Human Eating Behaviours Research Papers (original) (raw)

Fasting is a common phenomenon and can either be intended or unintended. It can be self-imposed in the case of extreme dieting, religious fasts, and chaotic work schedules. It can be medically-imposed in the case of fasting before blood draws or surgery. In extreme cases, it can be caused by external circumstances such as food shortages, natural disasters, or poverty.
Food deprivation has been shown to alter the quantity of food people but or consume. However, little attention has been given to how fasting affects the composition of people's food choices. Do people simply buy more when they are food deprived, or do they specifically increase purchases of high-calorie, relative to low calorie, foods?
There is some reason to suspect that shifts in food purchases following deprivation would favor high-calorie foods. That is, fasting has been shown to increase brain reactivity to particular types of food over others. Fasting subjects showed increased activation in brain areas associated with reward, including the ventral striatum, amygdala, anterior insula, and medial and lateral orbiofrontal cortex (OFC), in response to high-calorie, vs. low-calorie, foods.
If one;s physiological reactivity to high-calorie foods is increased following fasting, it may well be that people would also choose more of those foods relative to low-calorie foods. Indeed, a recent lunchtime dining study demonstrated a shift towards more high-calorie options following 18-hour fasts. Such fasts may not be frequent or regular, but short periods of deprivation - such as skipping a meal - are fairly common. If shifts towards a higher-calorie shopping basket occur even with short-term deprivation, this would increase the importance of such findings for a wide number of groups ranging from meal-skipping dieters to overworked residents.

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- Obesity, Human Eating Behaviours, Fasting

Resumo Com base em delineamento descritivo e exploratório, objetivou-se avaliar indicadores emocionais (si-nais de estresse, ansiedade e depressão) e de enfrentamento (coping) em sete gestantes adultas com Diabetes Mellitus e relato de práticas de picamalácia. A prática de picamalácia na gestação atual foi identifi cada por meio de entrevista validada, antes das participantes responderem aos instrumentos para avaliação psicológica: (a) Inventário de sinais e sintomas de stress de Lipp (ISSL), para avaliar estresse; (b) Escalas BECK, Inventário BAI e BDI, para avaliar ansiedade e depressão; (c) Escalas Modos de En-frentamento de Problemas (EMEP), para identifi cas estratégias de enfrentamento frente ao estresse; e (d) Roteiro de entrevista elaborado para pesquisa. As gestantes foram entrevistadas individualmente e seu relato foi analisado em macro-categorias pela metodologia de Bardin. Indicadores de estresse, ansiedade e depressão foram encontrados em todas as gestantes e as práticas de picamalácia mais referidas foram pagofagia (30,8%) e ingestão de fruta com sal (30,8%). Todas as gestantes apresentavam em comum uma sensação de satisfação após a prática da picamalácia. Tendo em vista possíveis associações entre este transtorno alimentar e desfechos desfavoráveis, considera-se importante investigar a picamalacia a fi m de propor uma assistência pré-natal mais efetiva na melhora da saúde da díade mãe-fi lho.

- by Laila Akerman
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- Psychology, Clinical Psychology, Developmental Psychology, Eating Disorders

The purpose of this study is to determine changes and reasons for eating behaviors of first-year university students after starting university. Using an eating behavior scale, we asessed the eating behavior before and after commencing university of 330 first year undergraduates who study in Ankara. 84.6% of the students who stated that they had changed their eating behaviors who live away from their family. It has been determined that the majority of the students who change their eating behaviors (77.6%) were experiencing negative change. The students stated that the reasons for the negative change life are generally “not suitable foods for their eating behaviours, not being the one that prepares meals and not have enough time to eat”. It was seen that the scores of the eating behavior of students after started to university were affected significantly residence and department of students (p<0.05).Students who studied in health-related departments and stayed with their parents have increased their average scores after they started at the university. Gaining and maintaining healthy eating behaviours is very important for university students who are the future of society. Therefore, interventions should be made to correct the factors that affect the eating behaviors of university students in the negative way. In addition, nutrition education programs aimed at improving healthy eating behaviors of students should be organized. Keywords: Eating Behavior, University Students, Change

- by Eunice Y Chen
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- Psychology, Eating Disorders, Emotion Regulation, Body Image

This paper addresses two questions: (1) How does the visibility and convenience of a hedonic food influence one's consumption, and (2) how do these factors influence one's estimate of how much he or she had consumed? Both questions have important implications for clinicians and for the nutritionally concerned. Answering the first question will show the extent to which two environmental factors (visibility and convenience) influence consumption. Answering the second will show the extent to which consumers overestimate or underestimate the influence of these factors. This is important in helping individuals monitor consumption patterns of which they may be unaware.

Pro-ana jest manifestem postmodernistycznej młodzieży, która pragnie negocjować znaczenia – uznanych za monolityczne – pojęć, takich jak zdrowie. Pro-ana zarysowuje zatem nową przestrzeń dla rozważań o zdrowiu. Zdrowie, dla przedstawicielek tego ruchu, staje się kategorią relatywną – to co tradycyjnie jawiło się jako bezwzględnie niezdrowe (stąd niepożądane), w warunkach pro-any staje się oznaką dobrostanu. Celem tekstu jest ukazanie, jak zwolenniczki pro-any negocjują znaczenia zdrowia i rozpatrzenie tego zagadnienia w kontekście teorii postmodernistycznej.

