ITO Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

We report on the formation of low-resistance and highly transparent indium tin oxide (ITO) ohmic contacts to p-GaN using a Sn–Ag alloy interlayer. Although the as-deposited Sn–Ag(6 nm)/ITO(200 nm) contacts show non-ohmic behaviors, the scheme becomes ohmic with specific contact resistance of 4.72×10−4 Ω cm2 and produce transmittance of ∼91% at wavelength of 460 nm when annealed at 530 °C. Blue light-emitting diodes (LEDs) fabricated with the Sn–Ag/ITO contacts give forward-bias voltage of 3.31 V at injection current of 20 mA. LEDs with the Sn–Ag/ITO contacts show the improvement of the output power by 62% (at 20 mA) compared with LEDs with Ni/Au contacts.

- by
- •
- Materials Engineering, Materials Science, Annealing, Blue Light

One of the major issues in today's agriculture fields is detecting weed plants in between the crops. Weeds consume more water, nutrients, and light compared to crop plants. Being hardy and vigorous in growth habits, they grow way to faster than crops and consume a huge amount of water and nutrients, results causing heavy losses in yields, the process of removal of weeds manually is a difficult job and it requires more manpower. To date, weed removal can't be automated without manpower. Herbicides play a crucial role in removing the weeds but that leads to soil infertile and later the weeds dominate the field automatically. In solution to reduce the weeds is using herbicide in a higher amount than normal day by day. Usage of herbicides in that amount causes the land infertile. This paper deals with detecting the weeds in the crop using a convolutional neural network, Image processing, and IoT. The weeds in the field and between the crops are detected and removed by using the image processing technique. CNN algorithm is implemented in Matlab software to detect the weed areas in the fields. A robot model is connected to the controller through the motor driver which is also used to carry the camera through the field to detect the weed. The videos and images taken by the camera send to the Matlab and they are trained by using the CNN algorithm and that classifies whether it is a weed or a normal crop. And the necessary instructions send to the Arduino through Zigbee. If the camera detects any weed then the cutter is on 10 seconds to cut the weeds. And the robot model moves further until it finds the next weed. Users can also control the robot model whenever itneeds.

- by IJRASET Publication
- •
- Image Processing, Agriculture, ITO
- by Gero Decher
- •
- PPV, Layer by Layer, Lb, ITO
- by George Melnik
- •
- Image Processing, Metrology, Uniformity, LCOS
- by Tapas Kuila
- •
- Analytical Chemistry, Biomedical Engineering, RNA, Biosensors
- by Bill Hefley
- •
- Information Technology, IS Governance (Business), Governance, Best Practices
- by John McCarthy
- •
- Spanish, Typology, Arabic, Polish
- by Gary Brudvig
- •
- Inorganic Chemistry, Artificial Photosynthesis, GC-MS, DFT
- by Dwi Fitriyanto
- •
- Algebra, Chemistry, Instructional Design, Architecture
- by Wahyu Prabowo
- •
- Political Economy, Environmental Law, Human Rights Law, International Law
- by susan ariel aaronson
- •
- Law, European Law, Human Rights, Trade
- by Martin G Wynn
- •
- Information Systems, Project Management, Outsourcing, Transition

This paper examines the current wave of US bilateral agreements with respect to their strategic and political value at the plurilateral level. The US government has explicitly recognized its objective of leveraging bilateral agreements in order to influence regional and multilateral negotiations. Although it may be too early to assess the full effectiveness of this US strategy, the paper argues that there are clear signs that the exploitation of bilateral agreements will not independently achieve the goal of strengthening plurilateral patent norms. This finding is supported by an assessment of six potential roads from bilateralism to plurilateralism: chain reaction, pressure for inclusion, coalition building, emulation, legal interpretation, and adherence. The assertion that bilateral trade deals have a great impact on international patent lawmaking, made both by proponents and critics of TRIPs-Plus agreements, is unsubstantiated. The author concludes that the US Government Accountability Office and Congress are justified in questioning whether the negotiation of these bilateral agreements, at least in the realm of IP law, is a wise investment of US Trade Representative’s resources.

- by Jean-Frederic Morin
- •
- Law, Islamic Law, International Economics, International Relations
- by Heiko Gewald
- •
- Information Technology, Outsourcing, Perceived Risk, BPO
- by Sara Cullen
- •
- Information Systems, Information Technology, Taxonomy, Structures
- by limberg chero
- •
- Human Rights, Peru, Regional Integration, Trade

United States laws establishing qualifications for temporary, nonimmigrant classifications are potentially in violation of the United States' obligations under the World Trade Organization's (WTO) General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS). These violations, if ever the subject of a WTO dispute, may force the United States to choose between accepting trade sanctions and changing existing immigration policy under external pressure. In either case, by consenting to the GATS at the conclusion of the Uruguay Round of Multilateral Trade Negotiations (Uruguay Round) and not necessarily complying with it, the United States has incurred potential WTO liabilities. If a dispute over immigration law was successful, the United States would be forced by the coercive trade power of its international obligations to change what is normally considered one of the most sovereign of attributes of statehood, the very power to determine which aliens are qualified to enter and remain in the country.

