Dimensional Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

The protein expression profiles of two different age groups of Atlantic cod larvae, at 6 days post hatch (dph) and 24 dph, were compared using 2-dimensional electrophoresis and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry analysis. The life stage of the cod larvae under study covers the first feeding period, generally characterized by high mortality in cod hatcheries. Despite visible morphological and functional changes in larvae from 6 to 24 dph, the pattern of abundant proteins is largely conserved. Interestingly, more than half of the proteins identified in the present study corresponded to different isoforms of the same proteins. The keratins showed the most pronounced developmental stage specific expression pattern. Type II keratins were more dominant in younger larvae and type I keratins in the older larval group. Four isoforms of the fast skeletal muscle α-actin, 3 isoforms of β-2 tubulin and 2 isoforms of α-actin were detected. The different isoforms may be either encoded by different genes or generated by post-translational modifications (PTMs) of the same gene product. The PTMs are largely overlooked by studies based on mRNA detection. Therefore, the proteome approach to understanding the cellular mechanisms underlying fish development is important.

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- Genetics, Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua, Dimensional

In this work a general multibody system theory is implemented within a bond graph modeling framework. In classical mechanics several procedures exist by which differential equations can be derived of a system of rigid bodies. In the case of large systems these procedures are labor-intensive and consequently error-prone, unless they are computerized. The bond graphs formalism allows for a unified modeling of multidisciplinary physical systems. It is well-suited for a modular modeling approach based on physical principles. The theory of multibody system dynamics in terms of bond graphs modeling is revisited with the purpose of designing a multibond graph library for such systems. Several mechanical systems undergoing large 3-dimensional rotations are numerically solved in order to validate this software library written in 20-sim software.   J z J y J x t z y x z y x J z J y J x

- by Norberto Marcelo Nigro
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- Bond Graph, Mechanical systems, Dimensional, Classical Mechanics

During the last glacial-interglacial cycle, northern hemispheric (NH) ice-sheets experienced dramatic changes in radiative forcing, due to orbitally-driven insolation changes and varying greenhouse gas concentrations. This direct forcing caused temperature changes and eventually ablation anomalies. Orbital-scale variations in the atmospheric circulation caused anomalies in temperature advection and precipitation/snowfall that also strongly contributed to the mass balance and hence the time-evolution

- by Theodor Friedrich
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- Climate Change, Global change, Communication model, Younger Dryas

Values for body surface area (BSA) are commonly used in medicine, particularly to calculate doses of chemotherapeutic agents and index cardiac output. Various BSA formulas have been developed over the years. The DuBois and DuBois (Arch Intern Med 1916;17:863-71) BSA equation is the most widely used, although derived from only 9 subjects. More recently, Mosteller (N Engl J Med 1987;317:1098) produced a simple formula, [weight (kg) Â height (cm)/3600] 1/2 , which could be easily remembered and evaluated on a pocket calculator, but validation data in adults are rare. The purpose of the present study was to examine the BSA based on Mosteller's formula in normal-weight (body mass index [BMI], 20-24.9 kg/m 2), overweight (BMI, 25-29.9 kg/m 2), and obese (BMI, z 30 kg/m 2) adults (N 18 years old) in comparison with other empirically derived formulas (DuBois and DuBois, Boyd [The growth of the surface area of the human body.

- by Luc Van Gaal
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- Metabolism, Obesity, Biometry, Exposure Assessment

The Falicov-Kimball model of spinless quantum electrons hopping on a 1-dimensional lattice and of immobile classical ions occupying some lattice sites, with only intrasite coupling between those particles, have been studied at zero temperature by means of well-controlled numerical procedures. For selected values of the unique coupling parameter U the restricted phase diagrams (based on all the periodic configurations of localized particles (ions) with period not greater than 16 lattice constants, typically) have been constructed in the grand-canonical ensemble. Then these diagrams have been translated into the canonical ensemble. Compared to the diagrams obtained in other studies our ones contain more details, in particular they give better insight into the way the mixtures of periodic phases are formed. Our study has revealed several families of new characteristic phases like the generalized most homogeneous and the generalized crenel phases, a first example of a structural phase transition and a tendency to build up an additional symmetry - the hole-particle symmetry with respect to the ions (electrons) only, as U decreases.

