Gadir Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

https://www.college-de-france.fr/site/jean-pierre-brun/symposium-2021-2022.htm
The production and use of amphorae in the Phoenician world was a very important economic sector, both in the Levant and in all the areas colonized by the Phoenicians since the early 1st millennium BC and in the urban communities that developed in these areas on the basis of such colonial roots. Amphorae were an indispensable tool for transporting products such as wine, olive oil or salted fish, which were not only in great demand but also played an essential role in the economies of most of the Phoenician and Punic cities of the West. These amphorae were manufactured both in Carthage and its area of influence and in Gadir and its "Atlantic circle", following certain size, weight and capacity standards, adapting in each case the oriental traditions to the local regulations and needs. In this context, the production (in parallel to the "normal size" containers) of small-sized versions, interpreted in many cases as "miniatures" closer to household plain wares, without an economic value similar to that of their prototypes, was observed long ago. Their frequent finding in cult contexts (as offerings) and especially in funerary areas (necropolises and tofets) suggested this functional connection, and some scholars considered that their manufacture was specifically intended for this function as votives. In recent years, the study of a large group of items in Cadiz (the ancient Gadir) and in the southern coast of the Iberian Peninsula has allowed to refute the idea that in this area they were used in funerary contexts, and in turn has confirmed that the "miniatures" reproduced in detail the profiles of the amphorae of normal size, with capacities that are divisors of the same capacity standard for liquids. The distribution of these small amphorae, which includes findings both on land and underwater in various parts of the region, also supports that they were not only used as votive offerings in the maritime sanctuaries of the Bay of Cadiz, but may also have been used for commercial purposes. The aim of the paper will therefore be to discuss the available archaeological evidence and, in the absence of additional sources (epigraphic, literary, etc.), to place these data from Cadiz in the general context of the production of small amphorae in the Phoenician-Punic world, tracing the possible existence of "commercial samples".

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- Ancient History, Archaeology, Maritime Archaeology, Ancient economies (Archaeology)

Bluefin tuna fishing in the Strait of Gibraltar was a major economic resource in Antiquity, and at certain times its by-products (salted fish and sauces such as garum) were in great demand in the Mediterranean world at the time, especially among the "gourmets" of the social elites of Classical Greece. An international project promoted by the University of Seville, the American School of Classical Studies at Athens, and the Fitch Laboratory of the British School at Athens, is studying the exceptional archaeological evidence of these connections between the Punics of the Straits of Gibraltar and the Aegean, and specifically with the city of Corinth.

- by Antonio Saez Romero and +1
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- Classical Archaeology, Phoenicians, Archaeometry, Greek Archaeology

The paper focuses on seven unpublished ceramic incense-burners found off the coastal area of La Caleta, close to the northwestern part of the present-day city of Cadiz. The items were granted to the Museo Historico Municipal of San Fernando more than two decades ago. Their study makes possible to update the discussion about the chronology and function of these censers, recovered in significant quantity from the underwater sites close to La Caleta beach. Additionally, some reflections on the previous historiography are provided, focusing on the fact that most of the ceramic perfume-burners lack of a defined archaeological context due to its clandestine discovery over the second half of the 20th century before the first scientific campaigns started in the area.

The Iberian Bronze Age was a period marked by the arrival of the Phoenicians in Iberia. This Semitic population founded several settlements along the Mediterranean and Atlantic shores of the Iberian Peninsula. However, it will be in ancient Gádir (present-day Cadiz) that one of the earliest archaeological records that testify the Phoenician expansion in front of the established so-calledTartessian settlements. This research aims to study the development of the city of Gádir in the Bay of Cadiz, south of the Iberian Peninsula, from the contact between Phoenicians and Tartesians from the 9th century BC until the 6th century BC, as well as verifying, through the use of the Information System (GIS), using geoprocessing techniques applied to Archaeology, such as the Digital Elevation Model (DEM), LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging), Orthophotos as well as the Viewshed Analysis to understand how a new landscape was built in an environment of intense cultural exchanges between autochthonous and allochthonous. We intend, based on the most recent discussions, to ascertain the Phoenician urban progression ahead of the Tartessian hinterland and how was the process of this interaction and its consequences for both. It is our intention, above all, to bring the Far West to the debate since it is considered a peripheral region in the Ancient World.

