Olive Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

- by
- •
- Marketing, Agriculture, Olive, Farmers

One of the main and known principles of sustainable development of agriculture is applying the agricultural lands based on their potential for the most appropriate use of agriculture. The aim of this research is zoning the capability of Mazandaran province's lands for cultivation of olive in relation with the desirable climatic needs of olive based on multi criteria decision making methods in GIS environment.The informative sources in this research are the climatic databases and physiographic resources. The climatic base data, including temperature, precipitation, freezing days, relative humidity, evaporation and transpiration were collected from the data of 28 synoptic, climatology and precipitation stations of the general offices of the concerned province were collected from the establishment time up to 2013 and the physiographic data include the elevation, slope , Direction, land use, soil and land suitability map. By using AHP method, the weighting criteria of each of the main data were determined: climate 0.590, topography 0.244, land capability of 0.112 and land use 0.044, and by overlapping them in GIS, the final map of olive cultivation for Mazandaran province was prepared. It was found that 21.2% is very suitable, 32.2% suitable, 34.2% medium and 12.3% unsuitable for olive cultivation. Therefore, the most suitable areas for cultivating olive, are the middle or foothills of Mazandaran province with height up to 900 meters From the sea level. The annual temperature of these areas is 17 to 20 degrees and their annual rainfall is 500 to 800 millimeters.

Avoiding mechanical damage and controlling time-temperature relationships are key factors for satisfactorily handling and storing olives during the period from harvesting to milling. A ten-point list of handling and storage practices is proposed as well as a semi-log diagram for the choice of suitable time-temperature relationship. The criteria for optimizing the harvesting-milling link are discussed.

Turkey is located in the Mediterranean Basin. The natural environment characteristics of the Mediterranean basin reflect human life and have resulted in economic activities specific to the region. The most important economic sector of the Mediterranean basin is agriculture. It currently provides employment for nearly half of the labour force and it uses most of the land and water resources (Makhzoumi and Pungetti 1999). The olive tree, which is the indicator tree of Mediterranean climate area, has an important role in Mediterranean culture and the livelihood of individuals (Atalay 2004). In the Mediterranean, olive business generates direct income for about 7 million families and indirectly supports 30–35 million families in less favoured areas (Fleskens 2007). One of the distinctive characteristics of the Mediterranean Basin is its climate conditions. The characteristic warm to hot dry summer and mild cool wet winter is distinguished by local variations determined by topography, aspect and vegetation cover. The majority of Mediterranean lands have a long dry season, which results in a characteristic scarcity of water resources. The Mediterranean is also referred to as the “olive climate” because of wide distribution of the cultivated olive tree. The cultivation of olive trees in the Mediterranean basin goes back to ancient times. The olive is a significant plant associated with the Mediterranean (Makhzoumi and Pungetti 1999). On the earth, the olive zone is most intense in the Mediterranean basin and has a great importance in the economic, social, and cultural life of these countries (Loumou ve Giourga 2003). The Mediterranean basin is one of the well-marked biogeographic regions (Atalay 2008). The olive tree is an element of maquis communities which occurs in the natural vegetation of Mediterranean climate (Efe et al. 2009). The olive, Olea europaea, is the only species of the botanical family Oleaceae with edible fruit (Rojas and Mosquera 2008). “Olea” is a wild fruit, and includes different species and sub-species. “Olea europeae” is one of these species and has a primary importance. Olea europeae has two main sub-species: “Olea europaea var. sylvestris” (wild olive) and “Olea europaea var. sativa” (cultivated olive) (Ünsal 2003). Its cultivation began more than 6000 years ago (making it one of the oldest cultivated plants) in the Middle East, and spread west on both sides of the Mediterranean Sea (Rojas and Mosquera 2008). The olive tree, which was grown naturally in areas of Mediterranean climate, is known to have been grown in these areas for different purposes for a long period of time (Terral 2000).

- by Aylin Yaman Kocadağlı and +1
- •
- Agricultural Economics, Agriculture, Turkey, Olive

We used sap flow and trunk diameter measurements
for assessing water stress in a high-density
‘Arbequina’ olive orchard with control trees irrigated to
replace 100 % of the crop water needs, and 60RDI and
30RDI trees, in which irrigation replaced ca. 60 and 30 %
of the control, respectively. We calculated the daily difference
for both tree water consumption (DEp ) and maximum
trunk diameter (DMXTD) between RDI trees and
control trees. The seasonal dynamics of DEp agreed reasonably
well with that of the stem water potential. We
identified peculiarities on the response DEp to changes in
water stressing conditions, which must be taken into
account when using the index. An analysis of the water
stress variability in the orchard is required for choosing the
instrumented trees. The reliability of the DMXTD index was
poorer than that of DEp . The maximum daily shrinkage
(MDS) was not a reliable water stress indicator.

