Emergency Shelter Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

This booklet is an illustrated compilation of good practices and technical provisions with regard to sustainability, durability and resilience, identified within local building cultures of zones exposed to various constraints and types of... more

This booklet is an illustrated compilation of good practices and technical provisions with regard to sustainability, durability and resilience, identified within local building cultures of zones exposed to various constraints and types of natural hazards. Presented practices and technical solutions refer to ways of building, construction systems and devices, coping strategies and community practices identified by some members of the CRAterre team over several years and during projects in different countries. This document has been prepared by CRAterre, IFRC and Caritas France as part of a set of tools developed within the framework of a working group within the Global Shelter Cluster to enhance the appreciation of local practices developed by communities to adapt their housing / settlements to their specific environment, including risk preparedness. This booklet is a complementary tool to the handbook Assessing local building cultures for resilience and development. A practical guid...

This mixed-methods study examines the impact of immigration status on the ability of Latina survivors of intimate partner violence (IPV) to file for and obtain a domestic violence protection order. Undocumented Latinas living in shelters... more

This mixed-methods study examines the impact of immigration status on the ability of Latina survivors of intimate partner violence (IPV) to file for and obtain a domestic violence protection order. Undocumented Latinas living in shelters are less likely to know what a protection order is or how to obtain one. At the same time, undocumented Latinas are more likely to believe that their partner would follow an order and that police would arrest their partner for a violation. Latina survivors of IPV live at the nexus of multiple systems of oppression; therefore, understanding their experiences using an intersectional framework is critically important. Nearly one third of U.S. women are physically assaulted by an intimate partner in their lifetime; for Hispanic women in the United States, this number is slightly higher at 37.1% (Black et al., 2011). Intimate partner violence (IPV)—which often consists of physical and sexual violence, emotional abuse, controlling behaviors, threats, and stalking—leads to physical injury as well as chronic health problems and mental health sequelae such as depression and posttraumatic stress disorder (Black et al.,

Le non-recours aux hébergements d'urgence par les sans-abri est couramment expliqué de deux façons : d'un côté, par les critiques portées par les sans-abri à l'encontre des hébergements qui leur sont proposés ; de l'autre, par les... more

Le non-recours aux hébergements d'urgence par les sans-abri est couramment expliqué de deux façons : d'un côté, par les critiques portées par les sans-abri à l'encontre des hébergements qui leur sont proposés ; de l'autre, par les processus d'exclusion et de désocialisation qu'ils subissent et qui les conduisent à rejeter l'assistance et même la société. Ces deux types d'analyses, nécessaires, ne suffisent pourtant pas à rendre compte du fait que des personnes restent installées dans les espaces publics. La défaillance de ces analyses provient de l'individualisation excessive qu'elles appliquent à ces situations, en mettant en scène les sans-abri comme des individus détachés de tout lien, faisant face, isolés, à des dispositifs.
Pour comprendre ces situations extrêmes, qui éclairent les situations de pauvreté en général, il faut, au contraire, sortir les personnes des ruptures de liens sociaux auxquelles elles sont trop systématiquement réduites, pour voir que tout processus de désocialisation, par rapport à certains groupes, se poursuit par un processus de resocialisation, dans d'autres groupes. Autrement dit, c'est en se rendant plus attentif aux formes de vie collective auxquelles sont attachés les sans-abri vivant dans les espaces publics, qu'on se donne une chance de mieux comprendre sociologiquement leur non-recours aux hébergements sociaux.

A local family hosting a displaced family in their home is becoming a well-recognised form of shelter for families in displacement. Understanding how displaced persons and their hosts experience hosting can help governments and... more

A local family hosting a displaced family in their home is becoming a well-recognised form of shelter for families in displacement. Understanding how displaced persons and their hosts experience hosting can help governments and humanitarian agencies design programme activities to promote its success and sustainability.

The 'Refugee Crisis' is a critical issue, which has had impact on many countries, economically, socially, physically, affecting the world's agenda. While the world has this as an important matter, it is essential to understand the... more

The 'Refugee Crisis' is a critical issue, which has had impact on many countries, economically, socially, physically, affecting the world's agenda. While the world has this as an important matter, it is essential to understand the conditions and living problems of the disadvantaged urban neighborhoods and communities. In this context, sheltering is the main problem of refugees who are obliged to leave their own homes. For sheltering, since minimum dimensions are required, family dynamics are varied, and use of shelters is for an undetermined period of time, it would be a solution to offer these people a transient, modular and flexible sheltering system. This research investigates architectural solutions to solve the sheltering problem of refugees while considering not only their physical requirements, but also integration of their social and cultural values. To do so, transient, modular and flexible solutions will be examined through classification while relating physical solutions with theoretical content.