The archaeological excavations carried out under the former Teatro Cómico have provided evidences of the earliest Phoenician presence in the city of Cádiz. Under modern and Roman remains, the Phoenician urban layout from the late 9th to the early 6th centuries BC has been uncovered. So a lot of information on building techniques and the urban layout of the city has been unveiled. This paper describes some of the most important architectural featu-res of the ancient Phoenician city of Gadir such as houses, streets, ovens, floors, walls, and so on, that have practically remained archaeologically unknown un-til this excavation. The possible locations of the city firstly on the tiny islet of Erytheia and then on the bigger Kotinoussa island is also discussed.

- by José Mª Gener Basallote and +3
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- Phoenicians, Phoenician, Phoenician Punic Archaeology, Fenicios

Although archaeoichthyological studies from the Aegean Sea are increasing, the discovery of zooarchaeological remains linked to processed fish from the Classical and Roman Antiquity remains scarce. The earliest faunal material hitherto found in Greece comes from the so-called Punic Amphora Building at Corinth (dating mid-5th c. BC). The abundant fishbone remains found together with Punic transport amphoras have been interpreted as the evidence of considerable trade of tarichos between the West and the Eastern Greek cities as early as the 5th century BC (Zimmermann- Munn 2003). More western Punic amphorae found at Olympia and Athens, as well as some quotes in the Greek literary sources of the 5th c. BC confirm the magnitude of those trading links. The first publication of the archaeological assemblage at Corinth underlined the commercial role of the building, and the presence of the amphorae in the open backyard, but also in other contexts in the surroundings (Williams, 1978, 1979 an...

La consideración por parte de Posidonio como “mentira” o “invención” fenicia (ψεῦσμα Φοινικικόν) de ciertos elementos del relato sobre la fundación de Gadir recogido por Estrabón (3.5.5.) genera dudas sobre si el oráculo de Melqart pertenece a la tradición fenicia original o es un préstamo griego posterior. En la presente contribución se revisa el papel del oráculo de Melqart en las tradiciones sobre los orígenes de Tiro y Gadir, constatando su antigüedad y arraigo en ambas comunidades, que debían compartir una narrativa fundacional muy similar. Una nueva lectura del pasaje de Justino (44.5), habitualmente asociado a la fundación de Gadir, pero que interpretamos como el reflejo de la creación de una subcolonia gaditana con la participación, a través de su oráculo, del Melqart de Tiro, lleva a confirmar la importancia de este elemento en las leyendas sobre los orígenes de las comunidades que asumían un origen tirio. Ese componente oracular y fundacional es el que podría explicar, por otra parte, la caracterización como "archegetes" del Melqart de Tiro.

El objetivo principal del presente libro es analizar el nacimiento y conformación, tanto en el plano mítico y literario como en el arqueológico, de un elenco de ciudades legendarias de la Antigüedad clásica que han marcado con su impronta el pensamiento y la cultura occidentales, ciudades cuyos meros nombres desatan nuestra imaginación: Atenas, Esparta, Tebas, Roma, Cartago y Cádiz. Los progresos paulatinos de la ciencia arqueológica en los últimos años han confirmado, modificado o refutado, según los casos, la información aportada por la tradición literaria, compleja y sesgada en virtud del poder alcanzado por estas ciudades. Se trata por lo tanto de una puesta al día de nuestros conocimientos científicos sobre el origen de estas poderosas y emblemáticas ciudades, casi siempre oscuro y teñido por el mito, hondamente arraigado en una época arcaica en la que aún era infrecuente el uso de la escritura.

- by César Fornis
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- Classical Archaeology, Sparta, Greek Myth, Roman Myth

Se pretende en el presente trabajo analizar la vinculación de la familia cartaginesa de los Bárquidas con la divinidad Heracles/Melqart y su santuario en Gadir. Esta divinidad es instrumentalizada en el marco del proyecto político de los Bárcidas con el objetivo de legitimar y sancionar sus acciones políticas, con la finalidad última de asentar su dominio en la Península Ibérica.
Heracles/Melqart actúa como soporte ideológico y propagandístico de las actuaciones de los Bárquidas, hecho que tiene su reflejo en la amonedación emitida por esta familia cartaginesa, en las cuales pretenden asimilarse a esta divinidad, y en la visita de Aníbal al santuario gaditano, centro dotado de gran poder simbólico en la antigüedad.