- by José M. Torres-Ruiz and +1
- •
- Olive, Tree sap flow measurement

Why does Picasso's dove of peace have an olive branch in its beak? Why have all religions placed so much emphasis on the olive tree? Why is olive oil not just an oil like any other? Which countries produce and consume olive oil and how... more

- by Aytaç Eryılmaz
- •
- Food, Health, Wellbeing, Olive

A field experiment was undertaken to evaluate the efficiency of Boron and Gibberellic Acid (GA3) on fruit setting phenomenon in
Olive cultivar Gemlik at the Experimental area in Olive fruit orchard at NARC, HRI during 2010-2011. The Olive plants were sprayed
with 3 concentrations of Boron i.e. 0.03, 0.06 and 0.09 % and GA3 in 3 concentrations i.e. 20, 25 and 30 ppm after flowering opening.
The results showed that maximum flowering (No. 789) with the application of Boron treatment @ 0.09%, while GA3 maximum
flowering (No. 422) with 30 ppm treatment. Maximum percent fruit setting (26.5) was recorded with GA3 spray @ 30ppm, and it was
followed by the application of GA3 @ 25ppm (21.25) and maximum fruit setting (13.07) was observed with Boron treatment and @
0.09%. Maximum fruit setting on the basis of total number of flowers was also observed in the application of GA3 treatment @ 30ppm
(7.53%). Maximum number of fruits, fruit size and fruit yield observed with 30ppm GA3 was 75.00, 3.569cm and 3.425 kg,
respectively and maximum fruits, fruit size and fruit weight was recorded with Boron treatment @ 0.09% was 65.30, 3.372 cm and
3.342 kg, respectively. It may be concluded that application of Boron @ 0.09% and GA3 @ 30ppm was optimum for the maximization
in number of flowers, fruit set, fruit size and even fruit weight in Olive cv “Gemlik”

- by IJBB pakistan
- •
- Olive, Yield, Boron, Gibberellic Acid

This paper examines the forest communities dominated by Olea europaea L. var. sylvestris (Mill.) Lehr. that have been described up until now in the Mediterranean Region (including other isolated extrazonal areas in the northwestern Iberian Peninsula and in Northern Turkey) as more or less evolved aspects of woods, microwoods and high maquis that principally tend to make up climacic and edapho-climacic “series heads”. These formations maintain a significant large-scale distributive potential within the infra- and thermomediterranean bioclimate belts (with a few penetrations into the mesomediterranean) with a dry-subhumid (and sometimes humid) ombrotype; however, they are currently quite rare and fragmented in the wake of large-scale deforestation and the impoverishment of old-growth communities dominated by a species known to live for millennia. The study was conducted through the analysis of phytosociological data taken from the scientific literature and other unpublished data regarding North-Africa (Morocco, Algeria), the Iberian Peninsula, the Balearic Islands as well as other islands from the Tyrrhenian area (Sardinia, Corsica, Sicily and its minor islands), the Italian Peninsula, the Balkan Peninsula, the Aegean region, Turkey and the southern Anatolian coast. A comparison between the different communities has shown a high floristic and physiognomic-structural homogeneity that justifies their categorization in the Quercetea ilicis class. The biogeographic and ecologic vicariance shown by the same formations within the large Mediterranean distribution range makes it possible to subdivide them into the following orders and alliances: 1) Pistacio-Rhamnetalia alaterni [A) all. Tetraclini articulatae-Pistacion atlanticae (suball. Pistacienion atlanticae); B) all. Asparago albi-Rhamnion oleoidis; C) all. Oleo sylvestris-Ceratonion siliquae]; 2) Quercetalia calliprini [D) all. Ceratonio-Pistacion lentisci]; 3) Quercetalia ilicis [E) all. Querco rotundifoliae-Oleion sylvestris; F) all. Fraxino orni-Quercion ilicis; G) all. Erico arboreae-Quercion ilicis; H) all. Arbuto unedonis-Laurion nobilis (suball. Arbuto-Laurenion nobilis)]. Regarding the syntaxonomical aspect: (i) two new associations are described [Hippocrepido emeroidis-Oleetum sylvestris and Junipero foetidissimae-Oleetum sylvestris]; (ii) two new associations [Phillyreo latifoliae-Oleetum sylvestris Barbero, Quézel & Rivas-Martínez ex Gianguzzi & Bazan ass. nova and Calicotomo intermediae-Oleetum sylvestris Quézel, Barbero, Benabid, Loisel & Rivas-Martínez 1988 ex Gianguzzi & Bazan ass. nova] and a new subassociation [Aro neglecti-Oleetum sylvestris Rivas-Martínez & Cantò 2002 corr. Rivas-Martínez & Cantò fraxinetosum angustifoliae Pérez Latorre, Galán de Mera, Deil & Cabezudo ex Gianguzzi & Bazan subass. nova] are leptotypified; (iii) a nomen novum of the association is redefined [Rhamno laderoi-Oleastretum sylvestris (Cantò, Ladero, Perez-Chiscano & Rivas-Martínez 2011) Gianguzzi & Bazan nom. nov.].

