Philippine Studies Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

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- Religion, Portuguese Discoveries and Expansion, Inquisition, Estado da India
- by Phillip Ablett
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- History, American History, Military History, Cuban Studies

In this chapter, we problematize language in education policies that consider a multilingual system of education against attitudes to language that can impact on the (non)success of these policies. We argue that without addressing perceptions toward the role/s of different languages across various uses, multilingual policies in education may reinforce the hegemony of the English language rather than raise the status of local languages. This can happen because of a lack of understanding of how languages work and function, particularly with respect to vertical discursiveness (Bernstein, 1996) and notions of how power is inscribed in different uses of language. Furthermore, we argue that any multilingual language policy should consider how English and other languages connect to language allocation and affiliation, which, if not considered, can lead to schooling maintaining power relations in an unequal society (Apple, 2004) rather than changing them. In addition, we consider how multilingual contexts with a strong level of English use lead to variations in language whose place must be considered where schooling is concerned. Finally, we consider these policies in terms of the Principles-Based Approach (Mahboob and Tilakaratna, 2011) to language policy. Without using the PBA as a guide, any language policy may just be created without its stakeholders fully understanding what it means. Language policies in a multilingual society that is dominated by English cannot be so simple as insisting on a multilingual system of education. Rather, various issues must be considered to insure that these policies do help toward changing society instead of just maintaining power relationships that limit the access of various sectors to different social, economic, and semantic resources.

- by Peter Borschberg
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- History, Cultural History, Economic History, Cultural Studies
- by Jose Mario Francisco
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- Philippine Studies
- by Democratic Progress Institute
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- Conflict Resolution, Philippine Studies
- by Elmer I Nocheseda
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- Art History, Indigenous Peoples, Philippine Studies, Philippine History
- by Victor S. Venida
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- Social Change, Globalization, Theory, Economic Development
- by Alfred W McCoy
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- Philippines, Philippine Studies, Philippine History, Filipino

This report shows how aspects of Filipino religiosity compare with those found in twelve countries in North America, Australasia, the British Isles, Continental Europe, and the Near East. Data were obtained from a 1991 cross-country survey organized by the International Social Survey Programme, with the Philippine data gathered the same year by the Social Weather Stations (SWS). This report starts with a discussion of religious beliefs and practices, followed by similar cross-country comparisons on items dealing with one's relationship with God on supernatural or folk beliefs, and on the connection between religiosity and secular attitudes. A concluding section lists those areas where Filipinos stand unique relative to other countries and draws out broad implications of these findings for an understanding of Filipino religiosity. The study shows that while levels of religious belief and practice vary considerably from one country to another, religion remains an important aspect of people's lives worldwide. Nowhere is this truer than in the Philippines. The Philippines joins the United States and Ireland as among the most religious and devout countries in the world, and if the ranking was based solely on religiosity selfratings and feeling "extremely close" to God, the Philippines would stand out as the most religious among the thirteen nations participating in the survey. Filipinos, compared to other nationalities, also appear to have the closest ties to their churches, and that Filipino Catholics, while generally conservative, are more liberal than Filipino non-Catholics as far as sexual attitudes are concerned. However, a sizable proportion, close to half to be precise, are strongly bound to superstitious beliefs; moreover, more than two out of five still cling to a fatalistic view of life. The persistence of animism and fatalism in the Philippines reflects the continuing encounter between official and folk practices that have characterized Filipino religious behavior since the days of Spanish colonization. How this continuing encounter shapes Filipino religiosity, how it affects other areas of Philippine life, and how levels of religiosity vary among subgroups in the population are among the main analytic tasks of social scientists who seek to understand Filipino religious behavior.

- by Sergey Dmitrenko and +1
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- Philippine Studies, Mon-Khmer and Austronesian linguistics, rice wine

The Philippines, a country rich with natural resources, has taken steps to preserve its environmental megadiversity
through the government’s existing environmental laws. However, reality seems to show a glaring disparity between what is being
protected and what is being abused. The question is: what is fair to all? This paper’s primary purpose is to explore the aesthetics
of local ecopoetry to discover whether the representation of environmental justice in literature can promote ecological fairness
in the Third World. Using Hume’s concept of aesthetics to explore the inconsistency between the environmental laws and the
message of the selected ecopoems, this study reveals that literature may be an important key to unlocking the solutions to the
issue of environmental justice. Moreover, literature may serve as the unheard voice of the abused in the environment and may
help pronounce the long-awaited verdict that the law cannot give to achieve environmental justice.