- by Hatin Boumehache Erjali
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- Ancient History, Ancient Religion, Herakles, Gadir

The amphorae produced in the city of Gadir from the late-archaic period until the end of Antiquity are one of the commercial transport packaging groups more intensively studied in the Iberian territory, and generally in the western Mediterranean. They have a dense historiography that dates back several decades. Typological systematization works undertaken on these amphorae from Cadiz Bay are relatively abundant, produced both before and after the Roman annexation. Among these first attempts, should be highlighted the typological approaches derived from the analysis of the material from her fish-salting factories and some of her best known pottery workshops. However, it was not until very recently (thanks to the work of J. Ramon) when these amphora types have finally being formally defined, chronologically framed and also ordered within Mediterranean range typological groups. In general, these studies have provided a satisfactory state of research for the development of historical and economic analysis in recent years. Nevertheless, the significant progresses achieved in the local pottery workshops have provided wider archaeological databases that allow adding new details and refining these proposals. Therefore, a new typology of amphorae from Cadiz Bay is presented in these pages, conceived from a local perspective, following the model pioneered by Ramon for the case of Punic Ibiza. On this basis the methodological suitability of such local systematization will be discussed, as well as its (possible) coexistence with Mediterranean-range typologies.

The interpretation of the relationship between Carthage and Gadir has varied throughout history. The first imperialist paradigm, which made the central African metropolis the owner of part of the Hispanic territory (including Gadir), was followed by those who saw Carthage as hegemonic only from the commercial point of view and even those who denied any kind of subjugation of the Hispanic city to Carthage until the landing of Amilcar Barca in 237 BC and, on the contrary, its total independence (political and economic) with respect to the latter. Although today there is a certain consensus in considering that the relations between the two cities were unequal, the crux of the matter is to elucidate to what extent the autonomy and development of the western city was compromised by Carthaginian interests and interference.

- by Antonio Saez Romero and +3
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- Ancient History, Archaeology, Maritime Archaeology, Maritime Trade Ceramics (Archaeology)

RESUMEN: Defiendo en este artículo la hipótesis de que las edificaciones levantadas por los fenicios en el extremo norte de la actual península de Cádiz, en el paso del siglo IX al VIII a.C., estuvieron fundamentalmente dedicadas a las... more

- by Aurelio Padilla-Monge
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- Gadir, Gades, Cádiz, Pre-roman Spain

Results of the excavations carried out by the University of Cadiz in the Colegio Mayor Universitario site, located in the northern island identified with the Erytheia cited by some ancient authors. A Phoenician well was partially excavated, providing a new stratigraphy for this part of the ancient settlement of Gadir, not far from the seaport channel and La Caleta area. The pottery and other remains unearthed in the well and nearby document the changes in land use operated in the western side of Erytheia island between the 7th c. BC and the early Roman stage.

- by Antonio Saez Romero and +1
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- Ancient History, Archaeology, Maritime Archaeology, History of Religion

https://revistascientificas.us.es/index.php/spal/article/view/15601/18259
In 2009-2010 several storms in the Gulf of Cadiz had a significant impact on the present-day Camposoto Beach (San Fernando, Cadiz), revealing new archaeological evidence that suggests the location in this area of a fish-processing facility and an amphorae pottery workshop dating to the Roman period, and also providing relevant information for the reconstruction of the ancient coastline. A variety of materials and remains of structures found both in Camposoto and Torregorda support the location in the area during the Roman Imperial period of some infrastructures linked to the fish salting industry of Gades. Storm events occurred in 2016-2018 have exposed much more numerous and explicit indicators of these artisanal facilities and also of the geomorphologic evolution of the shoreline in this sector. The typological analysis of the items and the anal- ysis of the landscape reveal that fish-processing facilities were located in the area since the Punic period, and that they reached a massive scale between the Late Republican era and the early Imperial period.