- by Lorenzo Gianguzzi and +1
- •
- Botany, Landscape Ecology, Plant Ecology, Ecology
- by Metin Güner
- •
- Mechanical Engineering, Olive, Gemlik, Mechanical Behavior

Zeytin kültüre alınan en eski meyve türlerinin başında gelmektedir. Akdeniz iklimi ve Akdeniz bölgesinin en karakteristik bitkisi ve bu bölge medeniyetinin sembollerinden birisidir. Dünyada zeytin kuşağı ağırlıklı olarak Akdeniz... more

- by Aylin Yaman Kocadağlı
- •
- Geography, Agriculture, Turkey, Olive

Microsatellite markers were used to characterize the millennium olive cultivars localized in nin
e different
archeological sites in Tunisia. Thirty genotypes were considered for genetic fingerprinting using 10 pairs of
microsatellite primers.
The number of alleles per locus ranged from 3 to 5, with a mean of 3.7 alleles per primer
pair (a total of 37
alleles). The observed heterozygosity ranged from 0.4 to 1, while the expected heterozygosity
varied between 0.37 and 0.74. The polymorphism information content values ranged also from 0.37 to 0.74. The
mean polymorphism information content value of 0.61 f
or the SSR loci provided sufficient discriminating ability
to evaluate the genetic diversity among the millennium cultivars.
The UPGMA cluster analyses using Jaccard’s
index permitted a segregation of the thirty millennium cultivars in three main groups an
d revealed that
most of
the millennium cultivars grouped according
morphological parameters of the fruit and the endocarp and no clear
clustering trends were observed according to
their geographic origin.
As a sequel to the present work, new
surveys should
be made in the archeological sites localized in North and the Center of Tunisia to sample more
cultivars and to draw a clearer picture of the diversity of the Tunisian millennium olive germplasm.

- by INNSPUB Journals
- •
- Genetic Diversity, Olive, SSR Markers, Millennium Varieties
- by Bruno Jaudon
- •
- Modern History, Rural History, Rural Landscape, Histoire moderne

Özet
Ege Bölgesi’nin Ege Bölümü’nde yer alan Aydın ili ve bu ilin sınırları içindeki Çine ilçesi, yörenin en önemli zeytin üretim sahalarından biridir. Tipik Akdeniz ikliminin görüldüğü araştırma sahasında, zeytinin ekolojik istekleri ile bölgenin fiziki çevre şartları uyum içindedir. Farklı birçok tarımsal faaliyetin sürdürüldüğü sahada en önemli geçim kaynağı zeytinciliktir. Araştırma kapsamında Çine ilçesinde fiziki çevre koşullarının zeytin ziraati ile ilişkisi kurulmuş, zeytinliklerin dağılışı ve zeytin ziraatini etkileyen beşeri faaliyetler yerinde tespit edilmiş, istatistiksel veriler ile zenginleştirilmiştir. Zeytinliklerin dağılışında ÇKS (Çiftçi Kayıt Sistemi) verilerinden yararlanılmıştır.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Çine, Zeytincilik, Ziraat Coğrafyası, Tarım.
Olive Farming in Çine District
Absract
Aydın province that located in Aegeon Subregion of Aegon Region and Çine district that located in this province is one of the most important olive production fields. In the research field that typical mediterranean climate is seen, the physical enviromental condition of the region are in compliance with the ecological requirement of the olive. In the aria that many different agricultural activites maintained, the olive farming is the most important source of income. In the extent of this research, the relationship between physical environmental condition with olive farming has been detected in Çine district, distrubution of olive groves and the human activities that affecting olive farming has been detetected in its place and it is also enriched with statistical data. Data of national registry of farmers (ÇKS) are used in distrubution of olive groves.
Key Words: Çine, Olive Farming, Agricultural Geography, Agriculture.

