Reforestation Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Reforestation with trees and shrubs may be an effective means of increasing soil organic matter content and for regeneration of degraded lands. A study was conducted on a degraded farmland Chromic Luvisol (UNESCO/FAO) or Udic Rhodustalf... more

Reforestation with trees and shrubs may be an effective means of increasing soil organic matter content and for regeneration of degraded lands. A study was conducted on a degraded farmland Chromic Luvisol (UNESCO/FAO) or Udic Rhodustalf (USDA, 1999) in the moist semi decidu-ous zone of West Africa, near Onwe, located at latitude 06o 41 ’ N, longitude 01o 28 ’ W, and at an altitude of 305m asl. The objective of the study was to quantify the improvement in soil physico-chemical properties of degraded Chromic Luvisol with exotic leguminous tree species compared to grass vegetation in the moist semi-deciduous zone of West Africa. To quantify changes due to reforestation, we measured some physical and chemical properties of soil after 20 years (1989 – 2009) of reforestation with Acacia angustissima (Acacia), Cassia siamea (Cassia), and Leucaena leucocephala (Leucaena) mixed and compared with soils under natural grass vegetation. Experi-mental design used for soil sampling and for evaluat...

Importance of Juniper trees for forest rehabilitation programs was resulted in direct, seed sowing of Juniperus excelsa as a safe method to expand juniper forest areas and rehabilitation of deteriorated forests. This study was done to... more

Importance of Juniper trees for forest rehabilitation programs was resulted in direct, seed sowing of Juniperus excelsa as a safe method to expand juniper forest areas and rehabilitation of deteriorated forests. This study was done to determine the effect of canopy and its geographic orientation on seed germination as well as survival of seedlings in the Sirachal research station. Collected seeds from Sirachal habitat were sowed in four main geographic orientations under canopy’s edge and 1.5 meter out of canopy as completely randomized blocks in split plots. Data analysis showed that canopy (P<0.05) and its geographic orientation (P<0.01) had significant effects on seed germination. In addition, the effect of geographic orientation of canopy on seedling survival was significant (P<0.01). The interaction of canopy and its geographic orientation on germination of seeds and survival of seedlings was not significant. The highest seed germination percentage was observed for seeds sowed under the canopy’s edge and in the north direction. The highest percentage of seedling survival was observed in the south followed by the north and east directions of the canopy. Despite the higher germination and survival percentages under the canopy’s edge, it is suggested to sow seeds out of trees canopy and in the north direction as seedlings have no chance to survive under the maternal trees canopy for longer periods.

Bozulan ekosistemlerin onarılması için yapılan faaliyetlerden biri de ağaçlandırma çalışmalarıdır. Ağaçlandırmalar, genel olarak orman örtüsü ortadan kalkan alanlarda veya diğer boş sahalarda uygulanmaktadır. Asıl durumu orman olmayan... more

Bozulan ekosistemlerin onarılması için yapılan faaliyetlerden biri de ağaçlandırma
çalışmalarıdır. Ağaçlandırmalar, genel olarak orman örtüsü ortadan kalkan alanlarda veya diğer
boş sahalarda uygulanmaktadır. Asıl durumu orman olmayan sulakalan, doğal step ve mera gibi
alanların ağaçlandırma ile ormana dönüştürülmesi, doğal ekosistemlerin bozulmasına ve
farklılaşmasına yol açmaktadır. Bu sakıncalı sonuçlara varmamak için, ağaçlandırma faaliyetleri
ekolojik onarım yaklaşımı ile yürütülmelidir. Ekolojik onarım ile zarar gören ekosistemlerin tür
bileşimi, yerine getirdiği işlev, sağlık, bütünlük, dayanıklılık, esneklik ve devamlılık bakımından
zarar görmeden önceki özgün durumuna getirilmesi hedeflenir. Ekosistemde bozuluma neden
olan faktörlerin ortadan kaldırılması, doğal tür ve yerel orijinlerin kullanılması, doğal mera ve
bozkır alanlar gibi diğer ekosistemlerin farklılaştırılmaması başlıca ekolojik onarım ilkeleridir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Ağaçlandırma, Ekosistem, Ekolojik onarım, Biyolojik çeşitlilik
Guidance of Principles and Goals of Ecological Restoration in Forestation Studies
ABSTRACT
Forestation is one of the major studies in restoration of degraded ecosystems.
Forestation studies are generally applied in deforested or other bare sites. Forestation of the
sites that aren’t originally forests such as wetlands, natural steppe and range sites frequently
cause the degradations and differentiations in native ecosystems. Forestation applications
should be carried out with the ecological restoration approach in order to avoid from the
degradation of natural sites. The general goal of ecological restoration works is to bring the
degraded ecosystems to the original conditions before the degradation in terms of species
compositions, functions, health, integrity, resistance, resilience, and sustainability. Eliminating
the degradation factors, the use of native species and local seed sources, and avoiding from the
forestation interventions in other ecosystems such as natural range and steppe sites are the
major ecological restoration principles.
Keywords: Forestation, Ecosystem, Ecological restoration, Biodiversity

