Search and Rescue Research Papers (original) (raw)

- by
- •
- Computer Vision, Optimal Control, Control Systems, Robot kinematics
- by Violeta Moreno-Lax
- •
- European Studies, Criminal Law, Criminal Justice, European Law
- by Helal Al-Helal
- •
- Engineering, Computer Science, Automotive Engineering, Automation

Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) play an increasingly important role in various areas of life, including in terms of protection and security. As a result of fires, volcanic eruptions, or other emergencies, huge amounts of toxic gases, dust, and other substances are emitted into the environment, which, together with high temperature, often leads to serious environmental contamination. Based on the available literature and patent databases, an analysis of the available UAVs models was carried out in terms of their applicability in air contaminated conditions in industrial areas, in the event of emergencies, such as fire, chemical contamination. The possibilities of using the devices were analyzed in terms of weather conditions, construction, and used materials in CBRN (chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear) threat situations. It was found that, thanks to the use of appropriate sensors, cameras, and software of UAVs integrated with a given system, it is possible to obtain informat...

What identity narratives do those engaged in dangerous volunteering fabricate and how do they help satisfy their quest for meaningful lives? Based on a three-year ethnographic study of QuakeRescue, a UK-based voluntary, search and rescue charity, we show that volunteers worked on identity narratives as helpers, heroes and hurt. The primary contribution we make is to analyse how meaningfulness (the sense of personal purpose and fulfilment) that people attribute to their lives, is both developed through and a resource for individuals' narrative identity work. We show how organizationally based actors attribute significance to their lives through authorship of desired identities which are sanctioned and supplied by societal (master) narratives embedded in and constitutive of local communities. In our case, the helper and hero identities dangerous volunteering offered members were seductive. However, their pursuit had ambiguous and sometimes, arguably, negative consequences for volunteers who had seen action overseas, and our study adds to understanding of how organizational members' quest for meaningful identities may falter and sometimes fail.

- by Sarah-Louise Weller and +1
- •
- Self and Identity, Volunteerism, Discourse and Identity, Self-Narratives

Search and Rescue (SAR) is a process of searching for individuals and rescuing those that are in danger. In Malaysia, several agencies are involved in SAR. One of them is the Malaysian Police Air Wing. We had posed several SAR issues to the crew of SAR of the Malaysian Police Air Wing and we had given them leverage whether to agree, disagree, or remain neutral pursuant to these issues. The results were analyzed and a majority of the crew agreed that SAR had save lives while other issues showed mixed responses.

- by Mohd Harridon
- •
- Aviation, Search and Rescue, Physical Fitness, Air Ambulance

// - - - With link to full text / Abstract in Polish is included below This article explores legal consequences arising from Italy’s European human rights legal commitments in confrontation with the migration crisis. The... more

- by Piotr Sadowski
- •
- Sovereignty, Torture, European Union, Refugees
- by A. Langiu and +2
- •
- Search and Rescue, Agent BAsed System, Woa
- by Rodrigo Ventura
- •
- Mechanical Engineering, Robotics, Inspection Time, Search and Rescue
- by Arthur Allen
- •
- Civil Engineering, Oceanography, Computer Science, Physics

This article aims at contributing to the debate on the possibility to extend to pilots of unmanned ships the shipmaster’s duty to render assistance at sea, as well as on the overall compatibility with the said duty of the advent of such ships. To this end, the content and scope
of the duty to render assistance at sea, as well as of the related obligations, are briefly described. This will allow not only to consider these obligations applicable to pilots of unmanned ships, but also to argue that the use of such ships does not conflict, in principle, with their content. On the other hand, in assessing the compatibility of the use of unmanned ships with respect to the aforementioned duty, the investigation will be extended beyond the aspects relating to a possible violation of the duty in the strict sense, examining the overall consistency of the search and rescue legal regime, as well as its future effectiveness. On the basis of this analysis, the need to integrate the regulatory framework will be supported, and some possible solutions will be indicated within the framework of the recent trends that characterize the regulatory activity conducted by the International Maritime Organization.