- by mehmet deniz
- •
- Sustainable agriculture, Agriculture, Agriculture and Food Studies, Olive Oil

Physiological drought response was evaluated for two olive cultivars commonly grown under rain fed conditions ('Souri' and 'Picual') and another selected for intensive, irrigated cultivation ('Barnea'). 'Souri' is a traditional local Israeli cultivar, 'Picual' originated in Spain and 'Barnea' is a modern Israeli cultivar. Trees in pots were alternatively provided well irrigated conditions (100% FC, field capacity) or allowed to dry, first to 33% FC and then to 10% FC. Under conditions of greatest water availability, the 'Barnea' cultivar had the highest stomatal conductance and net photosynthesis, significantly higher than that found in 'Souri'. Stomatal conductance and leaf water potential of 'Souri' and 'Picual' at 33% FC were not affected relative to the well irrigated treatment but decreased significantly at 10% FC. Photosynthetic parameters of 'Souri' and 'Picual' were not affected by water stress. Stem growth was also not affected by drought in 'Souri' but was reduced at 10% FC in 'Picual'. In contrast, the 'Barnea' showed higher sensitivity to low water availability with stomatal conductance and net photosynthesis reduced at 33% FC and sharp decreases in these and leaf water potential occurring at 10% FC. At 10% FC 'Barnea' trees showed stem shrinkage, a phenomenon not observed in the other cultivars. These results suggest a tradeoff between selection for suitability in intensively irrigated orchards and tolerance to drought.

- by Alon Ben-Gal and +2
- •
- Drought, Drought Stress, Olive
- by Primo Proietti
- •
- Algorithms, Scientific Visualization, Visual Studies, Radiation

We tested the hypothesis that whole-tree water consumption of olives (Olea europaea L.) is fruit load-dependent and investigated the driving physiological mechanisms. Fruit load was manipulated in mature olives grown in weighing-drainage lysimeters. Fruit was thinned or entirely removed from trees at three separate stages of growth: early, mid and late in the season. Tree-scale transpiration, calculated from lysimeter water balance, was found to be a function of fruit load, canopy size and weather conditions. Fruit removal caused an immediate decline in water consumption, measured as whole-plant transpiration normalized to tree size, which persisted until the end of the season. The later the execution of fruit removal, the greater was the response. The amount of water transpired by a fruit-loaded tree was found to be roughly 30% greater than that of an equivalent low-or nonyielding tree. The tree-scale response to fruit was reflected in stem water potential but was not mirrored in leaf-scale physiological measurements of stomatal conductance or photosynthesis. Trees with low or no fruit load had higher vegetative growth rates. However, no significant difference was observed in the overall aboveground dry biomass among groups, when fruit was included. This case, where carbon sources and sinks were both not limiting, suggests that the role of fruit on water consumption involves signaling and alterations in hydraulic properties of vascular tissues and tree organs.

- by Arnon Dag and +2
- •
- Olive, Transpiration, Fruit Trees Physiology, Fruit Load
- by Claire Newton and +1
- •
- Geometric Morphometrics, Egyptian Archaeology, Historical Biogeography, Olive

The use of the products derived from the olive tree on human health dates back centuries. In several civilizations, the olive tree had and still has a very strong cultural and religious symbolism. Notably, the official seal and emblem of the World Health Organization features the rod of Asclepius over a world map surrounded by olive tree branches, chosen as a symbol of peace and health. Recently, accumulating experimental, clinical and epidemiological data have provided support to the traditional beliefs of the
beneficial effect provided by olive derivates. In particular, the polyphenols present in olive leaves, olives, virgin (unrefined) olive oil and olive mill waste are potent antioxidant and
radical scavengers with anti-tumor and anti-inflammatory properties. Here, we review the positive impact on human health of oleuropein, the most prevalent polyphenol present in olives. In addition, we provide data collected in our laboratory on the role of oleuropein in counteracting lipid accumulation in a mouse model of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.

