester-long group project on Product-Service System (PSS) design. Based on post hoc questionnaire details and interviews, we will list the advantages and the disadvantages of CJ, as stated by students. Finally, we will list the potentials of CJ during product development cycles and their impact on product quality, reliability of judgement and metacognitive strategies for learning.

- by Ivo Dewit and +1
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- Product Service System, Educational Design Research, Design process, Product-Service Systems

An organizational level test strategy needs to incorporate metrics to make the testing activities visible and available to process improvements. The majority of testing measurements that are done are based on faults found in the test execution phase. In contrast, this paper investigates metrics to support software test planning and test design processes. We have assembled metrics in these two process types to support management in carrying out evidence-based test process improvements and to incorporate suitable metrics as part of an organization level test strategy. The study is composed of two steps. The first step creates a relevant context by analyzing key phases in the software testing lifecycle, while the second step identifies the attributes of software test planning and test design processes along with metric(s) support for each of the identified attributes.

- by Wasif Afzal
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- Software Testing, Databases, Software Reliability, Software Measurement