- by Gabriele Asta
- •
- Search and Rescue, Unmanned Vehicles, Diritto internazionale del mare, Droni

This briefing covers the exotic life of Jim Thompson, OSS officer and CIA asset, his disappearance in 1967 in the high jungle of Malaysia, the search for him (likely the largest land search in SE Asian history), and theories and numerous rumors about the disappearance. The briefing then contributes a new, never before done analysis of the 1967 search, evaluating it using modern principles promulgated by the US National Association for Search and Rescue. This analysis shows that the original search likely only covered between 2 and 40 percent of the area that needed to be searched, that specific search tactics were inadequate and inappropriate, that Thompson was a very unusual search subject, and that the probability is that his body still remains in the jungle. The briefing also covers the murder of Jim's elder sister in Pennsylvania several months after his disappearance, and concludes that the two mysteries are likely not connected.

- by Llewellyn Lew Toulmin
- •
- Religion and Thai Culture, Thailand, Thai History, Politics in Thailand

With eight of the world's highest mountains in the country, Nepal is a
mountaineer's paradise. The ultimate glory of mountaineering is reaching the summit of Mt.
Everest. “Mt. Everest” known as the roof the world and the height peak in the world as well. Due
to its majestic elevation and the aesthetic value people from all around the world are enticed
to reach to the top of this peak leading them to go for expedition, trekking in their holidays to
the Everest region of Nepal. According to the statics of Sagarmatha National Park Office at
Manjo the number of people who coming to Everest every year is about 35,000.
The Nepal Himalaya is the most formidable mountain range in the world with
nearly a third of the country lying above the elevation of 3,500 m. Eight of the world's highest
peaks lie within Nepal's territory: Everest, Kanchenjunga, Lhotse, Makalu, Cho Oyu, Dhaulagiri,
Manaslu and Annapurna, which are all over 8,000 m above sea level. The first to be climbed
among them was Annapurna in 1950 by a French Expedition with Maurice Herzog as leader
while Everest was first summitted by Edmund Hillary and Tenzing Norgay in 1953 with a British
Expedition led by John Hunt.
Besides these eight giant peaks, there are 326 other mountains within Nepal which are open
for mountaineering expeditions and out of them, 103 have never been climbed before. Nepal
offers mountaineers more opportunities than any other country in the world and throws endless
challenges at them including the less glorified trekking peaks which still require climbing gear
and climbing skills if anyone wants to climb them.
With the increasing number of people from across the world coming to Nepal for
expedition has led to the rise in the death numbers as well. And the reason being the lack of
proper Rescue facilities, training centres and other necessary facilities which ensures the safety
of the climbers and the trekkers. Nepal is a disaster-prone country due to its steep terrain, a
rugged and fragile geomorphic condition, high peaks and slopes, volatile tectonic processes,
variable climatic patterns, very rural topography and other factors such as increasing
population, poor economic condition, unplanned settlement, low literacy rate etc.
Earthquake, floods, landslides, lightning, Glacial Lake Outburst Flood (GLOF), avalanche,
epidemics often occur causing enormous physical damages and losses of human lives. Nepal
is ranked 11th in terms of risk from earthquake and 30th in terms of flood risk according to global
report on disaster risk as per 2003. All parts of the mountains are exposed to avalanche,
landslide. Middle mountain is also exposed to debris flow. Most parts of middle mountains and
Terai are exposed to severe flooding and avalanches as well. Hence the only solution we have
is to provide a rescue facility with the highly trained and skilled manpower. Mountain Rescue
Centres should be establishment an appropriate location close to the popular mountaineering
and trekking regions with the provision of standby helicopter with the integrated teams.

- by Pasang Kaji Sherpa
- •
- Cultural Tourism, Nepal, Sustainable Architecture, Community Based Tourism

The long-term objective of our project is to develop a knowledge-based tool for Search and Rescue (SAR) operations to support a Canadian search mission coordinator in determining the likely location of a missing aircraft overland. In order to attain this objective, we used a knowledge engineering approach to acquire, structure and model SAR experts’ knowledge. This knowledge was modeled and implemented in a knowledge-based system prototype. The input to the interactive prototype consists of the known information regarding a given SAR case. Its main output is a set of scenarios describing the various hypotheses on what might have happened to the missing aircraft, why and where, the plausible routes followed, as well as the possibility area, defined as the region most likely to contain the missing aircraft. In this paper, we introduce the knowledge model, present an application example and briefly describe the prototype.