- by Barbara Barbaro and +3
- •
- Health, Medicine, Antioxidants, Olive

Biomonitoring of trace elements is essential to assess ecosystem health, in particular in landscapes influenced by human activity. The Guadiamar Valley (SW Spain) was polluted in 1998 by a spill from an open-pit pyrite mine affecting about 55 km2. In this paper, we used two common species of tree, namely wild olive and holm oak, to biomonitor the concentration of nine trace elements–As, Cd, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Tl and Zn–in this spill-affected area over the 3-year period 1999–2001. We analysed the leaves and fruits of trees growing in the spill-affected terraces, and compared them with adjacent trees in the non-affected upper terraces. The main trace elements polluting the soil were Zn, As, Pb and Cu. In general, the oak leaves were richer in trace elements than the olive leaves, reaching phytotoxic levels for As and Pb, while the olive fruits (pulp) were more polluted than the oak seeds (protected inside a hard pericarp), reaching toxic values for Cd and Pb. The concentration of trace elements in the leaves and fruits decreased with time and, in consequence, the toxicity risk to the food web diminished.

- by Teodoro Marañón
- •
- Arsenic, Olive, Olea europaea, Heavy Metal
- by José Remesal Rodríguez
- •
- Roman History, Olive Oil, Roman Economy, Roman Trade Networks
- by MOUKHLI Abdelmajid
- •
- Agriculture, Agriculture (Biology), Olive, Resistance

- by Giuseppe Bazan
- •
- Botany, Landscape Ecology, Geography, Plant Ecology

- by Lorenzo Gianguzzi
- •
- Botany, Landscape Ecology, Geography, Plant Ecology
- by Senem Karagöz
- •
- Olive, Zeytin, Mehmet Akif Ersoy, Osmanlı Tarihi
- by matilde peinado rodríguez
- •
- Nineteenth Century Studies, Olive, Rural studies

Olive (Olea europaea ssp. europaea) is the most important oil fruit crop in temperate areas, but the origin of the cultivated olive remains unclear. The existence of one or several domestication events in the Mediterranean Basin (MB) is still debated. We analyzed a dataset of 387 cultivated and wild accessions that were genotyped at 25 simple-sequence repeat (SSR) loci. The sample represented genetic diversity at the geographic extremes of the MB. We inferred relationships among samples and also applied approximate Bayesian computation to estimate the most probable demographic model of our samples. Cultivated olives clustered into three different gene pools (Q1, Q2 and Q3), corresponding
loosely to the west, central and eastern MB, respectively. Q1 consisted primarily of accessions from southern Spain, retained the fingerprint of a genetic bottleneck, and was closely related to accessions from the eastern MB. Q2 showed signs of recent admixture with wild olives and may derive from a local domestication event in the central MB.

- by Concepción Díez and +2
- •
- Mediterranean prehistory, Plant domestication (Prehistoric Archaeology), Olive, Archeology
- by Warda Sidhoum
- •
- Botany, Conservation Biology, Ecology, Olive
- by Moukhli Abdelmajid and +1
- •
- Nematode Ecology, Morocco, Olive, Plant Pathology
- by Maria Roumpou and +2
- •
- Archaeology, Prehistoric Archaeology, Food and Nutrition, Agriculture

The aim of this study was to evaluate and validate the effects of using treated wastewater on the vegetative growth and nutrients content of three years old zard olive (Olea. europaea L.) trees.The experiments were carried out for 4 years (2009 – 2013) in random complete blocks in three treatments with six repetitions. The treatments were: subsurface drip irrigation with wastewater (T1), subsurface drip irrigation with wastewater in 15 cm depth (T2) and subsurface drip irrigation with wastewater in 30 cm depth (T3). Wastewater from the treatment plant of the Boroujerd, Iran was used. The present study was designed to determine the effect of subsurface drip irrigation with wastewater in 30 cm depth as compared to other treatments had higher growth parameters, nutrients content and had seen significant difference. Another important finding was that drip irrigation T1 with wastewater, had lower growth parameters as compared to another treatments. In T3, plants absorb water and essential elements, better than other treatments because irrigation source is near the root zone.