- by Uwe Herwig
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- Emotion, Human Eating Behaviours, FMRI, Healthy Eating

Even though eating disorder have become a common issue, looking at the historical records we could understand that it has been around for quite some time. The earliest historical record about eating disorder dates to the Hellenistic and medieval times. But back then it was more of a spiritual purification done by denying the physical needs rather than a disorder. Thus, it was focused on spiritual purity explained by holiness instead of drive for thinness. The first incidents of self-starvation were recorded during the times there were teachings about purity through self-starvation in Gnostic philosophy and Christianity which promoted similar concepts such as holiness of souls, material world, etc. The influence of these teachings was great to the extent that a roman girl died of self-starvation following these principles. (Pamela K. Keel, 2017) During the times of medieval period, especially 13th-16th centuries this situation became more common. There is a chance of collecting various evidences of extreme practice of such rituals. There was more feminine approach to these rituals and was often seen among the female nuns. One of the significant examples of self-starvation as a Christian ritual is the case of Saint Catherina from Siena. It is said that, she has given up her food for a long time and toward the end of her life she refused to consume anything other than the consecrated Host (sacramental bread) given to her as part of the daily Eucharist. She died at the age of 33 due to many complications of health. Few other notable cases of this period are Marie of Oignies, Wilgefortis of Portugal, Columba of Rieti, There se Neumann. (Pamela K. Keel, 2017) These fasting habits seen in women of religious community was later k referred to as "holy anorexia" or "anorexia mirabilis". But these cases of self-starvation were not always portrayed as acts of holiness itself. Most of these cases were ascribed to demonic act and was often these women were believed to be suspicious. When moving forward to the Renaissance period self-starvation was a mix of both spiritual and material beliefs. With time, restriction of food intake moved away from religious ideologies and more towards body image. The feminine beauty started to be portrayed deeply connected with the figure and the ideal lady appearance switched from rounded figure to a slim and slender appearance. Even aesthetics such as arts and literature began promoting this image. Soon this slender appearance became an upper-class statement and measurement of prosperity and efficiency. (Pamela K. Keel, 2017)

- by DMBK SHASHENDRA
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- Abnormal Psychology, Clinical Psychology, Health Psychology, Eating Disorders

The effect of shapes on area perceptions have been widely investigated. This re-inquiry replicates, extends, and generalizes one of the few studies to relate the effects of shapes to consumption volumes (Raghubir and Krishna 1999). While Raghubir and Krishna demonstrate the effect of the elongation of pre-poured drinks on consumption volume, we have people pour their own drinks in a series of controlled field experiments. Two experiments in cafeterias show both children and adults pour and consume more juice when given a short, wide glass compared to those given a tall, narrow glass, but they perceive the opposite to be true. We conclude the elongation of glasses negatively influences consumption volume in a single-serving context. A third potentially relevant study conducted with Philadelphia bartenders and liquor shows that the effect of elongation is moderated - but not eliminated - with pouring experience.

- by Brian Wansink
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- Visual perception, Human Eating Behaviours, Elongation

Binge eating patients present lower physical activity levels, which could be associated with lower exercise capacity. Specific physical activity can ensure broad beneficial results relating to eating disorders, depression, and body mass index (BMI) in bulimia; however, research on binge eating disorder (BED) is scarce. Our study aimed to investigate the effects of specific training as an addition to conventional treatment of eating disorder symptoms, anthropometric characteristics, and physical performance. Nineteen women with BED were included in a dietary and cognitive-behavioral therapy program. After medical examination, 10 women carried out Combined Aerobic and Anaerobic Exercise Training in addition to conventional treatment (CAAET group), whereas the remaining 9 followed the conventional treatment alone (CTRL group). All of the measurements were assessed before and after six months of treatment. In both groups, we observed a significant decrease in binge episodes, weight, and...

- by Lucia Castelli
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- Psychology, Clinical Psychology, Sport Psychology, Health Psychology

В статье проанализированы ключевые элементы структуры традиционного застолья – его начало и завершение, с опорой на русский материал и славянские параллели из источников XIX — XX века, выделены семантически и символически нагруженные элементы (первый и последний кусок пищи и глоток ритуального напитка, фольклорные тексты и молитвы, начинающие и завершающие застолье, шутки и развлечения за столом и др.).

This article uses ‘food selfies’ posted on social media as a means of exploring the changing spatio-temporal characteristics of eating practices. It is inspired by a research that views the digital practice of posting food selfies on social media as a complex socio-cultural phenomenon. In this research, images of food and eating or ‘food selfies’, posted on Facebook were used to follow the eating practices of university students on and off campus. This article argues that such digital methods not only offer an innovative means of capturing social practices in motion, but they also reveal hidden or ignored aspects of practices that may not be evident from conventional methods. In particular, it argues that the affordances of social media platforms such as Facebook enable privileged access to people’s everyday social practices. The article proposes that such digital practices provide an on-going method of research that may offer institutions access to real time and archival data that is neither spatially nor temporally constrained

The nutritional intake during young adulthood supports the maintenance of physical health, impacts risk for future disease, and plays a role in the prevention of excess weight gain. According to the Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (2013), Czech Republic ranks as the fattest country in Europe, based on the prevalence of obesity among adults. Around 28.7% of the adult population is considered obese, and this number is projected to rise according with the European Association for the Study of Obesity (EASO) in 2030. Currently young people’s health is receiving more attention because of alarming data regarding risk factor such obesity prevalence. Identifying people at greater risk of developing obesity is important for the development of effective public health strategies to prevent and treat excess weight gain and its associated co-morbidities. The presented study was conducted to describe food-preparation behaviors, cooking skills, resources for preparing food...