A l'occasion d'une journée nationale rassemblant les réprésentants de divers samu sociaux de France en vue d'une dynamique de réflexion sur les pratiques des maraudes, j'ai présenté quelques pistes à partir des enquêtes de terrain que... more

A l'occasion d'une journée nationale rassemblant les réprésentants de divers samu sociaux de France en vue d'une dynamique de réflexion sur les pratiques des maraudes, j'ai présenté quelques pistes à partir des enquêtes de terrain que j'ai réalisées à Paris.

Approximately 8 million people have been affected by April 25 th , 2015 earthquake in 39 districts (including Kathmandu Valley districts), in four of the five Regions of Nepal (Far Western region not affected). As of 05 May 2015, the... more

Approximately 8 million people have been affected by April 25
th
, 2015 earthquake in 39
districts (including Kathmandu Valley districts), in four of the five Regions of Nepal (Far
Western region not affected). As of 05 May 2015, the Government of Nepal (2015) reported
7,557 deaths and 14,409 injured people. It is estimated that 2.8 million Nepalese are
displaced. The Government of Nepal has identified 191,058 houses as being destroyed and
another 175,162 damaged across 67 districts in total, and has predicted that the number of
destroyed houses could reach 500,000 across the country. Subsequently, the UN has
emphasized the need for shelter in the affected communities. More than 3.5 million people
are estimated to be in need of food of which 1.4 million may require food assistance for the
next three months (UN 2015). The focus of the response has shifted from search and rescue
in the Kathmandu Valley to delivery of aid to remote villages in the most affected districts.
Many remote villages have yet to receive any form of aid. The aim of this report is to analyze
the current shelter response situation with a view on emerging factors critical to forming the
shelter policy and vulnerability of displaced populations in Kathmandu and affected areas
across Nepal.

Research suggests that transgender people are at an increased risk of domestic abuse: 50% or more of transgender people experience domestic abuse at some point in their life in the UK. Nevertheless, the majority of domestic violence... more

Research suggests that transgender people are at an increased risk of domestic abuse: 50% or more of transgender people experience domestic abuse at some point in their life in the UK. Nevertheless, the majority of domestic violence refuges are designed for ‘women only’ without consideration of ways to make these safe havens accessible and relevant to transgender domestic violence victims/survivors. Improved access to domestic violence refuges is a paramount issue for the safety of transgender victims/survivors of domestic abuse and for the equality of all transgender people. The goal of this workshop is to increase awareness of the needs of transgender domestic violence victims/survivors. Research will be presented from a transfeminist approach, challenging gender oppression by promoting transgender inclusive services. The workshop will interweave information, discussion and skill sharing.

The lifespan of displacement camps around the globe is often measured in years or decades. Nevertheless, the establishment of camps to house people fleeing political violence is often framed as an emergency measure of limited duration.... more

The lifespan of displacement camps around the globe is often measured in years or decades. Nevertheless, the establishment of camps to house people fleeing political violence is often framed as an emergency measure of limited duration. These are depicted as “temporary” spaces in which people are provided with aid and support until such time that they are able to return to their “permanent” homes. In this article, we focus on the actions and aspirations of camp residents to imbue their dwellings with a sense of home. Our empirical material has been generated by fieldwork in two camps in Jordan housing people displaced from Syria. “Homemaking” in this location calls into questions the rigid opposition between “temporary” and “permanent”: an opposition that, for diverse reasons, host states, donors, humanitarians, and camp residents may strive to maintain, at least in rhetorical terms. Attending to the creation of dedicated space for receiving guests, we consider the content of homemaking as shaped by residents’ ideals of home in combination with the constraints imposed by institutions responsible for funding, hosting, and managing the camps. While this analysis highlights the fragility and contingency of homemaking, it also reveals the agency of displaced people in acting to improve their surroundings and conduct normative social relations.