- by Antonio Saez Romero and +1
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- Archaeology, Maritime Archaeology, Geomorphology, Geoarchaeology

Presentamos en esta contribucion un grafito griego hallado en Ilipa (Alcala del Rio, Sevilla) que se puede interpretar como una indicacion de un cargamento de copas aticas pintadas. Centra nuestro interes el estudio del contexto arqueologico en el que se registro, los paralelos del grafito en la peninsula iberica y el papel de Gadir en la distribucion de estas importaciones en el Bajo Guadalquivir y en las costas atlanticas de Iberia y Africa, asi como la funcion de Ilipa en este mecanismo de redistribucion.
We present in this contribution a Greek graffito found in Ilipa (Alcala del Rio, Seville).It can be interpreted as an indication of a shipment of painted Attic cups. Our interestis focused on the study of the archaeological context in which it was recorded, the parallels of graphite in the Iberian Peninsula and the role of Gadir in the distribution of these imports in the Lower Guadalquivir and on the Atlantic coasts of Iberia and Africa, as well as the role of Ilipa in this redistribution mechanism.

- by Eduardo Prados Pérez and +3
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- Ancient History, Archaeology, Greek Epigraphy, Greek Archaeology

En la tradición de estudios sobre Historia Antigua de la Península Ibérica es bien conocido un llamativo episodio que relata la invención del ariete durante un asedio al que los cartagineses habrían sometido a la ciudad de Gadir. La sorprendente noticia es transmitida por Ateneo el Mecánico, poco conocido tratadista del s. I a.C., y ya en época augustea, por Vitrubio. La versión del suceso recogida en De Architectura es como sigue:

- by Manuel Álvarez-Martí-Aguilar
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- Phoenicians, Carthage (History), Gadir

Las ánforas agrupadas por Joan Ramon Torres en el grupo T-9110 (tradicionalmente conocidas como “tipo Campamentos Numantinos” por su temprana identificación en dichos contextos) comprenden en realidad diversas variantes tipológicas y métricas que hasta el momento han sido incluidas en una suerte de cajón de sastre común debido a la ausencia de estudios específicos. Se trata de una forma de ánfora dotada en todas esas variantes de cuerpos acilindrados, bocas anchas y bases planas o rehundidas que permitían su utilización sin necesidad de carretes o soportes que ayuden a mantener verticales los envases. Su definición a partir de los hallazgos del cerco numantino y de pecios como el de Illa Pedrosa han contribuido a fijar en la historiografía una visión de estos envases relacionada con la romanización inicial del sur peninsular, y sobre todo de los repertorios anfóricos de Gadir/Gades, y también con el transporte de salazones de pescado.
En las dos últimas décadas los trabajos realizados en los centros de producción del sur de Iberia y la aparición de conjuntos de envases completos procedentes de yacimientos subacuáticos han aportado datos novedosos que no sólo permiten, sino que casi obligan, a revisar las propuestas en vigor sobre el origen, evolución, características técnicas, función y proyección de esta serie anfórica. A partir de un numeroso grupo de piezas estudiadas en el Museo de Cádiz (mayoritariamente procedentes del área de La Caleta) pretendemos revisar estos aspectos con especial atención sobre el caso gaditano, proponiendo una nueva sistematización tipológica basada en una mayor diversidad de variantes morfométricas. Asimismo, serán objeto de atención el origen remoto de este concepto de ánfora cilíndrica de base plana (que no parece vinculado a las T-8211 y sí a otras series de “cerámicas comunes” más antiguas), el rico conjunto de estampillas relacionadas con estos tipos, y los procesos de producción de estos envases desde una perspectiva paleotecnológica. Además de analizar este conjunto y sus repercusiones para el caso gaditano, revisaremos también la problemática de la imitación de esta serie (o de algunos de sus formatos más exitosos) en otros focos productores de la región (costa malacitana) o del Mediterráneo (Ibiza), en el marco de la revisión de las rutas y pautas de comercialización marítimo-fluvial de estas ánforas. Se trata de un formato de anforilla que alcanzó un notable éxito sobre todo entre los siglos III-II a.C., con una amplia difusión tanto en el ámbito del Estrecho y atlántico como hacia el Mediterráneo central, por lo que la actualización de su estudio es un índice de referencia significativo de la evolución de las economías en la transición entre Cartago y Roma para el occidente del Mare Nostrum y allende las columnas.
Este trabajo y sus resultados han sido desarrollados en el marco del proyecto “Estudio de materiales fenicio-púnicos procedentes de La Caleta, depositados en el Museo de Cádiz”, dirigido por A. Higueras-Milena; y del proyecto I+D+i FEDER Andalucía 2014- 2020 “Ergasteria. Arqueología experimental y virtual para el estudio de los procesos de producción anfórica y comercialización en la Protohistoria” (Referencia: US-1266376), codirigido por A. Sáez Romero y E. Ferrer Albelda. Web: https://ergasteriaproject.com/