- by Dastan Bamwesigye
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- Obesity, Human Eating Behaviours, Medicine, Young Adults

A obesidade tem sido considerada uma das doenças mais sérias e de mais rápida disseminação em países desenvolvidos . Um terço da população adulta nos Estados Unidos está obesa , e no Brasil, onde até recentemente esta condição não era considerada epidêmica, 17,5% da população adulta já é obesa e cerca de 50 % está acima do peso, segundo o Ministério da Saúde. De forma geral o tratamento da obesidade mórbida costuma ser frustrante e atualmente a cirurgia bariátrica é considerada o único tratamento efetivo e duradouro para estes casos.
Uma quantidade substancial de transtornos psiquiátricos ou perfis psicológicos anormais acomete os candidatos à cirurgia bariátrica, aumentando o risco de desfechos pós-operatórios desfavoráveis, que variam desde a perda de peso abaixo da esperada ou o reganho precoce de peso, até a piora da condição psiquiátrica ou psicológica de base.
Embora avaliações psiquiátricas e psicológicas já façam parte da rotina da maioria dos serviços de cirurgia bariátrica, elas se concentram mais na verificação da capacidade do paciente tomar uma decisão responsável e compreender/seguir as orientações médicas (o “laudo tradicional”) do que nas múltiplas interações entre psicopatologia e a evolução do tratamento cirúrgico da obesidade, um terreno no qual há pouco ou nenhum consenso entre os especialistas. Da mesma forma, os critérios psiquiátricos para a contraindicação do tratamento cirúrgico para a obesidade costumam incluir casos graves de alcoolismo ou uso de drogas ilícitas, sintomas ativos de esquizofrenia e retardo mental severo, mas as condutas envolvendo a grande maioria dos candidatos à cirurgia com alguma comorbidade psiquiátrica, que abrange portadores de transtornos do humor, transtornos ansiosos, transtornos do comportamento alimentar e história de ideação e/ou tentativa de suicídio, para citar apenas alguns, são muito variáveis.
O presente texto tem por objetivo revisar e discutir as relações entre psicopatologia e tratamento cirúrgico da obesidade e se concentra em questões como até que ponto variáveis psicológicas e psiquiátricas influenciam a perda ou o reganho de peso após a cirurgia bariátrica, quais as chances da cirurgia bariátrica piorar ou melhorar condições psiquiátricas pré-existentes ou deflagrar sintomas psiquiátricos em quem nunca os teve e quais seriam as contraindicações psiquiátricas relativas e absolutas para a cirurgia bariátrica.

- by Hélio Tonelli
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- Bariatric Surgery, Human Eating Behaviours, Binge-eating Disorders, Obesidade

Данная статья посвящена раскрытию психологического взгляда на формирование пищевых нарушений. В статье представлены теории пищевого поведения, классификация нарушений пищевого поведения, а также психологические особенности людей с нарушениями пищевого поведения. Представлен теоретический анализ диагностических критериев и методов исследования пищевого поведения.

The aim of this study is to find out how body image disturbance and perfectionism causes eating disorders symptomology among young women in Karachi. The sample for this study consists of 127 women aged from 18 to 25 years. These may include women studying in different university. A quantitative approach is used for this study. Three scales used for this purpose are: Eating Attitude Test – 26 by Garne & Garfinkel, Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale by Hewitt et al and The Body Shape Questionnaire by Cooper et al. There were six hypothesis for this research; (1) There will be a significant relationship between body image and symptoms of eating disorders among young women and high body distortion will predict higher levels of ED symptoms was proven: (R = 0.623``, P = 0.000), (2) There will be a significant relationship between perfectionism and symptoms of eating disorder among young women was disproved: (R = 0.107, P > 0.05), (3) Women who live in joint family will have greater symptoms of eating disorder was not supported: β = 0.105, t (127) = 1.182, p > 0.00. Family structure has no significant proportion of variance for eating disorder symptoms R2 = 0.011, F (127) = 1.398, (p > 0.00), and (6) Women with higher family income will have greater symptoms of eating disorder was disproved: β = 0.108, t (127) = 1.213, p > 0.00. Monthly income has no significant proportion of variance for eating symptomology R2 = 0.012, F (127) = 1.471, (p > 0.00). Implications of the study include helping young women who are at the risk of having eating disorders and to increase their body satisfaction and reduce the influence of media and other social factors so that they could live their life to its full potential and avoid other disorders that are initiated through eating disorders.
Key Words: Body Image, Perfectionism, Eating Disorder.