Homelessness is among the most urgent crises facing the United States. In addition to tents or sleeping bags on urban sidewalks, many people experiencing homelessness exist outside of public view, along rivers and other waterways, and... more

Homelessness is among the most urgent crises facing the United States. In addition to tents or sleeping bags on urban sidewalks, many people experiencing homelessness exist outside of public view, along rivers and other waterways, and elsewhere "out in nature." This paper explores reasons individuals live near waterways, specific health and human service needs of this population, and why these needs remain largely unmet. We conducted in-depth, semi-structured interviews with 84 individuals experiencing homelessness, 56 of whom were currently residing or had previously resided near the San Diego River or in nearby canyons, as well as seven key informant interviews with homelessness services and environmental conservation organizations. Our findings reveal that people live near urban waterways for several reasons, including the competing influences of systems designed to ameliorate the impacts of homelessness, such as criminal justice systems, public health systems, and the emergency shelter system.

Tiriamojo pobūdžio leidinio, kuriame būtų detaliai aprašomi šie istoriškai svarbioje Vilniaus vietoje esantys bunkerio ar sandėlio tipo įtvirtinimai, iki šiol nebuvo. Čia pateikiama visa iki šios dienos žinoma informacija apie po kalnu... more

Although Herculaneum emerged extremely well preserved at the time of excavation the archaeological site that can be seen today has been exposed to the elements for more than 60-80 years and in some cases for over a century (Insulae II and... more

Although Herculaneum emerged extremely well preserved at the time of excavation the archaeological site that can be seen today has been exposed to the elements for more than 60-80 years and in some cases for over a century (Insulae II and III). As is often the case, the
incredible wealth of rediscovered heritage is extremely fragile: this is the case, for example, of carbonized timber left in situ, but also of frescoes, mosaic and beaten earth floors, which are continually trodden on by visitors. Site morphology is also a factor that contributes to
exacerbating the conservation challenges posed by the preserved heritage: the street level of the ancient city is located approximately 10-20 m below that of the modern city, which itself was built on a ridge formed from successive eruptions of Vesuvius. This means both difficulty in ensuring that the excavated escarpments are structurally sound and maintained, as well as difficulties in draining rainwater and groundwater that accumulates within the site. Pesaresi and Massari provide examples of provisional shelters that have been trialled at Herculaneum (Italy) which were specifically designed to address immediate conservation issues but to last longer than ‘temporary’ shelters thereby reducing the additional risk that temporary shelters can cause to archaeology when left in situ too long. They contrast these with other shelter typologies at the site in particular early twentieth century reconstructions that used the original Roman floor slabs or roofs as protective shelters.

Goard, C. & Tutty, L. (July 2002 to May 2003). Effective Practices in the Sheltering of Women Leaving Violence in Canadian YWCA Shelters/Family Violence Programs: Phase I Report. Status of Women Canada. Few manuscripts document the... more

Goard, C. & Tutty, L. (July 2002 to May 2003). Effective Practices in the Sheltering of Women Leaving Violence in Canadian YWCA Shelters/Family Violence Programs: Phase I Report. Status of Women Canada.
Few manuscripts document the history of the Canadian shelter movement and the broad range of services offered, not only by transition houses, but also community agencies that help women and their children leave abusive relationships and begin the long process of recovery from their damaging effects. This research report provides such an overview. The overview sets the context for tracing the history of the development of YWCA shelters for abused women in Canada and the variety of other YWCA services deemed important in helping women and children make a transition to a life free of violence. We document the contribution of the YWCA, which, for the past century, has assisted and continues to support and shelter women needing assistance. We present the results of an environmental scan of Canadian YWCA and YMCA/YWCA organizations both currently offering shelter services specific to abused women and those that are non-VAW (Violence Against Women) specific. We document their challenges and successes, their organizational structures and funding, the range of services provided and the research evaluating their successes

There can be no doubt that the potential of demountable and portable structures for use shortly after disasters occur has long been perceived as a real avenue for development by those involved in the architectural design and construction... more

There can be no doubt that the potential of demountable and portable structures for use shortly after disasters occur has long been perceived as a real avenue for development by those involved in the architectural design and construction world.1 Experienced and respected architects have devoted time and energy to the creation of new, innovative and sometimes ingenious prototypes for disaster relief situations, amongst many Buckminster Fuller, Alvar Aalto, Future Systems, and Shigeru Ban. Industry has also engaged enthusiastically with the problems of shelter manufacture, and many prototypes of varying degrees of complexity have been produced, tested and in some cases deployed in post-disaster situations. And yet the scenes that are still sought out by the media each time a disaster occurs are remarkably similar-people who are without adequate shelter, in obviously needy circumstances, surrounded by the destruction that was once their own homes. It therefore appears from the selective images of television and the press, that despite the wide-ranging and diverse activity carried out into the problems of disaster response, much of the work by architects, designers and the manufacturing industry seems to have had minimal impact on the relief of human suffering on the ground. The reasons for this apparent mismatch between the problems of disaster relief and many well-intended design solutions are complex, but are primarily related to a fundamental misunderstanding of the victims' circumstances in a post-disaster situation. This article examines the myths, realities, and potential workable methodologies available to designers engaged in seeking viable post-disaster building solutions.