The far western area of the Mediterranean and its Atlantic extension beyond the legendary Stelai of Hercules were famous in Antiquity among other things for its renowned salted fish products, in addition to the maritime character of many of its cities, the frenetic activity of its ports and its skill in navigating the unexplored ocean. In this area, recent archaeological developments and the emergence of additional pathways of approach (such as Archaeo-zoology, Archaeology of Salt, etc.) have made it possible to overcome outdated debates and integrate data into a single historical discourse that gradually enables a better understanding of the archaic origins of fishing, salt-fish and preserved-fish trade by the western Phoenicians, technologies brought and improved by the first waves of Levantine settlers as well as potter’s wheel or complex kilns, intensive farming, etc. This industrial activity linked to fish processing, pottery production and commerce expanded greatly from 6th/5t...

El Museo de Cádiz guarda entre sus fondos una importante colección de moneda que permanece prácticamente inédita, ya que salvo las piezas de Gadir recogidas por Alfaro en el estudio monográfico de la ceca y alguna otra publicación puntual de los fondos numismáticos de esta institución gaditana, el resto del numerario no ha sido estudiado. con motivo de un proyecto de investigación concedido por la Junta de andalucía hemos llevado a cabo la catalogación de las monedas de época antigua conservadas en el museo, lo que nos ha permitido estudiar un significativo número de acuñaciones fenicio-púnicas, tanto de cecas hispánicas como foráneas, la mayoría procedentes de diferentes excavaciones arqueológicas realizadas en la provincia de Cádiz.

- by Alicia Arévalo González
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- Numismatics, Gadir, Gades, Coins

Amphorae and the remains of their production sites are some of the most important archaeological indicators commonly used to approach to ancient economies, trading routes and commercialized products. Literary sources, on the contrary, provide limited information about these issues. Therefore the detailed analysis of archaeological remains or the preserved literary evidence cannot make possible to identify a significant part of the commodities traded. We focus on a particular case study, the Punic bay of Cadiz and the Strait of Gibraltar region between the 6th and the 3rd centuries BC. The main goal is to de ne the historical development of trading fluxes and routes will be considered, paying attention to the relation of the western Punic region with both the Atlantic and Carthage and the Punic Central Mediterranean.

- by Antonio Saez Romero
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- Ancient History, Classical Archaeology, Maritime Archaeology, Classics

Mediterranean trade with the communities of Northwest Iberia is a historical phenomenon that has received some attention from academics only in the past two decades, despite the relatively frequent findings of products of Mediterranean origin or from the area of the Strait of Gibraltar in contexts of the Late Iron Age. Recently, the “La Ruta de las Estrimnides. Mediterranean trade and interculturality in the northwest of Iberia” (HAR2015-68310-P) project aimed to systematically study these southern materials in order to include them in a spatial and temporal context, as well as in an economic and commercial structure: navigation routes, scales, rhythms and frequency of travel, products that circulated in both directions and, above all, control mechanisms and power groups, direct or indirect, involved in this movement of people, products and ideas.

Este Trabajo Fin de Grado tiene como principal cometido la realización de un catálogo de representaciones figurativas consideradas divinas de la antigua Gadir, al que acompañan un análisis tanto iconográfico como iconológico de las piezas, clasificadas según sus contextos de hallazgo. Asimismo, exponemos el estado de la cuestión sobre la religiosidad de la Gadir fenicia y aportamos un Anexo con las fichas descriptivas de las imágenes.