- by Michael Morin
- •
- Algorithms, Artificial Intelligence, Operations Research, Decision Trees

Since the mid-1960s, the Republic of Colombia has suffered from an internal armed conflict against Marxist-Leninist narco-guerrillas, violent drug cartels, illegal armed groups, and criminal bands, most of whom support themselves through the production and trafficking of narcotics. This situation profoundly affected the stability of the country; more specifically, foreign investment dropped, international confidence in the country reached unfavorable levels, and several social and economic problems reached the boiling point

- by Andres Eduardo Fernandez-Osorio and +1
- •
- Search and Rescue, Combat Search and Rescue

The analysis in hand provides a brief assessment of the United States’ and Canada’s marine transportation system and relevant search and rescue (SAR) support in relation to the Northwest Passage, with the purpose of examining to what extent these countries’ relevant infrastructure resources are able to meet the expected growth of shipping operations and business activities in the Arctic. Through an extensive literature review, this assessment will specifically describe the most important influences upon the maritime transportation system, with the issue of certain geographical details and the capabilities of existing ports standing out. Additionally, vessel activity trends and
vessel traffic routing measure initiatives will be examined. Furthermore, the SAR infrastructure details and means to render assistance to people in distress along the Northwest Passage will be discussed. The reality remains that port characteristics are limited and vessel traffic routing
measure initiatives and upgrades to SAR assets are commendable but slow-paced. It is true that both the United States and Canada are taking proper measures to build up infrastructure needs, but they both may run out of time to put adequate infrastructure in place to deal effectively with the changing environment.

- by Rebecca Sheehan and +1
- •
- Arctic geopolitics, Arctic Governance, Search and Rescue, Alpine and Arctic Research

The Newfoundland fishery has always been a dangerous industry, but since the collapse of groundfish stocks the pattern of risks has changed. To understand these changes we developed the Fishing Vessel Safety Longitudinal Analysis, a linked database comprising Department of Fisheries and Oceans catch and effort records, Search and Rescue Information System records, and Newfoundland and Labrador Workplace Health Safety and Compensation Commission claims. This paper discusses the methodological challenges and solutions associated with linking these databases. We conclude that improved coordination between these agencies is a prerequisite for linking their respective databases, which would in turn offer greatly enhanced opportunities to contribute to fishing safety.

- by Stephen Bornstein and +1
- •
- Information Systems, Law, Political Science, Search and Rescue
- by Jaime Perez
- •
- Engineering, Operations Research, Multidisciplinary, Emergency Response
- by Keith David Watenpaugh
- •
- Middle East Studies, Human Rights, Humanitarianism, Iraqi History

Study of wilderness search and rescue (WiSAR) incidents suggests a dependency on demographics as well as physical geography in relation to decisions made before/after becoming lost and subsequent locations in which subjects are found. Thus an understanding of the complex relationship between demographics and physical geography could enhance the responders’ ability to locate the subject in a timely manner. Various global datasets have been organized to provide general distance and feature based geostatistical methods for describing this relationship. However, there is some question as to the applicability of these generalized datasets to local incidents that are dominated by a specific physical
geography. This study consists of two primary objectives related to the allocation of geographic probability intended to manage the overall size of the search area. The first objective considers the applicability of a global dataset of lost person incidents to a localized environment with limited geographic diversity.
This is followed by a comparison between a commonly used Euclidean distance statistic and an alternative travel-cost model that accounts for the influence of anthropogenic and landscape features on subject mobility and travel time. In both instances, lost person incident data from years 2000 to 2010 for Yosemite National Park is used and compared to a large pool of internationally compiled cases consisting of similar subject profiles.

- by Paul J Doherty and +1
- •
- Spatial Analysis, Search and Rescue, Geographic Information Systems (GIS)
- by Paolo Fiorini
- •
- Search and Rescue

In November 2014, Frontex started its Southern Mediterranean border monitoring operation Triton, followed in June 2015 by the Common Security and Defence Policy anti-smuggling mission EU Naval Force Mediterranean (EUNAVFOR Med) 'Sophia'. Both operations' outward communication has placed considerable emphasis on the conduct of maritime search and rescue. Still, this commitment was not matched by consistent action. Triton and EUNAVFOR Med have conducted a relatively limited number of search and rescue operations, prioritizing border control and anti-smuggling tasks. This article explains the gap between the European Union missions' humanitarian rhetoric and an operational conduct primarily focusing on curbing irregular migration as a form of organized hypocrisy. Decoupling talk and action allowed Triton and EUNAVFOR Med to reconcile the conflicting expectations arising from European governments' willingness to reduce migrant arrivals and the normative imperative to act against the loss of life at sea. However, the European Union missions' organized hypocrisy had several negative externalities, hindering effective management of the humanitarian crisis offshore Libya.