- by Zbigniew Gajek and +2
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- Mathematical Physics, Quantum Physics, Mott metal-insulator transition, Dimensional

tests. This process is not only time consuming, but the solid dosage forms are destroyed. Tablets from the batch of formulation will normally be completed before the results of quantitative analysis for content uniformity of the tablets are known. If the analysis on unit dosage or content uniformity fails to satisfy the acceptance criteria, then no remedial action can be taken except to regrind, remix, and repress the tablets.

- by Michael Cima and +1
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- Fluorescence, Pharmaceutical Technology, Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Light

Abstract: Regional modeling of subsurface cadmium and zinc transport in a diffusely polluted area in the south of the Netherlands is the subject of this study. The atmospheric deposition of cadmium and zinc was caused by three zinc-ore... more

We consider the theoretical setting of a superfluid like 3He in a rotating container, which is set between the two layers of a type-II superconductor. We describe the superfluid vortices as a 2-dimensional Ising-like model on a triangular lattice in presence of local magnetic fields. The interaction term of the superfluid vortices with the Abrikosov vortices of the superconductor appears then as a symmetry breaking term in the free energy. Such a term gives a higher probability of quantum tunnelling across the potential barrier for bubbles nucleation, thus favouring quantum cavitation.

- by F. Cardone
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- Quantum Physics, Magnetic field, Superconductors, Free Energy

A 10-layered, finite-volume advection-dispersion model with real-time meteorological and freshwater runoff drivers investigated the interannual differences in the transport of Downs herring Clupea harengus L. larvae in the southern North Sea. Simulations were carried out for the winters of 1989 and 1996 to 2003. As they grew, the concentrations of herring larvae developed vertical behaviour. Meteorological forcing transported Downs herring larvae to the nursery grounds in the eastern North Sea with large interannual differences. Diel vertical movement was relatively unimportant in the transport of larvae in the hydrographically mixed southern North Sea. Year classes with less transport of larvae from the hatching area (which was generally warmer) were associated with greater abundances of young Downs herring in the ICES International Bottom Trawl Survey. This implies that retention, rather than dispersal or delivery of larvae to nursery grounds, is associated with the determination of year class strength in Downs herring.

- by Paul Erftemeijer
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- Marine Ecology, Ecology, Sensitivity Analysis, Hydrodynamics

This paper presents the results of the research project BurnCase in the field of realistic and anatomically correct deformations of 3D models of the human body. The project goal is to develop a software system named BurnCase 3D, which supports and enhances the documentation and diagnosis of human burn injuries. The medical treatment of burn victims strongly depends on size, depth, degree and location of the burnt skin. The size of the affected region is usually expressed as a percentage of the total body surface area (TBSA). Standardized 2D charts (e.g. Lund and Browder, Rule-Of-Nines, etc.) help to determine the percentage of the burnt surface area in relation to the total body surface area. However, body proportions highly influence the distribution of body surface area along the body . Thus, standard charts can only give rough approximations of the burnt surface area compared to the real size of an injury on a specific patient. The software system BurnCase 3D will enhance this commonly applied 2D approximation process by introducing a 3D model of the patient's body. This 3D model provides a higher accordance to the real patient's surface area than any 2D chart does and allows determining the burnt surface areas more exactly. BurnCase 3D is based on an extendable library of currently 7 standard models representing different sex, age and body shape. In order to meet the physical constitution of the real patient, the best fitting model is chosen and has to be adapted according to the patient's height and weight. There exist several possibilities of adapting a 3D model to these parameters. This paper describes the three methods of body adaptations that are realized in the software system BurnCase 3D based on the thesis of Doris Siegl ).

- by Christian Rodemund
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- Human Body, Standard Model, Dimensional, Surface Area
- by Ville Karavirta
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- Open Source, Dimensional, Automatic Assessment

We analyze the process of resonance trapping due to Poynting-Robertson drag and Stokes drag in the frame of the restricted 3-body problem and in the case of external mean motion resonances. The numerical simulations presented are computed by using the 3-dimensional extended Schubart averaging (ESA) integrator developed by Moons (1994) for all mean motion resonances. We complete it by adding the contributions of the dissipative forces. To follow the philosophy of the initial integrator, we average the drag terms, but we do not make any expansion in series of eccentricity or inclination. We show our results, especially capture around asymmetric equilibria, and compare them to those found by Beaué and Ferraz-Mello (1993, 1994) and .