- by Alicia Arévalo González
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- Archaeology of salt, Ancient jewellery, Ancient Metallurgy, Gadir

En este artículo se exponen los resultados de la actividad arqueológica preventiva consistente en el control de los movimientos de tierra realizados en el solar 49-51 de la calle San Rafael en Cádiz. Los trabajos arqueológicos han permitido realizar una aproximación a la evolución histórica de la ciudad de Cádiz y del Canal Bahía-Caleta en particular.

- by Juan Miguel Pajuelo Sáez
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- Phoenicians, Fenicios, Gadir, Gades

En esta comunicación presentamos los resultados del Proyecto de Investigación La ruta de la Estrímnides. Comercio mediterráneo e interculturalidad en el noroeste de Iberia (HAR2015-68310-P). La principal aportación es la revisión de los contextos arqueológicos de varios castros (Toralla, A Lanzada, Boiro, Chandebrito, etc.) y de los materiales de importación registrados, especialmente los cerámicos, y entre ellos las ánforas, que nos han permitido establecer las fases y los ritmos del comercio, el origen de estos materiales, los productos demandados, los principales agentes implicados en las transacciones y los fenómenos de interculturalidad entre los agentes mediterráneos y las comunidades locales.

- by Antonio Saez Romero and +2
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- Archaeology, Maritime Archaeology, Maritime History, Atlantic World

García Vargas, E., Sáez Romero, A. (2018): “Todo el pescado vendido. Una lectura cuantitativa de la producción púnica y romana de ánforas, sal y salazones en la Bahía de Cádiz”, J. Remesal, V. Revilla, J. M. Bermúdez ,(eds.), Cuantificar... more

- by Enrique García Vargas and +1
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- Roman Republic, Roman Economy, Romanisation, Acculturation and 'Romanisation'

We propose a new interpretation of Justin’s (44.5) passage on Carthaginian rule in the Iberian Peninsula. This passage wouldn’t begin with the foundation of Gadir, but of a colony by the Gaditanians, with the participation of the temple of Melqart of Tyre. We identify that colony with Carteia, founded in the second quarter of the 4th century BC with the intervention of the tyrian Melqart as archegetes. This episode allows for a better understanding of the relationships within a network of communities that recognise Tyre as their motherland and that are bound by kinship ties through the figure of Melqart. Carthaginian military aid to Gadir, in mid-4th century BC, should be explained within this network. In addition, this reading confirms the Carthaginian establishment of some territorial dominions in the Iberian Peninsula before the Barcids, which leads us to date Atlantic explorations such as Hanno and Himilco’s in the second half of the 4th century BC.

The use of marine shells of the genus Charonia for the production of sounds both in ritual contexts and in multiple scopes of the societies of the Ancient World is well attested by archaeological and written sources in many areas of the Mediterranean. However, this pattern seems to have remained almost unnoticed until present in the western basin (also including the Atlantic coast), with scarce mention in the Graeco-Latin authors and even more exiguous archaeological remains. In this paper we will review this information will present new archaeological data on the presence of Triton Shell horns in several Phoenician-Punic contexts attested in the Straits of Gibraltar area. These new finds come mostly from precisely stratified deposits, that have provided important data concerning the functionalities of these shells. In this sense, we will make special emphasis on the multifunctionality that these items could have had in the Punic western Mediterranean area, both for ritual (domestic cults) and economic (essentially salt-fish factories) purposes.

- by Antonio Saez Romero
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- Classical Archaeology, Zooarchaeology, Archaeomalacology, Phoenicians

Necrópolis, monedas y ritos en Gadir El estudio de la moneda en contexto funerario ha sido relegado tradicionalmente a un segundo plano en la investigación. Las monedas han sido consideradas simplemente como parte del ajuar del difunto, siendo en muchas ocasiones únicamente enumeradas en los informes arqueológicos, sin ofrecer suficientes datos sobre las mismas, como su datación, descripción o contextualización en relación con la tumba y el difunto. La interpretación de su significado profundo presenta los mismos problemas; son a menudo relacionadas directamente con el mito del «óbolo de Caronte», sin mayor profundización. Así, hasta el presente no existe un estudio pormenorizado centrado en catalogar, sistematizar y relacionar en contexto las monedas procedentes de la necrópolis gaditana. Este vacío en la investigación está siendo subsanado en la actualidad a iniciativa de la Dra.