Editado en el año 2000, por la Cruz Roja Mexicana con una segunda impresión en 2003, a la que se incorpora la presentación del doctor José Antonio Fernández Arena, Director General de la Cruz Roja Mexicana (2003-2005). El texto es del comandante Ismael Arturo Montero García, quien además compila y selecciona en algunos apartados argumentos y propuestas de otros especialistas. La publicación es una obra de consulta para el personal de emergencia, que también es útil para organizaciones e individuos que, ya por actividades deportivas, de servicios turísticos, labores de auxilio, o en casos de desastre, se ven involucrados en terrenos de difícil acceso. Hoy en día, la travesía y el rescate por terrenos agrestes es una cuestión práctica en donde se ha adquirido un alto nivel tecnológico, y se ha creado una clase especial de técnicos vinculados al medio que, no por especializados, son ajenos a una propuesta sencilla y práctica para el caso mexicano, como lo intenta esta publicación.

- by Paolo Cuttitta
- •
- European Studies, Humanitarianism, Border Studies, Migration

In the past few years, there have been several accidents of children falling into abandoned bore wells in India. Abandoned bore wells that have turned into death pits for children. The problem is all over India. Rescue teams spend hours and sometimes days in futile attempts to save these little kids. A lot of money is also spent in these missions. In most cases they are unable to save the kids. Such events have happened umpteen times in the past, and every time either the government or the bureaucracy is blamed. The rescue process to save the child from bore well is a long and complicated process now. The rescue team tries to approach the victim from a parallel well that take about 20-60 hours to dig. This complicated process makes 70% of the rescue operations fail. The design of handling system is made in such a way that the baby/victim never gets hurt and this rescue system is sent through the same well where the victim is felt inside to bring back the victim safe through an autonomous control of drives. Our design constitutes a best Ergonomic Design and performs safest rescue operation

The present Article examines the legal base of both aeronautical and maritime Search and Rescue (SAR) services, as they are provided and coordinated in regional level by the competent national authorities, but also as they are developed and standardized in global level under the auspices of relevant international Organisations, i.e. the International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO), and/or the International Maritime Organisation (IMO). In particular, maritime SAR is examined mostly through the relevant provisions of International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS) (1960/70) and the International Convention on Maritime Search and Rescue (the Hamburg Convention) (1979), and secondary, the regulatory context of aeronautical SAR is presented in Chicago Convention (1944) and especially in its Annex 12 (on Search and Rescue).

This presentation describes the fascinating life of Amelia Earhart, her achievements, her attempted round the world flight with navigator Fred Noonan, the disappearance, the original search efforts, and the various disappearance theories (including the Marshall islands theory and the "crashed and sank" theory and why these both have a low probability). The briefing then describes the efforts of TIGHAR (The International Group for Historic Aircraft Recovery) to test the hypothesis that Earhart/Noonan landed and survived for a time on Nikumaroro atoll (ex-Gardner Island) in what is now the Republic of Kiribati in the South Pacific. The evidence for this hypothesis is presented, and the various expeditions to Niku described, including a detailed review of the 2017 TIGHAR/National Geographic expedition. The briefing was given to the private Cosmos Club, a distinguished club which has had three Presidents and numerous Nobel prize winners as its members.

The technology of small unmanned aerial vehicles, also known as UAVs, are currently on the up rise. This research wants to evaluate if the capabilities of UAVs could be exploited to provide valuable contributions in search and rescue efforts-and if so-what challenges would arise. The research will serve as a suggestion for what benefits the UAV platform can provide, as well as considering the challenges for implementation. Through a thorough literature review, state-of-the-art for search and rescue, UAV platforms and sensor technology is investigated to establish a theoretical frame of reference. This framework is the foundation for evaluating how to improve the current search and rescue efforts, what capabilities current UAV and sensor technology has, and how to best apply UAVs to satisfy the needs of a rescue. The subject of UAVs in search and rescue is still in its initial stages, and the amount of research and knowledge is therefore limited. The main challenges identified and discussed in this research is under the categories of adverse meteorological conditions and technological challenges. There were also identified some challenges regarding compliance to regulations and in relation to human and organization, however these were less precarious for the implementation. Furthermore, it was established that UAVs are not yet capable of replacing manned aircrafts, but could still be a unique and valuable asset to a rescue operation. There were identified some hazards due to implementation of UAVs, none of which were believed to pose and excessive risk, especially when considering the expected benefit for the rescuers.