- by INNSPUB Journals
- •
- Irrigation, Wastewater Treatment, Olive Oil, Olive

This bibliographic review of the decade 2006-2016 is complementary to the first part of the book, mainly on the subject matter of olive cultivation in Late Antiquity and Byzantium. This bibliography includes studies on olive... more

This bibliographic review of the decade 2006-2016 is complementary to the first part of the book, mainly on the subject matter of olive cultivation in Late Antiquity and Byzantium.
This bibliography includes studies on olive cultivation, production and trade of olive oil in the eastern Mediterranean

Background: Although North Sinai Governorate has a comparative advantage in the production of some crops as olive crop, which generates a distinct economic return, whether marketed locally or exported. This governorate occupies the twentieth place for the productivity of this crop in Egypt. The research aimed to identify the most important production and marketing problems facing olive farmers in North Sinai Governorate. Research data were collected through personal interviewing questionnaire with 100 respondents representing 25% of the total olive farmers at Meriah village from October to December 2015. Results: Results showed that there are many production and marketing problems faced by farmers. The most frequent of the production problems were the problem of increasing fertilizer prices (64% of the surveyed farmers), and the problem of irrigation water high salinity (52% of the respondents). Where the majority of the respondents mentioned that these problems are the most important productive problems they are facing, followed by problems of poor level of extension services (48%), high cost of irrigation wells (47%), difficulty in owning land (46%), and lack of agricultural mechanization (39%), while the most important marketing problems were the problem of the exploitation of traders (62%), the absence of agricultural marketing extension (59%), the high prices of trained labor to collect the crop (59%), and lack of olive presses present in the area (57%). Conclusions: In spite of the efforts exerted by the Agricultural Extension Agency in the Governorate of North Sinai to assist olive farmers and raise their knowledge and skills level in relation to this crop, and despite the fact that this Governorate has a comparative advantage in terms of cultivated area and the quality of the final product, olive farmers face many production and marketing problems such as increasing fertilizer prices, irrigation water high salinity, poor level of extension services, high cost of irrigation wells, absence of agricultural marketing extension, and lack of agricultural mechanization. So that agricultural extension as a free educational service should assist farmers through targeted extension programs aimed at guiding them in the best way to address and overcome these problems.

- by Tamer Mansour and +2
- •
- Marketing, Agriculture, Olive, Farmers

Soil arthropods were monitored seasonally for one year, in conventional, organic, and integrated olive orchards, located in hilly and plain agroecological zones. A “functional” group of taxa was defined with respect to provision of biological pest control and nutrient cycling services. Comparisons between a) management systems and b) agroecological zones were performed in terms of total abundance, diversity, and functional subgroup. Ordination techniques were applied with management systems and agroecological zones as explanatory variables. Coleoptera, Formicidae, Araneae, and Collembola were the most abundant taxa. Higher number of total catches, however not statistically significant, appeared in the organic orchards. Diversity did not present a constant pattern or significant differences among management systems. Hilly orchards showed significantly higher seasonal total arthropod diversity and evenness. Abundance of functional arthropods followed a similar trend as total abundance and was seasonally significantly higher in hilly orchards. Agroecological zones and organic management explained the biggest fraction of arthropod variability; however, the total variability explained was rather low. Management systems were the least decisive factors determining arthropod community composition. Less intensive olive production systems appeared to favor soil arthropod diversity.

- by Vasileios Gkisakis
- •
- Agroecology, Agrobiodiversity, Olive

Arbre emblématique de la Méditerranée, l’olivier est cultivé dans le bassin méditerranéen depuis l’antiquité. Sa seule présence définit symboliquement à la fois une zone et un climat, marqués par la « Méditerranéité », propice à cet arbre. Pendant longtemps on a eu tendance à limiter cette zone bioclimatique aux seules côtes qui bordent cette mer, mais de nombreuses recherches ont démontré son extension bien au-delà des zones côtières. C'est le cas d'une grande partie des régions de steppe de l’intérieur de la Syrie, là où l’eau, lorsqu'elle est accessible et exploitable (sources locales, qanats, puits, citernes, etc.) permet de compenser, au moins partiellement, l'aridité croissante liée aux caractères de plus en plus contraignants d'un climat certes toujours méditerranéen mais de plus en plus dégradé à mesure que l'on pénêtre à l'intérieur des terres. Cet article, qui analyse la dynamique d’extension des oliveraies dans les marges arides de Syrie centrale, a pour but de souligner l'importance de la culture de l’olivier dans cet espace transitoire entre les zones assez bien arrosées de l’ouest et les steppes arides de l’intérieur des terres (badia). Ces dernières se caractérisent par un climat aride, avec des précipitations variant en moyenne entre 200 et 300 mm par an. Elles ont été jusqu’aux années 1960 un espace de transition marqué par un mode de vie partagé entre le sédentarisme et le nomadisme, lesquels ont, depuis une dizaine de millénaires, dominé alternativement dans les marges arides.