- by Sylvie Jancart
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- Applied Mathematics, Numerical Simulation, Dimensional

Results are described of simulations based on the discrete element method (DEM) using a code developed by Tsuji, Kawaguchi, and Tanaka (Discrete particles simulation of 2-dimensional uidized bed. Powder Technology 77 (1993) 79-87). The mechanical interactions between particles and also between particles and the walls in granular ows are modelled by linear springs, dash-pots and friction sliders. The simulation parameters are the restitution coe cient, normal sti ness, friction coe cient between particles and between particles and the walls, and two ratios which relate the normal and tangential sti ness and damping coe cients. Their in uence on particle motion in a V-mixer has been evaluated and compared with radioactive tracer measurements of particle motion. A number of quantitative methods for comparing DEM and experimental data were developed. Given the simpliÿed nature of the modelled interactions, the agreement between the predicted and measured data is remarkably close for restitution coe cient values of 0.7 and 0.9, internal friction coe cient values of 0.3 and 0.6 and wall friction coe cient values of 0 and 0.3. The internal and wall friction coe cients are important in determining the initiation of particle movement, while the value of the restitution coe cient has a larger in uence on particles in a dynamic state. The simulation of the fully elastic case (coe cient of restitution = 1:0) with zero internal and wall friction, gives results that are very di erent from the experiment data. ?

- by David Parker
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- Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Granular Flow, Discrete Element Method
- by Albert Rizzo
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- Psychology, Rehabilitation Psychology, Virtual Reality, Ecological Validity

Making use of the classical Binet's equation a general procedure to obtain the gravitational force corresponding to an arbitrary 4-dimensional spacetime is presented. This method provides, for general relativistic scenarios, classics expressions that may help to visualize certain effects that Newton's theory can not explain. In particular, the force produced by a gravitational field which source is spherically symmetrical (Schwarzschild's spacetime) is obtained. Such expression uses a redefinition of the classical reduced mass, in the limit case it can be reduced to Newton's Universal Law of Gravitation and it produces two different orbital velocities for test particles that asimptotically coincide with the Newtonian one. PACS: 04.25.Nx, 95.10.Ce, 95.30.Sf. Keywords: Universal gravitational law, perihelionshift, Schwarzschild potential, reduced mass.

- by Terenzio Soldovieri
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- Quantum Cosmology, Physics Education, Dimensional

Given a field F and integer n ≥ 3, we introduce an invariant sn(F ) which is defined by examining the vanishing of subspaces of alternating bilinear forms on 2-dimensional subspaces of vector spaces. This invariant arises when we calculate the largest dimension of a subspace of n × n skewsymmetric matrices over F which contains no elements of rank 2. We show how to calculate sn(F ) for various families of field F , including finite fields. We also prove the existence of large subgroups of the commutator subgroup of certain p-groups of class 2 which contain no non-identity commutators.

- by Rod Gow
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- Applied Mathematics, Pure Mathematics, Dimensional, Finite Field

Evidence from several previous studies indicated that apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) map was likely to reveal brain regions belonging to the ischemic penumbra, that is, areas that may be at risk of infarction in a few hours following stroke onset. Trace map overcomes the anisotropic diffusions of ADC map, so it is superior for evaluation of an infarct involving white matter. Mean shift (MS) approach has been successfully used for image segmentation, particularly in brain MR images. The aim of the study was to develop a tool for rapid and reliable segmentation of infarct in human acute ischemic stroke based on the ADC and trace maps using the MS approach. In addition, a novel method of 3-dimensional visualization was presented to provide useful insights into volume datasets for clinical diagnosis. We applied the presented method to clinical data. The results showed that it was consistent, fast (about 8-10 minutes per subject) and indistinguishable from an expert using manual segmentation when used our tool.