The presentation compare cost and quality of transitional shelter and housing solutions taking into account regional difference in South Sudan. It ellaborates on availability of local materials, skills and community aceptancy to different... more

The presentation compare cost and quality of transitional shelter and housing solutions taking into account regional difference in South Sudan. It ellaborates on availability of local materials, skills and community aceptancy to different types.

The article is concernig a massive semi-abandoned historical building, called the ‘Silos’, located in downtown Trieste (North-East Italy, on border area with Slovenia), few meters away the port and the central railwaystation, which... more

The article is concernig a massive semi-abandoned historical building, called the ‘Silos’, located in downtown Trieste (North-East Italy, on border area with Slovenia), few meters away the port and the central railwaystation, which constituted a gathering place for Jews and a reception centre for Italian exiles during WW2. Since 2014 Silos has become an informal shelter for refugees arriving via the Balkans: it is a useful place of anchorage and a free choice of ‘homing’ for migrants in transit. The ambivalence of this shelter is it serves as a protective and collective space, but also as a place where migrants are pushed back to the margins. Silos seems to be a porous filter that allows anchoring and mobility for refugees in the European threshold.

The project supported reintegration of returnees. It constructed 8,300 shelters on new land plots provided by the government. Basic urban services such as school buildings and boreholes, were constructed through parallel programmes. Two... more

The project supported reintegration of returnees. It constructed 8,300 shelters on new land plots provided by the government. Basic urban services such as school buildings and boreholes, were constructed through parallel programmes. Two shelter designs were employed: bamboo and thatched-roof shelters (6,800) that could be built quickly to respond to large-scale returns and compressed mud block shelters with CGI sheet roofs (1,500) to provide more durable structures

In these days, given that the expiry or "best by" dates printed on cans and packages of shelf-stable food in the US rarely reflect their actual shelf-life, it is important to know exactly how long different stored foods do remain edible... more

In these days, given that the expiry or "best by" dates printed on cans and packages of shelf-stable food in the US rarely reflect their actual shelf-life, it is important to know exactly how long different stored foods do remain edible and nutritious. This paper presents the data and the sources.

At the beginning of the st century the international conservation community gathered in the USA to take stock of the state of play with regard to protective shelters for archaeological sites to learn from a century long tradition of... more

At the beginning of the st century the international conservation community gathered in the USA to take stock of the state of play with regard to protective shelters for archaeological sites to learn from a century long tradition of shelter building and draw conclusions that could be used at unsheltered archaeological sites. On the other side of the world conservation specialists wanting to assess conditions in a large Roman house in Herculaneum Italy could not safely access the building due to the risks presented by the corroded and cracked reinforced concrete beams supporting the modern roofs. Yet remedial work on the roof could not take place without first making safe the damaged mosaic floor on which scaffolding would need to rest. At around the same time an assessment of over mosaics under protective shelters within Israeli archaeological sites revealed that more than half those mosaics were deteriorating with many being entirely removed and other conservation approaches adopted. It was this context of ongoing connections and contrasts between conservation theory and site management practice together with the continuing challenge of sheltering archaeological sites that led to the Symposium on Protective Shelters for Archaeological Sites held a decade later in and with a specific focus on the Mediterranean region. This introductory chapter aims to capture within the structure that the event followed key insights from each case study brought to the symposium many of which emerged as their authors later reflected on the issues raised on return to their specific sites and further updated their papers Indeed this volume has become something more than just the proceedings of the symposium offering considerations matured over a greater period of time and through extended peer exchange something that has been at the heart of the MOSAIKON Programme since it began but also at the core of the approaches of the Herculaneum Conservation Project which hosted the symposium. It is hoped that the insights that emerge from this introductory overview from the papers themselves that follow and from the brief notes of the closing discussion session of the symposium will between them offer pointers for heritage practitioners in the field to approach sheltering at archaeological sites in a way that builds on progress to date and enhances future practice in the sector.