Man overboard (MOB) is a situation in which a person has fallen from a boat or a ship into the water and need to rescue. Literature review with statistics analyzing has found an increase in the numbers of MOB accidents due to increase of world trade and cruise line, other factors like fatigue, alcohol, bad applying of safety rules, where Just 31 in 149 cases of MOB accidents have been rescued. The research's problem is that MOB accident in most cases unfortunately ends with the death or missing because the victims are not seen, where it is difficult to keep proper look out cover all sides of ship all the time. According to previous studies, the IMO and ILO conventions govern emergency plan, safety procedures and training in case of MOB but did not cover any automatic systems needed to be onboard to detect MOB at the moment of falling overboard. In the other hand, on modern cruise ships the decks and ship's sides are monitored by using surveillance cameras also some manufacturers are producing primitive equipment to detect MOB at the moment of falling overboard but are not yet mandatory and approved by the IMO. This research describes and analyzes the existing IMO emergency procedure for MOB, it aims to highlight the important of implement as well as generalize detection and tracking system to accelerate and improve the possibility of early detection of MOB at the moment of falling overboard with audiovisual alarm at the ship's bridge, which is the essential goal of IMO. 2

Although both international and EU law impose a number of obligations on the EU Member States with regard to persons in distress at sea, their effective implementation is limited by the manner in which they are being interpreted. The fact that the persons concerned are migrants, who may seek asylum upon rescue, has given rise to frequent disputes and to episodes of non-compliance. Frontex missions and the Italian 2009 push-back campaign illustrate the issue. With the objective of clarifying the scope of common obligations and to establish minimum operational arrangements for joint maritime operations, the EU has adopted a set of common guidelines for the surveillance of the external maritime borders. On the basis of the principle of systemic interpretation, this article intends to contribute to the clarification of the main obligations in international and European law binding upon the EU Member States when they operate at sea.

In 2018, the European Council suggested “regional disembarkation platforms” as an innovative externalization of displacement management in the Mediterranean. Yet, the logic of naval interception, deportation and disembarkation zones parallel not only Western proposals since the 1980s, but also colonial practices during the transatlantic slave trade. An overview of European externalization politics between 2006 and 2018 examines the dynamics, ambiguity and dehistoricization of humanitarianized border control. The article then argues that such ahistoricity is linked to epistemologies which reproduce colonial matrices of power. Like asylum politics today, slavery was a crucial structuring issue in nineteenth century international politics and by unearthing a deep history of European manufactured displacements, the article examines cases of racialized, suppressionist and externalized border controls from the nineteenth century Atlantic-Caribbean Basins. It concludes that contingent parallels exist between past and present regimes of captured, rescued and re-displaced people, and the associated transfers of humanitarian blame and responsibility.

- by Martin Lemberg-Pedersen
- •
- Humanitarianism, Refugee Studies, Colonialism, Haitian Revolution

La presente ricerca intende analizzare il più problematico e controverso anello della catena operativa dei soccorsi in mare (Search and Rescue o SAR), ossia l'individuazione del cosiddetto "Place of Safety".
Nello specifico, l'istituto giuridico del luogo sicuro di sbarco è ricostruito partendo dalla sua nascita, a seguito del "Tampa affair" del 2001, fino ad arrivare alla contemporanea pandemia da "coronavirus".
Ulteriori aspetti trattati nel presente lavoro sono gli effetti e le conseguenze giuridiche generatesi nella prassi dei soccorsi a causa della diversa interpretazione di "Place of Safety" da parte di alcuni Stati affacciati sul Mediterraneo centrale; tra di essi, specifico rilievo è dato a Paesi quali Italia, Malta e Libia.
Oltre ad analizzare la questione del luogo sicuro di sbarco, a metà tra la giurisdizione dello Stato costiero sui propri porti e il rispetto del principio del "non refoulement", il presente lavoro offre una panoramica su altre questioni legate alla ricerca e soccorso in mare, quali: l'evoluzione della disciplina in materia di ricerca e soccorso in mare, il problema della territorializzazione delle regioni SAR, il principio della gratuità del soccorso di persone e il programma politico dei "porti chiusi", attuato negli ultimi anni dall'esecutivo italiano.