- by Ambreen Zulfiqar
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- Psychology, Clinical Psychology, Health Psychology, Mental Health

Objective: It is often believed that people overeat the foods they like.We investigated whether environmental cues such as packaging and container size are so powerful that they can increase our intake of foods that are less palatable.
Design, Setting, and Participants: In a 2 × 2 between-subjects design, 158 moviegoers in Philadelphia (57.6% male; 28.7 years) were randomly given a medium (120 g) or a large (240 g) container of free popcorn that was either fresh or stale (14 days old). Following the movie, consumption measures were taken, along with measures of perceived taste.
Outcome Measures and Results: Moviegoers who were given fresh popcorn ate 45.3% more popcorn when it was given to them in large containers.This container-size influence is so powerful that even when the popcorn was disliked , people still ate 33.6% more popcorn when eating from a large container than from a medium-size container.
Conclusions and Implications: Even when foods are not palatable, large packages and containers can lead to overeating. The silver lining of these findings may be that portion size can also be used to increase the consumption of less preferred healthful foods, such as raw vegetables.

- by Brian Wansink
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- Environmental Psychology, Human Eating Behaviours, Freshness, Popcorn
- by Jessica Boyce
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- Psychology, Human Eating Behaviours, Natural Disasters

Se presenta un análisis crítico de la investigación tradicional sobre la influencia social en la regulación alimentaria y se presentan los lineamientos de una alternativa basada en una aproximación molar.

- by Ricardo Pérez-Almonacid
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- Human Eating Behaviours

TWO hundred and thirty-five adolescents completed a questionnaire on the subject of eating attitudes. self-esteem. reasons for exercise. and their ideal versus current body size and shape. As predicted, boys were as likely to want to be heavier as lighter, whereas very few girls desired to be heavier. Only girls associated body dissatisfaction with the concept of self-esteem. Male self-esteem was not affected by body dissatisfaction. Specific reasons for exercise were found to correlate with low self-esteem and disordered eating, regardless of sex. The results are discussed in relation to burgeoning published research in this area.

- by Dr. Rukhsar Javeed
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- Psychology, Clinical Psychology, Social Psychology, Educational Psychology
- by Brian Wansink
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- Japanese, Food and Nutrition, China, Human Eating Behaviours
- by Tri Yeli
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- Human Eating Behaviours

Social eating initiatives are a mode of food provisioning and eating that have become increasingly popular in the UK. These organisations provide a menu of low-cost meals prepared using food surpluses and deliberately serve food communally to improve social inclusion. Although these community initiatives have grown rapidly in popularity, research into their value from the perspective of participants is currently limited. This article presents data from a concurrent multi-method study conducted across multiple sites of the Nottingham Social Eating Network to explain the emergence of these novel social configurations. The results show this form of commen-sality, or group eating practice, is not simply a consequence of reducing food waste or food insecurity. Instead these initiatives are enacted through a series of intersecting social practices, which include: the restructuration of the shared mealtime; alimentary contribution; and performances of care. The findings provide important insights into the values expressed in these emergent initiatives and are therefore useful for framing social eating in public policy.

- by John Harvey
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- Sociology, Social Movements, Anthropology, Social Sciences

Plate shapes and package sizes, lighting and layout, color and convenience: these are a few of hidden persuaders that can contribute to how much food a person eats. This review first posits that these environmental factors influence eating because they increase consumption norms and decrease consumption monitoring. Second, it suggests that simply increasing awareness and offering nutrition education will be disappointingly ineffective in changing mindless eating. Third, promising pilot results from the National Mindless Eating Challenge provide insights into helping move from mindless eating to mindlessly eating better.

- by Brian Wansink
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- Consumption, Human Eating Behaviours, Portion Size, Dietary Guidelines

The aim of the work is to present selected issues related to the table culture of Silesian burghers in the late Middle Ages and early modern times, through the analysis of artifacts made of materials commonly used in that period, such as ceramics, wood, metal and glass. The analysis was based mainly on archaeological sources, which were described in detail and illustrated in the catalog. In addition, writing materials and iconographic relics were used as auxiliary sources. The dissertation takes into account the changes in tableware, the issue of washing hands, the content of ideological artifacts, commercial contacts and social diversity, as well as changes in customs in the culture of the table.

- by Jakub Szajt
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- Archaeology, Medieval Archaeology, Human Eating Behaviours, Archeologia

O artigo se dedica a investigar a apropriação do conceito "Comida de Verdade" pela gigante da industria alimentícia, Sadia

The manuscript is simply discussing several forms of adverse childhood experiences (ACE) and their negative impact on children. ACE may contribute to the development of eating disorders (ED) that mostly appear during adolescence, and if untreated earlier, children will suffer ED chronically. Undoubtedly, we are humans that make mistakes, and such mistakes may be stressful to others. Also, life is not so easy; it involves difficulties as well as enjoyment. Thus, in this study, the author analyzed the stressful conditions that occur in childhood and their negative impact on human behaviour that can be developed into many disorders such as eating disorders, obsessive-compulsive disorders, and others. The author used the methodology of searching articles published between 1990 and till present. The authors investigated the factors that play a role in the appearance of such disorders such as culture, media, genetics, upbringing, environment, peers, school, and others. The severity of disorders depends on the intensity, harshness, and frequency of ACE. Moreover, the relative relationship between the child and the one who harmed him plays a significant role in the severity of disorders. Studies proved that treatment of disorders is not impossible, and relief can occur.