- by William Worster
- •
- International Business, International Law, Human Rights, International Trade
- by Steve J Bull and +1
- •
- Engineering, Modeling, Nanoindentation, Organic Electronics
- by Silvia Schintke and +1
- •
- ITO, Electrical And Electronic Engineering

Despite key advances in the clinical management of life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias, culminating with the development of implantable cardioverter-defibrillators and catheter ablation techniques, pharmacologic/biologic therapeutics have lagged behind. The fundamental issue is that biological targets are molecular factors. Diseases, however, represent emergent properties at the scale of the organism that result from dynamic interactions between multiple constantly changing molecular factors. For a pharmacologic/biologic therapy to be effective, it must target the dynamic processes that underlie the disease. Here we propose a classification of ventricular arrhythmias that is based on our current understanding of the dynamics occurring at the subcellular, cellular, tissue and organism scales, which cause arrhythmias by simultaneously generating arrhythmia triggers and exacerbating tissue vulnerability. The goal is to create a framework that systematically links these key dynamic...

- by alan garfinkel and +1
- •
- Nonlinear dynamics, Drug Discovery, Humans, Animals
- by Vanesa Romero
- •
- Analytical Chemistry, Fluorescence, FRET, PEG
- by Yasuko Obana
- •
- Ethnography, Class, Ideology, Japanese
- by Charles Westgate and +3
- •
- Optics, Medical Imaging, Fiber Optics, Telecommunications
- by Nuno Ferreira
- •
- Amorphous Metals, Crystallization, X-ray Diffraction, Pulsed Laser Deposition
- by Bill Hefley
- •
- Information Technology, Best Practices, BPO, ITO
- by Bill Hefley
- •
- Information Technology, IS Governance (Business), Governance, Best Practices
- by Canek Fuentes
- •
- Engineering, Glass, Organic solar cells, Energy Conversion

Flexible and transparent cellulose-indium tin oxide (ITO) layered (CITOL) films were fabricated by coating ITO nanoparticle solution on transparent cellulose films using a simple spin-coating method. Surface resistivity and transparency of the films were investigated by means of a two-point probe station and UV–Vis spectrophotometer. Electrical and optical characteristics of CITOL films strongly depend on the ITO nanoparticle concentration. The surface resistivity of CITOL films decreased whereas the optical transmittance increased with increasing the ITO concentration. The coated ITO layer was securely attached to the surface of cellulose. Details about the adhesion and characteristics of the films are illustrated. The flexible CITOL film can be used as an optoelectric material for flexible electronics and display devices.

- by Mohammad Khondoker
- •
- Transparent Electronics, ITO
- by Sharon Fox
- •
- Charter, Prosecutorial Dicretion, ITO, Garofoli
- by Zhengliu Zhou
- •
- Solid State Physics, Solar Cell, Surface passivation, Nanowire
- by Michael Haugh
- •
- Ethnography, Class, Ideology, Japanese

Micromorphology analysis of sputtered indium tin oxide fabricated with variable ambient combinations. Abstract This study experimentally investigates the fractal nature of the 3-D surface morphology of sputtered indium tin oxide (ITO) fabricated with five sets of ambient combinations. The samples were prepared on glass substrates by DC magnetron sputtering using argon, argon with oxygen, argon with oxygen and nitrogen, argon with oxygen and hydrogen and argon with oxygen, nitrogen and hydrogen ambient compositions at room temperature and the films were annealed at 450 °C in air. The characterization of the films surfaces was carried out by X-ray diffraction (XRD), and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The XRD results indicate that the cubic ITO films form with highly preferable (222) and (400) orientations. The AFM images were analyzed using the Areal Autocorrelation Function (AACF) and pseudo-topothesy K. This analysis revealed that these samples are well described as fractal structures at nanometer scale.

- by Joshua Pearce and +1
- •
- Photovoltaics, Thin Films and Coatings, Morphology, Photovoltaic Materials
- by Hyunjoo Lee
- •
- Engineering, Cyclic Voltammetry, Energy Conversion, Organic Electronics
- by Lawrence Shah
- •
- Optics, Glass, Femtosecond Laser, Fiber Lasers
- by Bill Hefley
- •
- Information Technology, Best Practices, BPO, ITO

This paper offers a conceptual analysis of the negotiation of the Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA) between Canada and the European Union. It argues that traditional accounts of the structure of trade negotiations must be tailored for their novel nature, especially their wider scope on various regulatory issues and the relative economic weight symmetry of trading partners. To build our argument, we revisit traditional structural factors such as economic interdependence, non-agreement alternatives (NAA), institutional constraints, outcome valuations, and domestic support. We conclude that current and future bilateral trade negotiations will likely last longer, deadlocks will likely become more frequent, and that variations in scope will likely increase.