- by Meng Li and +1
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- Image segmentation, Apparent Diffusion Coefficient, Anisotropic Diffusion, Dimensional

Lim and Leek (2012) presented a formalization of information along object contours, which they argued was an alternative to the approach taken in our article (Feldman & Singh, 2005). Here, we summarize the 2 approaches, showing that--notwithstanding Lim and Leek's (2012) critical rhetoric--their approach is substantially identical to ours, except for the technical details of the formalism. Following the logic of our article point by point, Lim and Leek (a) defined probabilistic expectations about the geometry of smooth contours (which they based on differential contour geometry, while we used a discrete approximation--the only essential difference in their approach), (b) assumed that information along the contour was proportional to the negative logarithm of probability, following standard information theory, and then (c) extended this formulation to closed contours. We analyze what they described as errors in our approach, all of which rest on mathematical misunderstandings or ...

- by Manish Singh
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- Psychology, Cognitive Science, Rhetoric, Information Theory

In this study, we present the first evidence and modeling efforts showing that surface severe plastic deformation (S 2 PD) can be more effective in producing metallic components with superior fatigue properties than shot peening (SP). With the aid of a wide battery of characterization techniques (i.e., X-ray diffractometry, optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and 3-dimensional non-contact optical profilometry), micro-and nano-hardness testing, and finite element modeling, we have identified the underlying mechanism for the fatigue improvement. It is shown that the enhancement in the fatigue limit is derived from a nanocrystalline surface layer, a work-hardened surface region, and residual compressive stresses at the surface, all of which are introduced by S 2 PD and more substantial than that introduced by SP. (L.L. Shaw).

In localized brain proton MR spectroscopy ( 1 H-MRS), metabolites' levels are often expressed as ratios, rather than as absolute concentrations. Frequently, their denominator is the creatine [Cr], which level is explicitly assumed to be stable in normal as well as in many pathologic states. The rationale is that ratios self-correct for imager and localization method differences, gain instabilities, regional susceptibility variations and partial volume effects. The implicit assumption is that these benefits are worth their cost ww propagation of the individual variation of each of the ratio's components. To test this hypothesis, absolute levels of N-acetylaspartate [NAA], choline [Cho] and [Cr] were quantified in various regions of the brains of 8 volunteers, using 3-dimensional (3D) 1 H-MRS at 1.5 T. The results show that in over 50% of ϳ2000 voxels examined, [NAA]/[Cr] and [Cho]/[Cr] exhibited higher coefficients of variations (CV) than [NAA] and [Cho]

- by Oded Gonen
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- Cognitive Science, Biomedical Engineering, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Creatine

Developing a novel technique for the efficient, noninvasive clinical evaluation of bone microarchitecture remains both crucial and challenging. The trabecular bone score (TBS) is a new gray-level texture measurement that is applicable to dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) images. Significant correlations between TBS and standard 3-dimensional (3D) parameters of bone microarchitecture have been obtained using a numerical simulation approach. The main objective of this study was to empirically evaluate such correlations in anteroposterior spine DXA images. Thirty dried human cadaver vertebrae were evaluated. Micro-computed tomography acquisitions of the bone pieces were obtained at an isotropic resolution of 93μm. Standard parameters of bone microarchitecture were evaluated in a defined region within the vertebral body, excluding cortical bone. The bone pieces were measured on a Prodigy DXA system (GE Medical-Lunar, Madison, WI), using a custom-made positioning device and experimental setup. Significant correlations were detected between TBS and 3D parameters of bone microarchitecture, mostly independent of any correlation between TBS and bone mineral density (BMD). The greatest correlation was between TBS and connectivity density, with TBS explaining roughly 67.2% of the variance. Based on multivariate linear regression modeling, we have established a model to allow for the interpretation of the relationship between TBS and 3D bone microarchitecture parameters. This model indicates that TBS adds greater value and power of differentiation between samples with similar BMDs but different bone microarchitectures. It has been shown that it is possible to estimate bone microarchitecture status derived from DXA imaging using TBS.