- by Bernard Geyer
- •
- Syria, Olive, Steppe
- by Raul de la Rosa
- •
- Molecular Biology, Plant Breeding, Plant breeding and genetics, Olive Oil
- by Cahaya Kayangan
- •
- Coffee, Apple, Olive, Green Tea

In olive, micro-propagation is an effective technique for mass multiplication of disease free, true to type plants, but shoot proliferation in mature tissues of olive is a major difficulty encountered during culture establishment. Thus an experiment was designed with an objective to study the effect of different cytokinins (BAP and Zeatin) on shoot proliferation of two olive cultivars (Earlik and BARI Zaitoon-2). In olive Rugini medium, BAP and Zeatin were added alone and in combination at a concentration of 1 mg L-1 and 2 mg L-1. Experiments were arranged according to completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications per treatment. Results showed that both the olive cultivars performed well when BAP + Zeatin were supplemented to the medium at 2+2 mg L-1 concentration. However, the cultivar “BARI Zaitoon-2” had the highest shooting percentage (90.67 %) and number of nodes per shoot (8.33) in treatment containing BAP (2 mg L-1) + Zeatin (2 mg L-1), whereas, “Earlik” at same concentration had more shoot length (9.10 cm) and number of shoots per explant (3.67). Thus, it was concluded that the findings of these results will help in the future for developing shoot proliferation protocols for other olive cultivars. Moreover, these protocols can also be further be used in other woody plants micro propagation

- by World Journal of Biology and Biotechnology
- •
- Bioengineering, Biotechnology, Olive, Bap
- by Hairi Ismaili
- •
- Olive, IBA
- by Evangelia Balta
- •
- Agriculture, Modern Greece, Modern Greek History, Peloponnese
- by Andrea Rosario Proto
- •
- Physiology, Environmental Science, Forestry, Plant Biology

A study on seasonal abundance of Auchenorrhyncha species and their infectivity by Xylella fastidiosa in the Apulia region of Italy was conducted to identify ideal periods for monitoring and adoption of potential control measures against insect vectors. Adult populations of Auchenorrhyncha species were monitored monthly over a 2-yr period from five olive groves. A total of 15 species were captured, identified, and tested for presence of X. fastidiosa by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). For three species, Philaenus spumarius L., Neophilaenus cam-pestris (Fallè n), and Euscelis lineolatus Brullé , positive reactions to X. fastidiosa were obtained, on average, in 16.3, 15.9 and 18.4% of adult insects, respectively. Philaneous spumarius was the dominant species (39.8% of total Auchenorrhyncha captured) with the highest adult abundance in summer months. Adult P. spumarius and N. campestris were first detected between March and May in both years, and all insects tested during these periods (year 1: n = 42, year 2: n = 132) gave negative reactions to X. fastidiosa by PCR. Similarly, first adults of E. lineolatus that appeared from October to November (year 1: n = 20, year 2: n = 15) tested negative for presence of X. fastidiosa. Given the lack of transstadial and transovarial transmission of X. fastidiosa and considering that P. spumarius is univoltine, control measures against nymphal stages of P. spumarius should be investigated as means of population suppression to reduce spread of X. fastidiosa in olive groves.

- by Stefano Speranza and +3
- •
- Ecology, Italy, PCR, Olive

Species of plants and animals have characteristic climatic requirements for growth, survival and reproduction that limit their geographic distribution, abundance and interactions with other species. To analyze this complexity requires the development of models that include not only the effects of biotic factors on species dynamics and interactions, but also the effects of abiotic factors including weather. The need for such capacity has appreciably increased as we face the threat of global climate change. In this paper, bi- and tri-trophic physiologically based demographic models of alfalfa, cotton, grape, olive and the noxious weed yellow starthistle systems are used to explore some of the potential effects of climate change. A general model that applies to all species in all trophic levels (including the economic one) is used to simulate the effects of observed and projected weather on system dynamics. Observed daily weather and that of climate model scenarios were used as forcing variables in our studies. Geographic information system (GRASS GIS) is used to map the predicted effects on species across the varied ecological zones of California. The predictions of the geographic distribution and abundance of the various species examined accords well with field observations. Furthermore, the models predict how the geographic range and abundance of the some species would be affected by climate change. Among the findings are: (1) The geographic range of tree species such as olive that require chilling to break dormancy (i.e. vernalization) may be limited in some areas due to climate warming, but their range may expand in others. For example, olive phenology and yield will be affected in the southern part of California due to high temperature, but may expand in northern areas until limited by low winter temperatures. Pest distribution and abundance will also be affected. For example, climate warming would allow the cold intolerant pink bollworm in cotton to expand its range into formerly inhospitable heavy frost areas of the San Joaquin Valley, and damage rates will increase throughout its current range. The distribution and abundance of other cold intolerant pests such as olive fly, the Mediterranean fruit fly and others could be similarly affected. In addition, species dominance and existence in food webs could change (e.g. in alfalfa), and the biological control of invasive species might be adversely affected (e.g. vine mealybug in grape). The distribution and abundance of invasive weeds such as yellow starthistle will be altered, and its control by extant and new biological control agents will be difficult to predict because climate change will differentially affects each. (2) Marginal analysis of multiple regression models of the simulation data provides a useful way of analyzing the efficacy of biological control agents. Models could be useful as guides in future biological control efforts on extant and new exotic pest species. (3) Major deficiencies in our capacity to predict the effects of climate change on biological interactions were identified: (1) There is need to improve existing models to better forecast the effects of climate change on crop system components; (2) The current system for collecting daily weather data consists of a patchwork of station of varying reliability that often record different variables and in different units. Especially vexing, is the dearth of solar radiation data at many locations. This was an unexpected finding as solar energy is an important driving variable in biological systems.