- by Romain Bertrand
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- Postcolonial Studies, Global History, Postcolonial Literature, Philippine Studies

There is no need to belabor that most affected by the COVID-19 pandemic are the poor. Despite the overused statement "the virus is our real enemy", it cannot be denied that the pandemic is, in many ways, a political and economic issue. The goal of this paper is to present the face of poverty in a time of pandemic. Using the views of Amartya Sen (capability approach) and Robert Chambers (multidimensionality of poverty) this work endeavors to argue that people's multifaceted difficulties and vulnerabilities during the COVID-19 pandemic ultimately indicate the deficiencies of Philippine democracy that are concretely felt in the experiences of certain segments of the populace especially when the Enhanced Community Quarantine (ECQ) was imposed in many parts of the country. Building on the foregoing, this work, though not offering any concrete suggestion or blueprint for action, proposes key areas for further critique on the deficiencies of Philippine democracy.

- by Rhoderick John Abellanosa and +1
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- Development Studies, Political Theory, Poverty, Social Justice

Archaeological Studies Program, University of the Philippines (authorship)

- by Helen Lewis and +2
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- Archaeology, Prehistoric Archaeology, Environmental Archaeology, Southeast Asian Archaeology
- by Ramon Reyes
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- Philippine Studies, Multidisciplinary

The term 'fascism' continues to be very much in currency in Philippines society. To the Filipino people, its meaning is often drawn from pained memory of wholesale deprivation of democratic rights and large-scale human rights abuses. Yet, to many, the fear of fascism has still to give way to a deeper understanding of this menace. This may hold true even among those belonging to the progressive movement.

- by Phillip Ablett
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- Marxism, Fascism, Philippines, Marxist theory

An excerpt from Charlie Samuya Veric’s forthcoming book titled, Children of the Postcolony, the sampler provides a glimpse of the main arguments concerning the need to reconstruct the intellectual origins of Philippine Studies as a discipline. In particular, the sampler describes the historical forgetting that defines the study of the Filipino nation following its independence from the US in 1946, a phenomenon that Veric calls the "Ileto effect."

- by Charlie Samuya Veric
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- Intellectual History, Area Studies, Asian Studies, American Studies
- by Brian Doce
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- Political Theory, Philippine Studies, Political Thought

Wenceslao Retana's intellectual passion for the Philippine archipelago led to the foundation of Philippine bibliographical studies as well as the recovery of dozens of little known but highly relevant primary sources of Philippine history. Previous scholars have noted the abrupt sea change in Retana's portrayal of the Philippines and the Filipino people after 1898. During the period that the archipelago remained a colony of Spain, it was not difficult to find harsh criticism in his texts, but he later made efforts to reconcile with the Spanish-speaking intelligentsia of Manila. In this context, Retana serially published a Recuerdos de Filipinas between 1907 and 1909 in the pages of El Renacimiento (1901-1910), where he reminisced about his early stay in the Philippines from 1884 to 1886. This study examines the circumstances that led to the publication of this memoir whose existence remained unnoticed by previous Retana scholars. Likewise, this paper will explore the discursive strategies and the underlying ideological assumptions implicit in the text. It concludes that the Recuerdos de Filipinas served to restore Retana's previously damaged public image by presenting a kindly, nostalgic, and slightly naive view of his own youthful experiences in the Philippines.

- by Jorge Mojarro
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- Cultural History, Journalism, Travel Literature, Philippine Studies

Many lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender people (LGBT), and people living with HIV (PLHIV) feel estranged from and misunderstood by their Christian communities. Churches, in turn, continue to wrestle with issues of theology and pastoral care pertaining to LGBT and PHIV. In response, this article aims to construct an ecclesio-logical praxis of inclusivity toward LGBT and PLHIV. Framed by Elisabeth Schüsler Fiorenza's notion of Jesus' basileia vision as the praxis of inclusive wholeness, we analyze , interpret and theologize narratives from elite interviews with three community leader-practitioners in Singapore and the Philippines who shared on their ministerial struggles, practices and visions. We suggest that churches can take the lead to engender an ecclesiological praxis of inclusivity by being (i) spaces of support, belonging and dignity for LGBT and PLHIV; and (ii) avenues for fostering dialogue with LGBT and PLHIV to articulate God's inclusive love.