- by Nicole Barthe
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- Numerical Simulation, Trabecular Bone, Three Dimensional Imaging, Bone Density

Contemporary training in obstetrics and gynecology requires a delicate balance between teaching principles of basic science and clinical care and the technical skills required either in the delivery room or in surgical suites. 1 To accomplish this paradigm requires instruction not only in the core skills, such as basic suturing techniques, but also in a distinctive and new set of abilities not required in times past, ranging from interpretation of ultrasound images to advanced endoscopic surgery. However, changes in the clinical skill set are only part of the contemporary educational needs in our specialty. Changes in social awareness and the medicolegal environment demand competency in counseling and communication. 2 These issues require increasing emphasis on the development of communication and interpersonal skills in training programs. Circumstances in which unique communication skills are essential range from routine preoperative counseling and interviewing to more acute care situations that require intervention such as domestic violence. These newer needs require increasingly sophisticated formats and teaching tools to adequately train medical students and residents in the art of communication and interviewing. Technologies such as virtual reality (VR) that immerse participants into theoretical 3-dimensional (3-D) worlds, offer the opportunity for simulation of and interaction in any circumstance. Virtual reality constitutes a 3-D interface that puts an interacting subject in active exchange with a world recreated by computer programs. In this setting, the interaction is no longer unidirectional but bidirectional: a subject becomes not merely a passive observer of pictures in a text but can actively modify a 3-D virtual world. 3 Environments may be designed to simulate any interaction, whether personal or mechanical.

- by Gerard Letterie
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- Obstetrics, Communication, Domestic Violence, Health Education
- by Birte Melsen
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- Dentistry, Biomedical Engineering, Finite Element, Elasticity

Purpose: Electron beam computed tomography (EBCT) is a relatively new technology that has been used primarily to detect coronary artery calcification in adult patients. EBCT has several potential advantages over traditional CT: (1) fast acquisition times resulting in less need for sedation, (2) decreased radiation exposure, and (3) robust software enabling real-time interactive 3-dimensional visualization of anatomic relationships. In this series of case reports, the authors describe their initial experience with the use of EBCT in pediatric noncardiac imaging.

- by Vladimir Jelnin
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- Computed Tomography, Kidney transplantation, New Technology, Case Report

The potential of Polarimetric SAR Interferometry (Pol-InSAR) lies in the 3-dimensional resolution of different scattering processes. This proves especially useful for the interpretation of volume scatterers - such as forests - and makes physical parameter extraction possible. Due to the complex structure of forests, the interpretation of Pol-InSAR data is not straight forward, but requires the consideration of a scattering

- by Florian Kugler
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- Dimensional, Parameter Extraction, Sar Interferometry, Complex Structure

This study investigates the impact of tbrombol sis on infarct expansion and subsequent left ventricu ar (LV) r remodeling in patients with anterior wall acute myocardial infarction (AMI). We evaluated 51 consecutive patients (24 treated with thrombolysis) with anterior wall AMI by 2-dimensional echocardiography in the following s 6 weeks, an 7 uence: days 1, 2, 3, and 7, after 3 and after 3,6, and 12 months. LV end-diastolic and end-systolic volume indexes were determined from apical 2-and 4-chamber views using Simpson's biplane formula. Infarct and -total LV perimeters were determined in the same views and their ratio expressed as infarct percentage. Infarct expansion was defined as: (1) an increase in infarct percentage and total perimeter *5% on days 2 to 3 in either of the views, or (2) initial infarct percentage ~50% with an increase in total perimeter ~5% on days 2 to 3. Corona angiography was performed in 43 patients bef a:h ore ISC arge, and patency of the infarct-related artery was assessed using Thrombolysis in Myocardial Infarction trial criteria. Infarct expansion was deteck ed in 23 patients. Infarct perimeter steadi 'r decreased in patients with versus without thrombo sis and in patients with patent versus occluded in arckrelated r arteries. Furthermore, by logistic regression, thrombolysis (p = 0.007) and patency of the infarct-related artery (p = 0.02) were strong negative 'predictors of expansion, whereas initial infarct perimeter (p = 0.009) was directly associated with subsequent expansion. End-systolic volume index was higher in patients with expansion from day 1 (p = 0.003) through the end of the study (p = O.OZl), and end-diastolic volume index was higher in these patients from da 2 ( tR = 0.012) throu 9

- by Jelena Marinković
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- Treatment, Treatment Outcome, Logistic Regression, Echocardiography

Recently, we have been able to fabricate high quality parabolic refractive x-ray lenses made of beryllium. We report first experimental results in both full field microscopy and microbeam production using these new lenses. In full field microscopy, undistorted images of test patterns were recorded in a field of view of 450µm full width half maximum at 12keV with 10× magnification. A significant improvement of the lateral resolution as compared to imaging with aluminium refractive lenses was achieved. Microbeam characteristics were determined at 12keV demagnifying a high β undulator source 82×. The lateral beam size was measured by fluorescence knife-edge. Microbeam characteristics, such as flux, lateral beam size, and low intensity background are discussed.