Experiences from the ACIAR Smallholder Forestry Project reveal that production and use of high quality seedlings is a critical consideration for successful tree farming and reforestation activity, considering that most reforestation... more

Experiences from the ACIAR Smallholder Forestry Project reveal that production and use of high quality seedlings is a critical consideration for successful tree farming and reforestation activity, considering that most reforestation activities have been largely dependent on nursery-produced seedlings. While the use of polyethylene bags has been the traditional technique in raising seedlings, the planting stock produced often have a deformed or J-shape taproot and may develop to mature trees with poor anchorage in the field. The research project introduced the use of hiko tray as potting containers in seedling production as a way of resolving the problem of J-rooting and producing higher quality seedlings. A economic analysis was conducted to determine the comparative advantage and feasibility of the polybag and hiko tray techniques, with a view of promoting the adoption of the hiko technique among tree farmers, especially the smallholders. Results of the study revealed that the hiko...

The topic is the relationship between forest fire and the seed transfer zone of Pinus brutia (Turkish red pine). After a forest fire, there are three options: a) no treatment (natural), b) leaving thin branches with cones if necessary... more

The topic is the relationship between forest fire and the seed transfer zone of Pinus brutia (Turkish red pine). After a forest fire, there are three options: a) no treatment (natural), b) leaving thin branches with cones if necessary seed supplement and c) seedling plantation. when b and c is implemented, rules of seed transfer are needed. It was explained that base of seed transfer rules including natural selection. when not tracing seed transfer rules, production loss was shown from some researches using its examples. As a summary, ıt was underlined ımpotartance of seed transfer rules and process of evolution for Turkish red pine the reforestation after a forest fire.

Salinity is one of the environmental factors that has a critical influence on the germination of seeds and plant establishment. Seed germination is the stage which is most susceptible to this abiotic constraint. The objective of this... more

Salinity is one of the environmental factors that has a critical influence on the germination of seeds and plant establishment. Seed germination is the stage which is most susceptible to this abiotic constraint. The objective of this study was the identification of the kinetics of germination in response to salinity stress. Two experiments were separately conducted using various salinity levels of 0, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 400 and 600 meq.L-1 created using NaCl as first experiment and by CaCl2 at the same levels in the second experiment. The seeds of two Acacia species (Acacia decurrens and Acacia saligna) were used in each experiment. The germination was evaluated in Petri dishes based on the daily rates and the cumulated rates of germination seeds over a period of 21 days. Germination of these species decreased with increasing salinity. All Acacia species showed higher tolerance to increased level of CaCl2 than to NaCl. The recovery of the seeds that did not germinate under salinity conditions using NaCl or CaCl2 at (600 meq.L-1) indicate that the sodium chloride were toxic at this concentration and thus the adverse effects of CaCl2 concentration that explained as a result of lowering osmotic potential of the external solution. High significant results indicated that the NaCl presented higher toxic effects on germination parameters than the CaCl2. Furthermore, Acacia decurrens was more tolerant than Acacia saligna with a rate of considerable germination of 46% with the concentration of (300 meq.L-1) of NaCl.

To maintain adequate soil organic matter, bareroot nurseries may add organic amendments, grow and incorporate cover crops between seedling production cycles, or both. We examined the influence of amendment of nursery soils with organic... more

To maintain adequate soil organic matter, bareroot nurseries may add organic amendments, grow and incorporate cover crops between seedling production cycles, or both. We examined the influence of amendment of nursery soils with organic materials on both soil properties and biomass production of a sorghum (Sorghum spp.) cover crop. Level of organic matter, pH, cation exchange capacity, and concentrations of P, K, Ca, and Mg were all significantly influenced by application of chicken manure, sawdust, compost, or leaves. Above-ground biomass of the sorghum cover crop was highest with application of chicken manure at 8,700 kg ha -1 (7,670 lb ac -1) together with sawdust at 12,000 kg ha -1 (10,580 lb ac -1). We observed a negative influence of sawdust on sorghum biomass production, illustrating the importance of maintaining adequate C:N ratios. Our results suggest that integrating a combination of soil amendments and cover crops could potentially increase long-term organic matter levels, helping to sustain nursery soil productivity.