- by Luigi Ponti
- •
- Ecological Niche Modeling, Global Change Biology, Climate Change Impacts, Olive

In 2013, an outbreak of Xylella fastidiosa was identiied for the irst time in Europe, in the extreme South of Italy (Apulia, Salento territory). The locally identiied subspecies turned to be lethal for olive trees, starting an unprecedented phytosani-tary emergency for one of the most iconic cultivations of the Mediterranean area. The Apulian-monitoring program of the epidemic amassed data on several hundreds of thousands of laboratory screening for the bacterium presence, jointly with georeferenced sample information. Starting from these data, it is possible to show that Xylella fastidiosa spreads by forming new, tightly clustered groups of infected plants (epidemic hotspots), with 98% of the infected trees separated by less than 100 mt from another infected tree. Surprisingly, more than three quarters of the newly detected epidemic hotspots are farther than 1 km from any previously known infected plants. Considering this inding, either long-range spreading of the bacterium is underestimated, or the current monitoring strategy must be called into question. In both cases, however, it can be anticipated that, under the current monitoring protocol, yearly epidemic spreading 1-15 km far from olive trees currently labeled as infected will be more common than previously thought. Keywords Xylella fastidiosa · Olive quick decline syndrome (OQDS) Abbreviations TAP Trans-adriatic pipeline MT Microtunnel PRT Pipeline receiving terminal OQDS Olive quick decline syndrome

- by Enrico Bucci
- •
- Phytopathology, Olive, Xylella Fastidiosa
- by Antonio Diaz-Espejo and +1
- •
- Olive, Tree sap flow measurement

The study was carried out in a four-year-old super-high density olive grove in Central Italy to compare leaf gas exchanges of Spanish Arbequina and Italian Maurino olive cultivars. Overall, from mid July to mid November, Maurino had a slightly higher maximum light-saturated net photosynthetic rate (P Nmax) than Arbequina. The lowest and the highest P Nmax values were recorded at the end of July and in mid November, respectively. Current-season leaves showed similar or slightly higher P Nmax values than one-year-old leaves. During the day Maurino always had slightly higher values or values similar to Arbequina, with the highest P Nmax being in the morning. Maurino had similar or higher dark respiration rate (R D) values compared to Arbequina. During the day, in both cultivars the R D was lower at 9:00 than in the afternoon. The pattern of the photosynthetic irradiance-response curve was similar in the two genotypes, but the apparent quantum yield (Y Q) was higher in Maurino. In both cultivars intercellular CO 2 concentration (C i) tended to increase when P Nmax decreased. The increase in C i corresponded to a decrease in stomatal conductance (g s). The transpiration rate (E) increased from mid July to the beginning of August, then decreased in September and increased again in November. Particularly in the morning, the current-season leaves showed similar or slightly higher E values than the one-year-old leaves. During the day, in both cultivars and at both leaf ages, E was higher in the afternoon. No effects on leaf gas exchanges due to the presence or absence of fruit on the shoot were found. Overall, there was satisfactory physiological adaptation for Arbequina to the conditions of Central Italy and for Maurino to the super-intensive grove conditions.

Salt stress is known to influence water use and carbon allocation in trees; however, information about the effects of salt exposure on water uptake and below-ground carbon investment is scant, especially for adult trees. Consequently,... more

- by Boris Rewald and +1
- •
- Botany, Agriculture, Salt Stress, Soil Salinity