- by Joseph N. Goh
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- Queer Theology, Ecclesiology, Philippine Studies, Singapore Studies

"Revolutionary Routes is more than a family history across three generations. Author Angela Stuart Santiago has deftly woven together the memoirs, clippings, correspondence and other traces of her family's past into a microhistory that spans the late 19 th century up to the 1950s. While this book is rooted in the specific experiences of a family that lived in Tiaong and its adjoining towns in southwestern Tayabas (now Quezon) province, it also tells us much, from a ground-up perspective, about everyday life in the countryside under the shadow of successive imperial and national regimes. This book can also be read as a modern history of the Philippines."

- by Reynaldo ILETO
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- Southeast Asian Studies, Philippines, Philippine Studies, Philippine History

Starting with an inquiry into the role of confession in the conversion of Tagalogs by Spanish missionaries from the lat 16th to the 19thc., this essay demonstrates how the translation of confessional practices into the vernacular led to conflicting ideas about reciprocity and submission between missionaries and natives converts. It highlights especially the instability of the Tagalog term for reciprocal obligation, "utang na loob"--and the resistance of "loob" or inside to being translated into an ontological term like "conscience"--as well as the resistance of the term for shame, "hiya," as it exceeded the Christian notion of guilt. Thus did Tagalog confession confuse and contradict missionary attempts at creating colonial subjects speaking the truth of a Christian-colonial order. This is an early version of what would eventually become chapters 3 and 4 of my book, "Contracting Colonialism" (Cornell UP, 1988, revised, Duke UP 1993).

Vinegar is the defining element in Filipino cuisine. The suka makes the paksiw, the adobo, the kilawin. It gives that sweet and tangy, sharp and zesty, robust and tingling sensation of sour goodness as it reaches our remarkably sensitive... more

- by Elmer I Nocheseda
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- Food History, Philippines, Philippine Studies, Philippine History

The Rise of the Philippines for the Fall of the Bangsamoro A Critical Essay on "The Bangsamoro Question and the National Democratic Option" by Jun Valila, and "The State-Moro Armed Conflict in the Philippines" Unresolved national question or question of governance? by Rizal Buendia In partial fulfilment of the academic requirements in the subject Readings in Philippine History under Professor Jun Valila Written by Danzig James A. Orcales

- by Charlie Cruz
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- Patient Safety, Philippine Studies, HEALTHCARE WASTE MANAGMENT, Healthcare

This paper presents the experiences of ordinary Leyteños during the Japanese Occupation. The main source-materials for this study were oral testimonies from key informants born before 1940, which were placed in their proper context through the use of documentary sources. The study aims to show that the Japanese Occupation disrupted Leyteño social interactions between occupied town centers and their peripheries by creating an atmosphere of suspicion in which ostensibly siding with either the Japanese troops or the guerrillas often had deadly consequences, a condition described by some informants as “baga hin bibingka (like bibingka),” referring to the method of cooking the popular Filipino rice cake delicacy inside a clay or can oven with fire from above and below. The study also argues that this center-periphery conflict was rooted in Leyte’s precolonial past as well during over three centuries of Spanish rule and the almost half-century of American rule which preceded the brief Japanese Occupation.

- by George Emmanuel Borrinaga
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- Colonialism, Philippines, Second World War, Philippine Studies

Durante el siglo XVII, la Gobernación de Filipinas desarrolló una estrecha relación de dependencia mutua con el clan de los Zheng que incidió en el ámbito comercial, pero también en el económico y el social. Esta simbiosis, basada en la colaboración, pero también en la competencia, no estuvo exenta de fricciones, como la originada en 1662 por la amenaza de conquista de Luzón por parte de Zheng Chenggong. En el presente artículo, estudiaremos cómo se generó y afianzó esta relación de dependencia y como los cambios surgidos tanto en el interior de ambos territorios como en otros enclaves de Asia forzaron una rápida recuperación de los vínculos perdidos tras la ruptura de 1662.

- by José Miguel Herrera Reviriego
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- History of Japan, Asian History, Taiwan Studies, Global History
- by Leah Milne
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- History, Filipino American LIterature, Philippines, Philippine Studies

The Ifugaos seem to be the only people in the world who have developed peacemaking ideology in a typically aggressive genre of oral literature. The rich literature on epic traditions worldwide portrays a highly male-centered genre of song glorifying heroic values and warlike acts. Ifugao male epics represents aggressive ideology, which it shares with all the corresponding genres from India to Iceland. But what is specific of the Ifugao epic lore is that it contains two trends. The /hudhud/, female epic tradition of the Ifugaos, is a unique specimen of peacemaking, even pacifist ideology in epic form. This ideology has developed in the peak of headhunting period, i.e. it is genuine, not imposed by the influence of other cultures as, for instance, the motives of regret that appeared in Kalinga Ullalim under the influence of Christianization and American "order".