- by Texila International Journal and +1
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- Eating Disorders, Human Eating Behaviours, Early Childhood, Academic research

By 2001, the internet was a typical part of American homes and the everyday lives of young people. Using new services like Yahoo! Groups, teenagers were able to gather together and explore deviant identities and pathologies without the interference of doctors and parents. Out of this milieu came a religious devotion to anorexia called ‘pro-ana’. This faith started with a cult to the new deity of starvation Anamadim, then moved on to the goddess Ana and her famine creeds, then finally the casting of emoji spells for rapid weight loss. In this presentation, I explore pro-ana faiths as a kind of NRM created by minors rather than enforced upon them by birth or family conversion. Study of the religious dimensions of pro-ana reveals a group of vulnerable young people with a deep wish to transform, vanish, or reach a higher form of existence via an emaciated body and the rejection of conventional nutrition. While this is a fairly common pattern in world-renouncing movements, it forms an interesting example of children as perpetrators of religious scandal rather than as passive victims of adult behaviour or ideology.

- by Zoe Alderton
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- Religion, New Religious Movements, Sociology of Food and Eating, Eating Disorders
- by Daryl O'Connor
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- Health Psychology, Obesity, Health Behaviour Change, Health Behaviors

A obesidade é um sério problema de saúde pública. Um terço da população adulta nos Estados Unidos sofre com ela, e no Brasil, onde até recentemente esta condição não era considerada epidêmica, 17,5% da população adulta é obesa e cerca de 50 % está acima do peso, segundo o Ministério da Saúde . Múltiplas influências obesogênicas estão por trás da epidemia de obesidade dos grandes centros urbanos e alguns fatores tornam esta condição clínica um desafio para os profissionais envolvidos na sua compreensão e tratamento. Entre elas temos, em um nível fisiológico, a complexidade dos mecanismos centrais e periféricos de controle do comportamento alimentar e do gasto energético e, em um nível comportamental, as diferenças individuais na susceptibilidade às oportunidades ambientais para comer. Este capítulo tem por objetivo discutir os circuitos neuro-humorais associados à alimentação hedônica e homeostática, suas relações, e as razões por trás de suas disfunções levando a ganho de peso, particularmente as alterações inflamatórias associadas à obesidade.

- by Hélio Tonelli
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- Bariatric Surgery, Obesity, Eating Disorders, Human Eating Behaviours

In unserer heutigen Gesellschaft reden wir mehr über Ernährung und Mahlzeiten als
uns bewusst ist. Wir reden um den heißen Brei, beißen in den sauren Apfel, bekommen
Extrawürste, geben Butter bei die Fische und haben uns zum Fressen gern. Dass
nicht allein diese sprachlichen Ausdrücke Beweis dafür sind, wie allgegenwärtig wir uns
mit dem Thema Essen im Alltag beschäftigen, möchte ich mit dieser Arbeit aufzeigen.
Es ist an der Zeit, über den Tellerrand zu schauen.
Obgleich ihm aufgrund seiner biologischen Selbstverständlichkeit oftmals zu wenig Bedeutung
beigemessen wird, beinhaltet kaum ein anderer Aspekt menschlichen Habitus
eine derart große Deutungsvielfalt wie das Ernährungsverhalten. So banal wie es für
viele auch scheinen mag, Essen dient weitaus mehr als nur den Zwecken der Lebenserhaltung,
Sättigung oder der Stimulation unserer Geschmackssinne: Essen bestimmt
wer wir sind. Jedes Element seiner Ausprägung trägt Bedeutung, die es gilt zu verstehen.
Was wir essen, aus welchem Grund wir essen, in welcher Situation und in welchem
Umfeld wir es tun – all diese Faktoren kontextualisieren den Vorgang der Nahrungsaufnahme
und machen ihn zu einer Praktik, die Aufschlüsse über das individuelle
Wesen eines jeden Menschen gibt. Die Allgegenwärtigkeit des Themas Essen in Form
von Diätenwahn, Nahrungsmittelknappheit oder medialen Kochevents hat in den letzten
Jahren dazu geführt, dass sich das gesellschaftliche Interesse mehr und mehr auf
den Themenkomplex Essen konzentriert. Der öffentliche Diskurs über Ernährung, Kochen
und Körperkult ist aus dem Alltag des 21. Jahrhunderts nicht wegzudenken. Denn
Essen erfüllt weit komplexere Bedürfnisse als lediglich jene der Nahrungsmittelzufuhr.
Es schafft und stärkt menschliche Bindungen, liefert den Wesenskern für diverse Gemeinschaftsaktivitäten,
entscheidet über Gruppenzugehörigkeiten, liefert Kenntnisse
über Status, Identität und Gefühlslage eines Individuums. Es belohnt und bestraft, es
hält den Menschen am Leben.
Um dieser Komplexität und Vielschichtigkeit der Materie Essen gerecht zu werden und
sie ausreichend erforschen zu können, bedarf es der Expertise verschiedenster Disziplinen
der Natur- und Geisteswissenschaften. Diese Arbeit konzentriert sich jedoch ver2
mehrt auf Erkenntnisse und Forschungsergebnisse geisteswissenschaftlicher Disziplinen.
Der spezielle Fokus der Betrachtung liegt außerdem auf gegenwärtigen westlichen
Ernährungsweisen und Trends, da ein derart ausführlicher Diskurs nur dort möglich
ist, wo Wohlstand und Sättigung herrschen.