- by Olga Kurapova and +1
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- Synchrotron Radiation, X Rays, Dimensional, X-Ray Optics

We consider entanglement for quantum states defined in vector spaces over the real numbers. Such real entanglement is different from entanglement in standard quantum mechanics over the complex numbers. The differences provide insight into the nature of entanglement in standard quantum theory. Wootters [Phys. Rev. Lett. 80, 2245] has given an explicit formula for the entanglement of formation of two qubits in terms of what he calls the concurrence of the joint density operator. We give a contrasting formula for the entanglement of formation of an arbitrary state of two "rebits," a rebit being a system whose Hilbert space is a 2-dimensional real vector space.

- by Carlton Caves
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- Quantum Physics, Quantum Information, Quantum Theory, Quantum Mechanics

tage has been shown to translate into a clinical benefit. The superior spatial resolution of MRI may be particularly important in the pediatric age group given the smaller size of the cardiac chambers. Another advantage of MRI is its ability to provide comprehensive anatomic and functional evaluation in a single examination. However, the current limitations of MRI in pediatric patients include the lack of validation of FPP and MDE against a gold standard technique, susceptibility to imaging artifacts (especially in the presence of metallic implants), and limited temporal resolution in patients with fast heart rates. The use of regional wall motion analysis in this study reflects the lack of an acceptable gold standard method to assess myocardial viability in vivo. 16 Therefore, this initial examination should be validated and expanded by additional studies. 1. Donnelly JP, Raffel DM, Shulkin BL, Corbett JR, Bove EL, Mosca RS, Kulik TJ. Resting coronary flow and coronary flow reserve in human infants after repair or palliation of congenital heart defects as measured by positron emission tomography. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1998;115:103-110. 2. Hauser M, Bengel FM, Kuhn A, Sauer U, Zylla S, Braun SL, Nekolla SG, Oberhoffer R, Lange R, Schwaiger M, Hess J. Myocardial blood flow and flow reserve after coronary reimplantation in patients after arterial switch and Ross operation.

- by Mauro Boschello
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- Italy, Prospective studies, Child, Primary School

Solid foam catalyst Catalyst activity comparison Scale-up Hot spot and pressure drop control a b s t r a c t

- by R. Philippe
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- Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Mass Transfer, Laboratory experiment

Results of 2-and 3-dimensional Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) measurements of the flow velocity fields in narrow electrostatic precipitators (ESPs) with either a longitudinal or transverse wire electrode are presented in this work. The obtained results confirmed that the particle flow in the ESP have a strongly 3D character mainly due to applied voltage and narrow cross section of the ESP duct. It was found that several vortices were formed along and across the ESP duct. The complex character of the flow in both ESP may considerably affect the particle collection efficiency of the ESP. This issue is under investigation.

- by Jerzy Mizeraczyk and +1
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- Engineering, Electrostatics, Particle Image Velocimetry, Dimensional

The compressed matching problem is the problem of finding all occurrences of a pattern in a compressed text. In this paper we discuss the 2-dimensional compressed matching problem in Lempel-Ziv compressed images. Given a pattern P of (uncompressed) size m × m, and a text T of (uncompressed) size n × n, both in 2D-LZ compressed form, our algorithm finds all occurrences of P in T . The algorithm is strongly inplace, that is, the amount of extra space used is proportional to the best possible compression of a pattern of size m 2 . The best compression that the 2D-LZ technique can obtain for a file of size m 2 is O(m). The time for performing the search is O(n 2 ) and the preprocessing time is O(m 3 ). Our algorithm is general in the sense that it can be used for any 2D compression which can be sequentially decompressed in small space.