- by Maria V. Stanyukovich
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- World Literatures, Comparative Literature, Gender Studies, Anthropology
- by Nicole CuUnjieng Aboitiz
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- Southeast Asian Studies, Nationalism, Southeast Asia, Philippine Studies

Was the Philippines prepared for the Covid-19 pandemic? Did the government take early and effective action that can be characterized as strategically agile? This article answers these questions by reconstructing the chronology of the Philippine government’s response to the pandemic during the early phase. It focuses on three issues: virus importation (specifically the first Covid-19 case), testing, and contact tracing. The Philippine response is contrasted with those of Thailand and Vietnam, which, unlike the Philippines, have succeeded in lowering per capita mortality rate. Deficient in strategic agility, the Philippines failed to consider early on a scenario of extreme disease outbreak.

- by Filomeno Aguilar
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- Philippines, Philippine Studies, COVID-19 PANDEMIC

The Spanish Pacific designates the space Spain
colonized or aspired to rule in Asia between 1521—with
the arrival of Ferdinand Magellan—and 1815—the end
of the Manila-Acapulco galleon trade route. It
encompasses what we identify today as the Philippines
and the Marianas, but also Spanish America, China,
Japan, and other parts of Asia that in the Spanish
imagination were extensions of its Latin American
colonies. This reader provides a selection of documents
relevant to the encounters and entanglements that
arose in the Spanish Pacific among Europeans, Spanish
Americans, and Asians while highlighting the role of
natives, mestizos, and women. A-first-of-its-kind, each
of the documents in this collection was selected,
translated into English, and edited by a different scholar
in the field of early modern Spanish Pacific studies, who
also provided commentary and bibliography.

- by Ricardo Padron and +1
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- Latin American Studies, Colonial America, Colonialism, Philippine Studies
- by Stefan Huebner
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- Japanese Studies, Southeast Asian Studies, Thai Studies, Indonesian History

[Note: Coming in April 2016, Duke Univ. Press.] Motherless Tongues examines the vexed relationship between language and history, so palpable in the conflicted workings of translation in the Philippines, the United States and elsewhere. Crisscrossing various colonial and postcolonial terrains, this book considers the different ways by which translation has played an important, if overlooked, role in setting the conditions for thinking about particular imperial and national events. Such events include nationalist and revolutionary attempts to vernacularize politics, imperial deployments of linguistic difference as a weapons system in the “wars against terror,” and the translation of lives among area studies scholars in the midst and in the wake of the Cold War. Mapping those areas and moments where linguistic exchange and historical imagination give rise to one another, this book traces the ways by which translation simultaneously sustains and subverts regimes of knowledge and relations of power.

This article traces the impact of the 1812 Cádiz Constitution on the native population of the Philippines. It analyzes the contradictions that the constitution posed to the juridical status of natives who were granted citizenship rights and explores how the natives received the charter through the constitutional oath, a civic festival whereby local subjects swore fealty to the charter. It analyzes the Spanish legal culture that sustained the special legal régime granted to natives since the late sixteenth century, the debates that originated in the Cortes de Cádiz, and the modified version of the constitution that was created to dovetail with local realities.

- by Alfred W McCoy
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- Philippines, Dictatorships, Philippine Studies, Philippine History
- by David Michael San Juan
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- Labor Economics, Globalization, Trade unionism, Philippines

Since its birth in 2005, the Cinemalaya Philippine Independent Film Festival has proven itself a major force in the Philippine f ilm industry. Established with the twin goals of “[encouraging] the creation of new cinematic works by Filipino filmmakers—works that boldly articulate and freely interpret the Filipino experience with fresh insight and artistic integrity” and “[invigorating] Philippine filmmaking by developing a new breed of Filipino filmmakers,” Cinemalaya has been instrumental in the recent rise of what Tiongson (“The Rise of the Philippine New Wave Indie Film”) has called the “New Wave Indie” films. This recent wave of independent cinema, in turn, is taken to be the next significant moment in the history of Philippine national cinema. By considering the film festival—a spatiotemporally demarcated event and a unique discoursegenerating institution—as point of entry, this article discusses the contested process of constructing a coherent narrative of becoming of a nation...

- by Emerald F Manlapaz
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- History, Cinema, Philippine Studies, Philippine Independent Films