In this book an international group of authors explores the extent of and the socio-cultural factors underlying the ascendancy of eating disorders in some countries of the Mediterranean area in our own time. The recent emergence of eating disorders in various areas of the world has inspired the idea to bring together and coordinate a group of Mediterranean researchers who had already explored the socio-cultural correlates of eating disorders in their own countries, such as Portugal, Spain, Italy, Croatia, Greece, Turkey, Israel, and Egypt. The book’s aim is to portray a general picture of this kind of research to account properly for the extent of and the factors involved in the emergence of eating disorders in this specific geographical area.

Objective: To identify barriers to recommended dietary adherence in patients with type 2 diabetes. Design: Observational cross-sectional study. Sample: One hundred-forty six overweight/obese volunteers with type 2 diabetes, who had previously received dietary advice for at least one year, were recruited from two diabetes clinics in Tabriz, northwest of Iran. Measurements: A 24-item questionnaire was designed to assess dietary barriers. The validity and reliability of the questionnaire were assessed by Content Validity Index, Content Validity Ratio and Cronbach's alpha, respectively. An exploratory factor analysis with principal component analysis extraction and varimax rotation was utilized in order to extract the underlying factors of dietary nonadherence. Results: Factor analysis yielded seven barrier factors including: situational barriers/difficulty resisting temptation [percent variance = 11.64%], stress-related eating disorder/cost [percent variance = 9.11%], difficulty with meal and snack plans [percent variance = 8.76%], confusion [percent variance = 8.45%], work-related issues [percent variance = 7.72%], small portion size [percent variance = 6.87%] and lack of palatability/family support [percent variance = 6.78%]. These factors explained about 59.4% of the total variance. Conclusions: Overall, patients with type 2 diabetes perceived some barriers to recommended dietary adherence. In dietary counseling, considering and addressing these barriers will likely be effective in increasing the dietary adherence for patients with type 2 diabetes in Iran.

- by Faranak Halali and +1
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- Obesity, Human Eating Behaviours, Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Attachment styles and eating disorders: The combined effect of mothers’ and fathers’ mental states
Grazia Attili, Lorenza Di Pentima, Alessandro Toni & Antonio Roazzi
Till now results concerning associations between eating disorders and attachment styles are very inconsistent. Furthermore the distinction between restricting and purging anorexia, bulimia, and binge eating disorder seldom has been taken into consideration. Rarely it was studied the link between patients’ and their parents’ IWMs, and in no research work the match between the IWMs of patients’ mothers and fathers has ever been considered. The present study was designed to address these points. Results show a prevalence of ambivalent and avoidant IWMs in patients and their mothers, of avoidant ones in fathers, with disorganization more present in clinical population than in controls. In some cases fathers were predominant caregivers. It appears that patients were experiencing dysfunctional rearing styles by both their parents. A great mismatch between fathers’ and mothers’ IWMs was also found, mainly in restricting anorexia. Implications of an intergenerational transmission of attachment for clinical psychology are discussed.
Keywords: intergenerational transmission of attachment, eating disorders, anorexia, bulimia, role of mothers and fathers.

- by Grazia Attili and +1
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- Eating Disorders, Human Eating Behaviours, Adult attachment, Attachment

Down syndrome, which is one of the most common chromosal disorders, is caused by an extra chromosome in the 21st chromosome pair of people as a result of genetic irregularity. The attitudes of individuals with Down syndrome towards nutritional behavior were examined and interview technique, one of the qualitative research methods, was used in this study. 20 individuals with a diagnosis of Down syndrome between the ages of 14-36, who live in the city of Denizli and who have the capacity to answer the questions asked to them, participated in the study. 80% of the individuals included in the research have above normal body mass index, 65% are in the category of slightly fat and 15% are in the category of fat. When the findings related to the nutritional habits of individuals were examined, it was seen that 85% of the individuals had 3 meals, 10% of the individuals had 5 meals and 5% of the individuals had 4 meals. This shows that none of the individuals skipped meals. When the participants were asked, "Are you trying not to eat some foods because they cause you to gain weight?" All of the responses from the participants were "No, I cannot give up, because I love to eat". This situation supports the fact that individuals included in the research could not control their weight. This result shows that the individuals included in the research do not have the knowledge that obesity may threaten their health. For this reason, it is essential to educate these individuals about nutrition. Nutrition education should be given both to individuals with down syndrome and their parents.