Indonesia merupakan daerah rawan gempa bumi dan tsunami karena berada pada cincin api pasifik dan merupakan pertemuan lempeng Indo-Autralia, lempeng Eurasia dan Lempeng Pasifik. Beberapa wilayah yang memiliki resiko tinggi akan bahaya... more

Indonesia merupakan daerah rawan gempa bumi dan tsunami karena berada pada cincin api pasifik dan merupakan pertemuan lempeng Indo-Autralia, lempeng Eurasia dan Lempeng Pasifik. Beberapa wilayah yang memiliki resiko tinggi akan bahaya gempa bumi dan tsunami seperti pantai barat Sumatera, pantai selatan Jawa hingga Nusa Tenggara, Kepulauan Maluku dan Papua.
Prinsip evakuasi tsunami adalah dengan meninggalkan wilayah rawan tsunami menuju wilayah yang aman. Hal tersebut secara sederhana dipahami dengan meninggalkan wilayah yang dekat dengan pantai menuju dataran yang jauh dari pantai sehingga aman dari gelombang tsunami. Evakuasi jenis ini dikenal dengan sebutan evakuasi horizontal.
Sebagaimana kita ketahui bahwa beberapa ibu kota provinsi, ibu kota kabupaten/kota di pulau Sumatera hingga Nusa Tenggara berlokasi di pinggir pantai dan/atau dekat dengan pantai. Evakuasi horizontal nampaknya sulit diterapkan dilihat dari segi topografi dan akses ke lokasi yang aman cukup jauh dan membutuhkan waktu yang tidak sedikit. Oleh sebab itu evakuasi vertical menjadi solusi jika terjadi tsunami.

Shelter is a very important element of any refugee assistance programme. In camps, shelters constitute the main unit around which the space is planned and structured; in urban areas, they provide temporary accommodations for displaced... more

Shelter is a very important element of any refugee assistance programme. In camps, shelters constitute the main unit around which the space is planned and structured; in urban areas, they provide temporary accommodations for displaced populations. Yet, attention to the role of shelter and how it is utilised by refugees in their daily life has been rarely explored in depth. In this article, we aim to contribute to this debate by using an architectural and ethnographic view from two camps: Zaatari in Jordan, and Tempohomes in Germany. This article shows the challenges of two different refugee families and their attempts to dwell across the different types of shelter, despite
the differences in context, shelter typology and management. Thus, the paper argues that no matter how developed the shelters might be and how well designed they are, they will always be appropriated for the purpose of dwelling. Based on that, we give some recommendations on how shelters can be better designed and how their role can be enhanced within any refugee assistance programme in the future.

Question: What have been the different approaches/strategies to transitional shelter in post-natural disaster contexts in developing countries and what lessons have been learned (with a focus on the non-technical aspects of transitional... more

Grounded in space yet facilitated by mobility, settler colonialism has adopted distinct architectural devices. Tents, prefabricated shelters, mobile homes, shipping containers, and other portable structures, have created the scaffoldings... more

Grounded in space yet facilitated by mobility, settler colonialism has adopted distinct architectural devices. Tents, prefabricated shelters, mobile homes, shipping containers, and other portable structures, have created the scaffoldings of new colonial settlements, allowing for rapid territorial expansion. These mobile spatial objects have also served as instruments of expulsion and expropriation, facilitating the creation of spaces of counterinsurgency and displacement for the containment of rebellious and expelled locals, who themselves used mobile architecture as an instrument of resistance. From the historical British ‘Portable Colonial Cottage for Emigrants’ to the caravans used by Israeli settlers in the occupied territories and the creation of humanitarian spaces, these mobile structures have been part of the toolkit enabling colonial powers to rapidly rearrange people in space. This article draws on critical mobility and architectural studies to examine settler colonialism’s mobile architecture in both historical and contemporary contexts through the case of Israel-Palestine, from Mandatory Palestine’s British and Zionist camps, through early statehood’s spaces of displacement and emplacement, to current colonial environments. By doing so, the article highlights how settler colonialism’s rapid spatial actions and counteractions require mobile spatial forms and their related infrastructure for the abrupt and often racialised territorial and demographic alterations and for related swift counteracts of resistance, protest and decolonisation.