- by Jean-Frederic Morin and +1
- •
- European Studies, Law, Islamic Law, International Relations
- by Ansh Verma
- •
- Computer Science, ITO

We investigated optical, electrical and mechanical properties of indium tin oxide (ITO) on flexible polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrate, considering bulk-heterojunction (BHJ) polymer solar cells applications. Encapsulation of flexible solar cells with the architecture PET/ITO/PEDOT:PSS/P3HT:PCBM (or P3HT:PCBM:AZ-NDI-4)/Al was done by direct brush-painting with nail enamel. Active cell layer blends of [6,6]-phenyl C61 butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) with regioregular or regiorandom poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) (P3HT) were applied. Additionally for this role the mixture of regioregular P3HT:PCBM with naphthalene diimide–imine with four thiophene rings AZ-NDI-4 was tested. Obtained photovoltaic (PV) and optical (UV–vis) results of the flexible polymer solar cells were compared with the same architecture of devices on the glass/ITO substrate.

- by Maciej Sibiński and +2
- •
- Materials Engineering, PET, Polymer Solar Cells, ITO
- by Silvia Schintke and +1
- •
- ITO, Electrical And Electronic Engineering
- by Binh Duong
- •
- Materials Engineering, Condensed Matter Physics, Nanotechnology, Nanostructures
- by M. Rusu and +1
- •
- Engineering, Crystal Growth, Glass, Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry

Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) nanopowder was synthesized by a sol–gel method. It was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy. ITO/epoxy nanocomposites (ITO–EP-NCs) were prepared by mechanically dispersing the as-prepared ITO nanopowder into epoxy matrix. The XRD patterns show structural changes depending on ITO content. The interdependence of structural, morphological, optical properties and the dispersed concentration of ITO nanoparticles were investigated. The UV–visible absorption spectra revealed that the ITO–EP-NCs exhibit enhanced UV light absorption properties and wide absorption bandwidth ranging up to 400 nm from 2 wt% ITO loading. Thus, it indicated that UV and IR-shielding properties have been improved with the incorporation of ITO nanoparticles into the epoxy matrix. The gap energy of epoxy matrix was reduced by adding the ITO-NPs, leading to the improvement of its electrical conductivity. Indeed, the AC electrical conductivity of ITO–EP-NCs showed a critical percolation threshold pc=0.21 wt% ITO. For low loading (<2 wt% ITO), the ITO–EP-NCs have combined good transparency in the visible range and enhanced electrical conductivity, which are required for optoelectronics devices.

- by OMRI Karim
- •
- Nanoparticles, Nanocomposite, ITO

ITO films of composition (In2O3)0.9 – (SnO2)0.1 have been prepared by pulsed laser deposition (PLD).The films were found to be amorphous. The structure and evolution of the films during annealing in air, oxygen atmosphere and reducing atmosphere (CO2) have been investigated by X-ray diffraction. The films annealed in ambient atmosphere start to crystallize under 250 oC annealing temperature. The films treated in oxygen atmosphere crystallize at higher temperature (~300 oC).

- by Alin Velea
- •
- Amorphous Metals, Crystallization, X-ray Diffraction, Pulsed Laser Deposition
- by Asim Guchhait
- •
- Biochemistry, Genetics, Microbiology, Neuroscience
- by Sunil Manjila
- •
- Palliative Care, Epilepsy, Treatment Outcome, Brain

ABSTRACT Keywords: ITO nanoparticle Nanocomposite UV–vis absorption AFM analysis X–ray diffraction Band-gap energy a b s t r a c t Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) nanopowder was synthesized by a sol–gel method. It was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy. ITO/epoxy nanocomposites (ITO–EP-NCs) were prepared by mechanically dispersing the as-prepared ITO nanopowder into epoxy matrix. The XRD patterns show structural changes depending on ITO content. The interdependence of structural, morphological, optical properties and the dispersed concentration of ITO nanoparticles were investigated. The UV–visible absorption spectra revealed that the ITO–EP-NCs exhibit enhanced UV light absorption properties and wide absorption bandwidth ranging up to 400 nm from 2 wt% ITO loading. Thus, it indicated that UV and IR-shielding properties have been improved with the incorporation of ITO nanoparticles into the epoxy matrix. The gap energy of epoxy matrix was reduced by adding the ITO-NPs, leading to the improvement of its electrical conductivity. Indeed, the AC electrical conductivity of ITO–EP-NCs showed a critical percolation threshold p c ¼ 0.21 wt% ITO. For low loading (0,2 wt% ITO), the ITO–EP-NCs have combined good transparency in the visible range and enhanced electrical conductivity, which are required for optoelectronics devices. &

- by ABDELFATTEH BOUZIDI and +1
- •
- Materials Engineering, Nanoparticles, Nanocomposite, ITO