- by Luca M Brigida
- •
- European Law, International Law, Human Rights, Maritime Law
- by Violeta Moreno-Lax
- •
- European Studies, Criminal Law, Criminal Justice, International Relations

This report covers the exotic life of Jim Thompson, OSS officer and CIA asset, his disappearance in 1967 in the high jungle of Malaysia, the search for him (likely the largest land search in SE Asian history), and theories and numerous rumors about the disappearance. The report then contributes a new, never before done analysis of the 1967 search, evaluating it using modern principles promulgated by the US National Association for Search and Rescue. This analysis shows that the original search likely only covered between 2 and 40 percent of the area that needed to be searched, that specific search tactics were inadequate and inappropriate, that Thompson was a very unusual search subject, and that the probability is that his body still remains in the jungle. The report also covers the murder of Jim's elder sister in Pennsylvania several months after his disappearance, and concludes that the two mysteries are likely not connected. The report's analytic section consumes about 100 pages, then 500 pages of annexes provide original documents on the case obtained from the FBI, CIA, Department of State and others; never before published letters from Jim Thompson; timeline analysis of the original search; pros and cons re various theories; documents related to the murder of Jim's sister; news clips about both cases; photos of the major actors; and other related matters.

- by Llewellyn Lew Toulmin
- •
- Thailand, Thai History, Malaysia History and Politics, Thai politics

This paper highlights the rescue efforts of the ship Carpathia (its captain, crew, and medical staff) as it came to Titanic's aid. It also examines the central role that Carpathia's passengers played in the relief efforts once the survivors were on-board, and concludes with a look at the survivors' committee that Margaret Brown formed as the ship headed for New York City.

- by Eric Cimino
- •
- Disaster Studies, Trauma Studies, Transportation, Loss and Trauma

The book is essentially a Compendium of key geopolitical, strategic and maritime terms and concepts, meant for national policy-makers, strategic analysts, the academia and young professionals of seagoing services. All terms and concepts are sequenced in alphabetical order, and listed in the ‘Contents’ section. The explanation of a term (or concept) often draws comparisons with other related term(s), which are italicized and explained in their respective alphabetical sequence. At times, the signification of two terms is so similar—through distinct—that these are often (erroneously) considered synonymous. The Compendium also explains the varying nuances of such terms.

Analysis by specialists (medical, government, security personnel, etc.) enhances situational awareness, reduces situational analysis uncertainties, boosts the capacity to act and react with what Howitt and Leonard describe as situational anticipation, and enables crisis mangers to more quickly recognize and respond to novelty in crisis situations. (continued… download to read more)

- by K. Lee Lerner
- •
- Crisis Management, Crisis Communication, Disaster Management, Public Health

This article examines the ways in which EU's political priority to counter migrant smuggling affect the provision of humanitarian assistance and access to rights to irregular immigrants and asylum seekers. It explores the effects of EU policies, laws and agencies' operations in anti-migrant smuggling actions, and their implementation in two EU member states – Italy and Greece in the context of the 'European refugee humanitarian crisis' during 2015–2017. It shows that the effects of EU and national policies criminalising the facilitation of entry and residence of irregular immigrants extend beyond cases where civil society actors have faced actual prosecutions and criminal convictions when assisting irregular immigrants and asylum seekers. We use the notion 'policing the mobility society' to capture wider punitive dynamics which affect the activities of civil society actors, especially those critically monitoring and politically mobilising for the rights of migrants.

- by Jennifer Allsopp
- •
- Criminology, Criminal Law, Humanitarianism, Refugee Studies

Questo studio colloca l'operazione Mare Nostrum nel più ampio contesto delle migrazioni verso l'Italia, fornendo al lettore degli strumenti utili, dal punto di vista storico, normativo e di politica internazionale per analizzarla criticamente. Dopo aver ricostruito per sommi capi la storia delle migrazioni in Italia, la prima parte del libro indaga l'evoluzione della politica migratoria italiana e si propone di inquadrare l'accesso al territorio degli stranieri dal punto di vista giuridico, facendo riferimento al diritto internazionale (in particolare alla normativa sui diritti umani), alla normativa europea (per illustrare i vincoli che sull'Italia gravano, limitandone in parte la libertà d'azione) e alla normativa interna, esito delle precedenti, tentando di segnalarne le caratteristiche e gli eventuali limiti. La seconda parte del libro offre una ricostruzione del contesto internazionale che ha portato all'incremento dei flussi migratori verso l'Europa a partire dal 2011: il fenomeno della cosiddetta Primavera Araba e le sue conseguenze. In questo scenario si colloca l'operazione Mare Nostrum, di cui si tenta di mettere in luce la natura ambivalente di dispositivo umanitario e, al tempo stesso, di controllo dei flussi migratori. Il libro si conclude con una ricognizione dei più recenti provvedimenti adottati dall'Unione europea, che hanno portato a una progressiva militarizzazione del Mediterraneo, nel quadro della «securitizzazione» delle migrazioni in atto, ragionando sulle connessioni tra fenomeno migratorio e politiche di sicurezza e cercando di segnalare come, a discapito dell'ampio utilizzo di una retorica umanitaria da parte dei governi nazionali e delle istituzioni europee, le politiche e le pratiche di accesso siano sostanzialmente rimaste invariate, mentre la tecnologia viene ampiamente utilizzata nell'irrobustimento di quella che, ormai da più parti, viene definita fortezza europea.