- by Esradeniz Doğan
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- Nutrition, Gastronomy, Obesity, Human Eating Behaviours

À la lumière d'une enquête anthropologique, cet article interroge les représentations qui gravitent autour de l'association entre yoga et végétarisme, laquelle renvoie à des motivations classiques en faveur du végétarisme dans le contexte contemporain. En revanche, ces descriptions laissent apparaître aussi des spécificités propres au yoga (attention corporelle, adoption de valeurs) et concernent toutes les personnes qui s'engagent dans un processus de transformation de soi et/ou dans une « quête spirituelle ». L'alimentation induit des actions sur soi qui participent à un idéal de contrôle de soi et à un processus de subjectivation qui permet au pratiquant de se reconnaître et d'être reconnu comme passionné du yoga.
Abstract: In light of an anthropological investigation, this article explores the representations that revolve

- by Caroline Nizard
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- Anthropology, Social Representations, Human Eating Behaviours, Health

Guided food tours of Israeli Jews to Palestinian towns in Israel are increasing in popularity in recent years. Indeed, the relations between Jews and Palestinians in Israel are often negotiated through the plate, and such food tours allow these relationships to be examined by both local Palestinian hosts and their Israeli-Jewish guests. In this article, I argue that food tours in Palestinian towns in Israel allow Palestinian citizens of Israel to express controversial sociopolitical messages and discuss them with Israeli-Jewish participants thanks to the unique characteristics of food tourism: a multisensory experience for tourists that creates value for the destination and its residents. I demonstrate how the practice of exploring and blurring symbolic boundaries through these tours creates a space that facilitates the delivery of explicit and implicit messages regarding civil rights issues, and even highly explosive topics such as national identity. The innocuous and ostensibly apolitical nature of food allows Israeli-Jewish tourists to come to terms, at least to a certain extent, with messages that may contradict some of the significant Zionist-Jewish narratives. This article is based on ethnography conducted from 2015–17 in Kafr Qasim, a Palestinian town in Israel. I joined “Ramadan Nights” tours that sought to present the customs of the month of Ramadan, the ninth month of the Islamic calendar in which, according to religion, Muslims fast from morning until nightfall. I show how the tour facilitates the “digestion” of messages that many Israeli Jews would otherwise find hard to accept, such as the massacre of forty-nine dwellers of Kafr Qasim by the Israeli military in 1956. I conclude by discussing the use of food and hospitality as a means of creating intimacy and challenging power relations and their role in facilitating the digestion of difficult messages.

- by Azri Amram
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- Gastronomy, Israel Studies, Israel/Palestine, Palestine
- by Lukianova Natalia and +1
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- Marketing, Semiotics, Sociology, Cultural Studies

Celem badania było przeprowadzenie segmentacji konsumentów usług gastronomicznych oraz sprawdzenie, czy istnieje związek między zachowaniami w zakresie korzystania z usług gastronomicznych oraz zachowaniami żywieniowymi zidentyfikowanymi i za pomocą narzędzia FRL (Food-Related Lifestyles). Badanie
przeprowadzono metodą wywiadu bezpośredniego oraz, uzupełniająco, za pomocą ankiety on-line. W badaniu wzięło udział 948 osób reprezentujących wszystkie grupy społeczno-demograficzne. W wyniku analiz otwierdzono, że zachowania w zakresie korzystania z usług gastronomicznych mają związek z ogólnymi zwyczajami żywieniowymi. Potwierdzono również, że dane pozyskane za pomocą FRL mogą być użyteczne nie tylko w zakresie segmentacji nabywców żywności, ale także przy analizie innych zachowań związanych z żywieniem – w tym wypadku z usługami gastronomicznymi.
The purpose of the research was to conduct food services’ consumer segmentation
and to study the relationship between dining out preferences and behaviours
and eating behaviours identified by using FRL (Food-Related Lifestyles). The study
was conducted through direct interviews and, supplementary, through on-line surveys.
The study involved 948 people representing all socio-demographic groups. The results of the study confirmed that there is the relationship between dining out preferences and behaviours and the general eating habits. It was also confirmed that the data collected by FRL may be useful not only in terms of food consumer segmentation, but also in an analysis of other food-related behaviours - in the current study the dining out ehaviours were successfully analysed.

- by Joanna Dziadkowiec
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- Human Eating Behaviours, Catering, Food Related Lifestyles, Segmentacja

Because we eat much of our food from plates, bowls, and spoons, it is important to know how and why the size of these bowls might influence food intake. Building on the Ebbinghaus-Titchener size-contrast illusion, we suggest that large bowls and spoons bias how much we intend to serve and how much we think we have served. A controlled study, at an ice cream social, shows that people who were randomly given bigger bowls and spoons served significantly more than those who received smaller bowls and spoons, even though they were unaware of this. Implications for research and controlling food intake are discussed.

- by Brian Wansink
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- Obesity, Human Eating Behaviours, Ice Cream, Visual Illusions

Obesity represents a serious public health issue. One major contributor to obesity is the quality and quantity of foods one consumes. Psychological research trying to understand overeating and unhealthy eating behavior has often attributed it to homeostatic malfunction and/or lack of self-regulatory ability. We propose a different approach here, suggesting that eating behavior represents goal pursuit and that obesity is the result of reliance on foods that fulfill convenience goals and price goals at the expense of health goals. We propose and present empirical evidence suggesting that people are capable of making healthier choices when health (rather than convenience and price) concerns predominate and healthy options are available. Based on this existing evidence we suggest that (1) future research should further explore individuals' food choice as a function of the multiple goals they attempt to achieve rather than as a lack of willpower, and (2) policy may contribute to healthy eating by reprioritizing these goals and emphasizing health while increasing the availability and affordability of healthy foods.