- by Dina Sokol
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- Algorithms, Space Use, Dimensional, Lempel Ziv

In the present study, 1-dimensional (1D) brushite nanomaterials were fabricated through sucrose ester based reverse microemulsion for the first time. X-ray diffraction patterns revealed that the nanomaterials possessed brushite crystal phase with trace amount of hydroxyapatite. The size and morphology of brushite crystals were governed by the changes in the aqueous-to-sucrose ester weight ratio at low initial reactant concentration, giving rise to rod-like and fibre-like 1D nanomaterials. Brushite nanorods and nanofibres with average diameters of 25.53 AE 4.60 nm (aspect ratio $ 6) and 76.18 AE 19.74 nm (aspect ratio $ 40), respectively, had been synthesized. As the reactant concentration increased, it became the key factor in controlling nucleation and crystal growth, rendering the aqueous-to-sucrose ester ratio unimportant. Formation mechanism of various morphologies of brushite crystals is postulated. #

- by Rauzah Hashim and +1
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- Engineering, Crystal Growth, Hydroxyapatite, Ceramics

Purpose: Conformal radiotherapy of the prostate is an increasingly common technique in the treatment of prostate cancer. When using 3D conformal radiotherapy (CFRT) methods, it is desirable to protect the vital structures such as bladder, rectum, and femur. In this study, our aim was to compare the femur head doses resulting from co-planar beam arrangements in four-field (4F), five-field (5F), six-field (6F) and seven-field (7F) treatment plans, in a dose-escalated CFRT schedule.

- by Didem Karacetin
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- Radiation Protection, Prostate Cancer, Radiotherapy, Three Dimensional Imaging

Context:The Trendelenburg and single-leg-squat (SLS) tests are purported measures of hip-abduction strength that have not been previously validated.Objective:To correlate isometric hip-abduction strength to frontal-plane hip motion during an SLS and determine the criterion validity of a clinical-observation-analysis method to grade an SLS against 2-dimensional kinematic analysis.Design:Single-measure, concurrent validity.Setting:Biodynamics research laboratory.Participants:50 uninjured participants.Main Outcome Measures:Hip-abduction strength and hip and knee kinematic data during a Trendelenburg test and an SLS.Results:A weak, positive correlation between hip-abduction strength and hip-adduction angle was found during both the Trendelenburg (r = .22, P = .13) and the SLS (r = .21, P = .14) tests. The observation-analysis method revealed a low sensitivity, .23, and a higher specificity, .86, when compared with the kinematic data.Conclusion:The usefulness of the Trendelenburg and SLS...

- by Terry Malone
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- Kinetics, Physical Activity, Dimensional, Kinematic Analysis

Current trends in patient care include the desire for minimizing invasiveness of procedures and interventions. This aim is reflected in the increasing utilization of sentinel lymph node biopsy, which results in a lower level of morbidity in breast cancer staging, in comparison to extensive conventional axillary dissection. Optimized lymphoscintigraphy with triangulated body marking is a clinical option that can further reduce morbidity, more than when a hand held gamma probe alone is utilized. Unfortunately it is often either overlooked or not fully understood, and thus not utilized. This results in the unnecessary loss of an opportunity to further reduce morbidity.

- by Arlene Travis
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- Breast Cancer, Dimensional, Patient Care, Sentinel Node Biopsy
- by Marcos Duarte and +1
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- Psychology, Cognitive Science, Visual perception, Nonlinear dynamics

This study presents the salient results of the oceanographic investigations carried out along the west coast of India to locate a dumping site for the dredged material generated from the capital dredging of the proposed development of the all weather port. Based on the results of movement of disposed material obtained from a 2 dimensional coastal circulation model and considering the possibility of having a navigational channel later on in line with the port, a dumping site is recommended at the 15 m water depth contour with coordinates: Latitude 11 • 07.00 ; Longitude 75 • 45.60 , where the environmental impacts on the ecosystem due to dumping operations is considered to be minimum.

- by Tony Thottam
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- Geography, Environmental Monitoring, Multidisciplinary, India

The XYW detector is a "smart sensor", consisting of a 2-dimensional matrix of particle sensitive elements with integrated readout electronics which can be applied for particle detection. Its special feature is that it directly gives the binary number X-and Y-coordinates of the pixel which detects a particle. A companion flash AD convertor gives the amplitude at the pixel with the highest signal charge .