- by Nadine Innocenzi
- •
- Human Rights, Refugee Studies, Migration, Mediterranean

A rather significant number of business entities already operate within (or, have considered to exploit) the Arctic region, focusing upon previously untapped resources such as precious minerals and large quantities of oil and gas; touristic and fishing activities are clearly on the rise, with various endeavors of maritime transport also being put forward. Up until recently, harsh year-long environmental conditions have significantly hindered the necessary access and transport connections in the Arctic. Even in the case that weather conditions did permit vessels' passage, unreliable navigational aids and lack of infrastructure/support provided obstacles difficult to overcome. However, environmental data recorded during the last couple of decades clearly indicates that there is a continuous decline of ice coverage in the BHigh North.^ Given this steady decline, the Arctic has now been viewed as a promising field for economic activities and is considered as a potential connecting corridor between Asia and Europe/America (and vice-versa). As human presence and operations are expected to intensify there, it is of utmost importance to evaluate the current level of support towards ships that will be crossing the region; capabilities in relation to search and rescue (SAR) operations and oil spill response are also important. The analysis in hand will first deliver a discussion of the so-called Arctic Passages. While various different maritime routes have been proposed in relation to the Arctic, the most promising one, the Northern Sea Route (NSR), will provide the epicenter of discussion. Through an extensive literature review that includes numerous internet resources, the current WMU J Marit Affairs (2018) 17:129–147 Shipping operations support in the BHigh North^: examining availability of icebreakers along the Northern Sea Route analysis will identify the numbers of icebreakers already operating in the NSR, as well as those that will be commissioned into service in the near future. The choice to research the specific type of vessels is supported by a simple argument: icebreakers currently are and will continue to be in the foreseeable future the main Btool^ to support shipping activities in the Arctic. Furthermore, emergency management capabilities in the Russian Arctic will be examined to include the current state of rescue coordination centres along with the availability of SAR assets. Additionally, the efforts thus far by the Arctic Council to increase coordination and interaction among the States involved in Arctic affairs will be summarized; the latter will be achieved via a brief review of a very important legally binding agreement: the Bsearch and rescue^ instrument. In conclusion, the Russian State has already heavily invested in icebreakers' building and their current number is fully capable to handle the present level of limited traffic. On the other hand, ships are currently faced with long distances to cross (often without adequate support) adverse environmental conditions, unpredictable hurdles, and slow response times in case of an emergency. Therefore, in case ships operating in the region are increased, it will be difficult to deal with all the additional demands for support. Of particular interest is the fact that considering the vast area of the NSR, the overall available response capabilities in the region under discussion are rather thin; any further increase of maritime traffic in the BHigh North^ must be balanced with additional strengthening of emergency management capabilities. In any case, should the NSR become fully integrated in the global maritime transport system, Russia's geopolitical status will be clearly improved and further research is needed to discuss the implications both at the regional and global levels.

Uttarakhand Himalayas cradles some of the richest assets of nature in terms of its vivid geodiversity and biodiversity. Uttarakhand abounds, some of the best and the richest Himalayan resources in it, as snow bound peaks, glaciers, rivers, valleys, alpine pasture, high mountain passes etc. which serves as a playground for the game called mountaineering. Mountaineering tourism among the varied types of tourism offerings in the state of Uttarakhand, in class of adventure tourism is a key driver, which magnetizes adventure enthusiasts to visit Uttarakhand Himalayas. The very paper focuses on mountaineering tourism trends in Uttarakhand and further prospects and potential areas in Uttarakhand for mountaineering tourism operation and development.
Keywords: Uttarakhand Himalayas, Mountaineering Tourism, Trends, Prospects.