- by Edward Orehek
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- Psychology, Social Psychology, Social Sciences, Motivation (Psychology)
- by Saoirse Nic Gabhainn
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- Human Eating Behaviours, Adolescent Health

В Късната античност всяко действие и всеки детайл по време на едно пиршество имат семантична тежест; всяка дума, всяко просягане, всеки жест, всеки елемент означават нещо. От месторазположението на гостите до посудата, в която се хранят; от храната, която ядат до песнопенията, които слушат; от първата реч до последната. Всички тези подробности визуализират йерархията в елита на тогавашното римско общество. Спазените традиции и правилно функциониращите социални роли от домакин и гости говори за добрите и хармонични взаимоотношения между император и аристократи и/или духовници: всичко е така, както трябва да бъде; властта е легитимна. Обратното, неочакваното поведение, поставя под въпрос тази легитимност.

- by Joanna Ivanova
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- Late Antiquity, Human Eating Behaviours, Dining Practices, History of Dining

Il concetto di food addiction ha attratto un crescente interesse nei media e ha stimolato molti dibattiti nella comunità scientifica. Scopo di questo articolo è analizzare la validità e l'utilità clinica del modello del food addiction applicato in particolare ai disturbi dell'alimentazione e all'obesità. Sebbene esistano alcune similitudini tra gli episodi di abbuffata riportati dalle persone con disturbi dell'alimentazione e il disturbo da uso di sostanze, esistono fondamentali differenze tra i due disturbi che riguardano la psicopatologia, l'epidemiologia e i fattori di rischio. Nelle persone con obesità, sebbene alcuni studi abbiano rivelato elementi comuni nei processi di ricompensa cerebrale tra l'assunzione di alcuni alimenti e l'uso di sostanze, questo non significa che un alimento in grado di attivare il sistema della ricompensa possa essere classificato come sostanza che crea dipendenza. L'alimentazione in eccesso riportata da alcune persone con obesità può, infatti, essere spiegata attraverso l'acquisizione di abitudini determinate dall'attivazione di processi edonici normali (non patologici), in un ambiente alimentare denso di energia e culturalmente permissivo. Inoltre, tra l'obesità e il disturbo da uso di sostanze esistono importanti differenze, come il decorso temporale della ricaduta e gli esiti del trattamento. Infine, l'adozione di un trattamento basato sul modello della food addiction nei disturbi dell'alimentazione e dell'obesità è fonte di preoccupazioni perché potrebbe allontanare le persone affette da questi disturbi da terapie di provata efficacia. Abstract The concept of food addiction has attracted a growing interest in the media and has stimulated many debates in the scientific community. The aim of this article is to analyze the validity and clinical utility of the food addiction model applied to eating disorders and obesity, in particular. Although there are some similarities between the binge-eating episodes of reported by people with eating disorders and substance use disorder, there are fundamental differences between the two disorders concerning the psychopathology, epidemiology and risk factors. In people with obesity, although some studies have reported common brain reward processes between the intake of certain foods and the use of addictive substances, this does not mean that a food capable of activating the reward system can be classified as an addictive. Indeed, the overeating reported by some people with obesity may be explained through the acquisition of habits determined by the activation of normal hedonic processes (not pathological), in a food environment that is dense of energy and culturally permissive. Furthermore, there are important differences between obesity and substance use disorder, such as the time course of relapse and treatment outcomes. Finally, the adoption of a treatment based on the model of food addiction in eating disorders and obesity is a source of concern because it could move away the people suffering from these disorders from therapies of proven efficacy.

- by Riccardo Grave
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- Addiction, Human Eating Behaviours, Eating Disorders and Obesity

The ability to differentiate healthy from unhealthy foods is important in order to promote good health. Food, however, may have an emotional connotation, which could be inversely related to healthiness. The neurobiological background of differentiating healthy and unhealthy food and its relations to emotion processing are not yet well understood. We addressed the neural activations, particularly considering the single subject level, when one evaluates a food item to be of a higher, compared to a lower grade of healthiness with a particular view on emotion processing brain regions. Thirty-seven healthy subjects underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging while evaluating the healthiness of food presented as photographs with a subsequent rating on a visual analog scale. We compared individual evaluations of high and low healthiness of food items and also considered gender differences. We found increased activation when food was evaluated to be healthy in the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and precuneus in whole brain analyses. In ROI analyses, perceived and rated higher healthiness was associated with lower amygdala activity and higher ventral striatal and orbitofrontal cortex activity. Females exerted a higher activation in midbrain areas when rating food items as being healthy. Our results underline the close relationship between food and emotion processing, which makes sense considering evolutionary aspects. Actively evaluating and deciding whether food is healthy is accompanied by neural signaling associated with reward and self-relevance, which could promote salutary nutrition behavior. The involved brain regions may be amenable to mechanisms of emotion regulation in the context of psychotherapeutic regulation of food intake.

- by Annette B Brühl
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- Emotion, Human Eating Behaviours, FMRI, Healthy Eating