- by Bart Dierickx
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- Dimensional

This research investigated educational uses of the nanoManipulator (nM) that when connected to an atomic force microscope allows students to get tactile feedback and manipulate objects such as viruses that are nanometer-sized. Our research focused on documenting how haptic feedback impacted students' attitudes as well as their understandings of viruses. The study involved 209 middle and high schools students. Half of the students received haptic feedback during investigations and half had the same investigations with the haptic feedback blocked by the computer. The results showed that students' with haptic feedback had better attitudes towards the investigations and were more likely to develop 3-dimensional concepts of adenoviruses that were more morphologically accurate.

- by Thomas Andre and +1
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- Student Attitude, Dimensional, Tactile feedback, High School Student
- by Claes Von Hofsten
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- Psychology, Cognitive Science, Developmental Psychology, Dimensional

Let L n (C) be the variety of complex n-dimensional Lie algebras. The group GL n (C) acts on it via change of basis. An orbit O(µ) under this action consists of all structures isomorphic to µ. The aim of this paper is to give a complete classification of orbit closures of 4-dimensional Lie algebras, i.e., determining all µ ∈ O(λ) where λ ∈ L 4 (C). Starting with a classification of complex Lie algebras of dimension n ≤ 4 , we study the behaviour of several Lie algebra invariants under degeneration, i.e. under transition to the orbit closure. As a corollary, we will show that all degenerations in L 3 (C) can be realized via a one-parameter subgroup, but this is not the case in L 4 (C).

- by Christine Steinhoff
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- Mathematics, Algebra, Lie Algebra, Pure Mathematics
- by Adriana Barri and +1
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- Genetics, Proteomics, Multidisciplinary, Time-of-flight mass spectrometry

The field of 3d animation has addressed design processes and work practices in the design disciplines for in recent years. There are good reasons for considering the development of systematic design processes for the development of 3d... more

- by muqeem khan
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- Computer Science Education, Higher Education, Industrial Design, Computer Animation

Person-organization fit is often measured by the congruence of a person's values and the values that he or she ascribes to the organization. A popular instrument used in this context is the Organizational Culture Profile . The OCP scales its 54 items on eight factors, derived by exploratory factor analysis. We investigate the extent to which the OCP can be embedded into Schwartz's Theory of Universals in Values (TUV) that is formulated in terms of a circumplex in MDS space. To address this question, we develop a nonstandard MDS method that enforces a TUV-based axial regionality onto the solution space together with a permutation test that assesses the consistency of the side constraints with the MDS representation. We find that the OCP can indeed be largely embedded into the TUV. The practical implication is that P-O fit can at least be approximated by the congruence of the person's and the organization's positions on two value dimensions, risk vs. rules and results vs.

Explicit expressions for the generators of the quantum superalgebra U q [gl(n/m)} acting on a class of irreducible representations are given. The class under consideration consists of all essentially typical representations: for these a GePfand-Zetlin basis is known. The verification of the quantum superalgebra relations to be satisfied is shown to reduce to a set of ^-number identities.

- by Nguyễn Anh Kỳ
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- Mathematical Physics, Algebra, Lie Algebra, Quantum Physics

Content-based image retrieval (CBIR) is a collection of techniques for retrieving images on the basis of features, such as color, texture and shape. An efficient tool, which is widely used in CBIR, is that of color image histograms. The classic method of color histogram creation results in very large histograms with large variations between neighboring bins. Thus, small changes in the image might result in great changes in the histogram. Moreover, the fact that each color space consists of three components leads to 3-dimensional histograms. Manipulating and comparing 3D histograms is a complicated and computationally expensive procedure. The need, therefore, for reduction of the three dimensions to one could lead to efficient approaches. This procedure of projecting the 3D histogram onto one single-dimension histogram is called histogram linking. In this paper, a new fuzzy linking method of color histogram creation is proposed based on the L*a*b* color space and provides a histogram which contains only 10 bins. The histogram creation method in hand was assessed based on the performances achieved in retrieving similar images from a widely diverse image collection. The experimental results prove that the proposed method is less sensitive to various changes in the images (such as lighting variations, occlusions and noise) than other methods of histogram creation.

- by Neil Messenger
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- Mechanical Engineering, Motor Development, Kinematics, Clinical Sciences