- by Dr. VIKRAM V I R BHARTI
- •
- Tourism Management, Ecotourism, Disaster Management, Himalayas

Man overboard (MOB) is defined a person who has fallen to the sea from a boat or a vessel in the water and needing to rescue; this person may be crew member of coast gourd, merchant ship or fisher. According to previous studies, international maritime conventions such as SOLAS, MLC, and STCW covered emergency procedures of MOB accident. There are two gaps; first, there is no any automatic systems needed to be onboard to detect MOB at the moment of falling overboard, where statistics illustrate that up to 75% of MOB finally died or missed due to nobody saw them at the moment of falling, especially if the ship steaming high speed. The second gap is that the smoke life buoy is not effective to rescue the victim due to ship's movement away from him, especially in the presence of white horse in rough sea, and if he doesn't wear life jacket. Therefore, drones equipped with smoke life buoy, GPS, and thermal camera will be effective more than traditional equipment. The research discusses and analyses the extremely useful of implementation an integrated MOB rescue system onboard ship for monitoring, tracking and rescuing. These systems use an infrared human motion detector or wrest band which transmit signal for bridge receiver to give alarm once person fall in water; this is called automatic MOB detection system, ECDIS built-in SAR software and drones for quick response to arrive accurate position of victim. Research aims to improve rescue operation of MOB to reduce loss of life at sea, through the amendment of current international maritime convention related to MOB emergency procedures.

- by Abdelkhalik Selmy
- •
- Human Rights, Maritime Law, Navigation, Maritime

Pengambilan keputusan yang efektif dan efisien dalam merespon bencana mutlak ditopang oleh informasi yang didapat oleh pihak pengambil keputusan. Jika informasi tidak benar, bisa dipastikan keputusan akan salah dan intervensi yang dilakukan juga tidak tepat (tidak efektif), juga sangat dimungkinkan menghambur-hamburkan sumberdaya dan sumberdana (tidak efisien). Selain kebenaran dan ketepatan, informasi harus up to date. Pengambil keputusan harus menggunakan informasi terbaru dan real-time. Jika informasinya using, juga bisa dipastikan keputusan akan salah dan intervensi yang dilakukan juga tidak tepat (tidak efektif), juga sangat dimungkinkan menghambur-hamburkan sumberdaya dan sumberdana (tidak efisien). Oleh karena itu diperlukan system penggalian informasi (assessment) yang baku dan efektif bagi LPB/MDMC sebagai salah satu pengambil keputusan saat tanggap darurat bencana. B. Maksud dan Tujuan 1. Maksud Pedoman Standar Operasional Prosedur ini dimaksud menjadi panduan dalam melakukan assessment kebencanaan, khususnya pada fase tanggap darurat. Assesment pada fase sebelum kejadian dan setelah fase tanggap darurat akan dibuat dalam pedoman yang terpisah. 2. Tujuan a. Tersedianya buku panduan Standar Operasional Prosedur Assesment Tanggap Darurat Bencana b. Tersedianya panduan tata laksana kegiatan masing masing unit kerja dan kerelawanan dalam rangka meningkatkan koordinasi, pengendalian , pemantauan dan evaluasi kegiatan penanganan Tanggap Darurat Bencana. C. Pengertian Istilah 1. Assesment: serangkaian kegiatan dilakukan untuk medapatkan informasi dan data yang berguna untuk melakukan tindakan intervensi.

- by muhammad joko
- •
- Indonesia, Search and Rescue, BPBD, Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang

Shipping is the industry that can be characterized as the largest international and the most globalised one, as about 90% of the world trade transported by sea٠ What we see today is a series of structural changes transformed the world's shipping industry to its today's globalised character٠ The number of the international maritime cooperation's appears to be increased as frames of multinational shipping companies formulating multicultural constellations in the goal of the shipping industry٠ Therefore, the era of mixed crews bodies of the maritime manpower various nationalities are existed٠Furthermore, the world's largest fleets are attacked by crews multiculturalism, in fact mixed nationality crews are not a new phenomenon but it became a 'hot' issue nowadays٠ The human factor is often point out in the explanation of many of today's accidents at sea, so Communication difficulties often occur in these areas due in part to cultural languages differences but also due to language 'barriers'٠ IMO recent analyses illustrate the problem if there are any lessons to be learned for the future. The paper reveals the importance of maritime English, the language of the sea, as the fundamental of all communications between ship and shore members, and the needs of sufficient English language skills (on board ships, shipping companies members, and maritime instructors) that plays an important role in the development of safety and security on board merchant ships٠