Surface coal mining in Appalachia has caused extensive replacement of forest with non-forested land cover, much of which is unmanaged and unproductive. Although forested ecosystems are valued by society for both marketable products and... more

Surface coal mining in Appalachia has caused extensive replacement of forest with non-forested land cover, much of which is unmanaged and unproductive. Although forested ecosystems are valued by society for both marketable products and ecosystem services, forests have not been restored on most Appalachian mined lands because traditional reclamation practices, encouraged by regulatory policies, created conditions poorly suited for reforestation. Reclamation scientists have studied productive forests growing on older mine sites, established forest vegetation experimentally on recent mines, and identified mine reclamation practices that encourage forest vegetation re-establishment. Based on these findings, they developed a Forestry Reclamation Approach (FRA) that can be employed by coal mining firms to restore forest vegetation. Scientists and mine regulators, working collaboratively, have communicated the FRA to the coal industry and to regulatory enforcement personnel. Today, the FRA is used routinely by many coal mining firms, and thousands of mined hectares have been reclaimed to restore productive mine soils and planted with native forest trees. Reclamation of coal mines using the FRA is expected to restore these lands&amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;amp;#39; capabilities to provide forest-based ecosystem services, such as wood production, atmospheric carbon sequestration, wildlife habitat, watershed protection, and water quality protection to a greater extent than conventional reclamation practices.

Reforestation is an important tool for reducing or reversing biodiversity loss and mitigating climate change. However, there are many potential compromises between the structural (biodiversity) and functional (carbon sequestration and... more

Reforestation is an important tool for reducing or reversing biodiversity loss and mitigating climate change. However, there are many potential compromises between the structural (biodiversity) and functional (carbon sequestration and water yield) effects of reforestation, which can be affected by decisions on spatial design and establishment of plantings. We systematically review the environmental responses to reforestation and show that manipulating the configuration of plantings (location, size, species mix and tree density) increases a range of environmental benefits. More extensive tree plantings (> 10 ha) provide more habitat, and larger improvements to carbon and water cycling. Planting a mixture of native trees and shrubs is best for biodiversity while traditional plantation species, generally non-native species, sequester C faster. Tree density can be manipulated at planting or during early development to accelerate structural maturity and to manage water yields. A diversity of habitats will be created by planting in a variety of landscape positions and imitating the patchy distribution of forest types, which historically has characterized many regions. Areas with shallow aquifers can be planted to reduce water pollution or avoided to maintain water yields. Reforestation should be used to build forest networks that are surrounded by low-intensity land use and that provide links within regions and between biomes. While there are adequate models for C sequestration and changes in water yields after reforestation, the quantitative understanding of changes in habitat resources and species composition is more limited. Development of spatial and temporal modelling platforms based on empirical models of structural and functional outcomes of reforestation is essential for deciding on how to reconfigure agricultural regions. To build such platforms, we must quantify: (a) the influence of previous land uses, establishment methods, species mixes and interactions with adjacent land uses on environmental (particularly biodiversity) outcomes of reforestation; and (b) the ways in which responses measured at the level of individual plantings scale up to watersheds and regions. Models based on this information will help widespread reforestation for carbon sequestration improve native biodiversity, nutrient cycling and water balance at regional scales.

Desert research, research and development of sustainable greening methods, greenhouse management, forestry, agriculture and cultural industries are the primary fields of the concept and greening deserts projects. The greening and research... more

Desert research, research and development of sustainable greening methods, greenhouse management, forestry, agriculture and cultural industries are the primary fields of the concept and greening deserts projects. The greening and research camp with a greenhouse, office and laboratory containers or tents for the research and development of greening and irrigation methods is the primary objective for opencast mine or post-mining landscapes. Secondary objectives, such as sustainable recreational use and tourism offers, can be realized during the operation over the years and are not necessary for the successful start of the research project and base camp in the opencast mining area or a post-mining landscape. This also eliminates all associated conditions, provisions and legal regulations, since for the time being no public recreational use or tourism operation takes place. Nevertheless, forward-looking considerations and planning approaches as well as extensive points on the areas or topics were worked out and summarized in this concept. Greening Deserts projects are always planned as long-term and sustainable as possible. Further tasks and goals of the projects are the education, research and realization of a sustainable greening, management and cultivation of all kinds of poor, barren and dry areas, landscapes (drylands) or regions. That’s why the main projects of Greening Deserts treating not only typical deserts but all types of deserts, including surface mining deserts, concrete- or urban-deserts. This can all be done with suitable greening and research camps, stations or centers. In this work or in the concept possibilities are analyzed and discussed on the example of research and greening camps for opencast deserts, mining landscapes or post-mining landscape landscapes. The research camp should be an encounter, education and communication platform in post-mining landscapes, internally for experts, specialists and scientists, and in future open to the public. Earth sciences, natural, environmental and desert sciences are three of the main research areas. For a start, the greening, nature and research projects focus on nature experiences, important experience and research in the particular area or terrain. Everything will be analyzed, documented and informed about interesting findings or developments. In the course of the project, with interested and competent bodies or persons will be communicated – via existing and new networks, and then on site as well. In addition to well-known environmental education instruments (tools) and programs, the active experience of nature and creative forms of exploration and experimentation also should be researched and developed.

The objective of this text is to support reforestation, rewilding, and bioremediation as an end-game environmental practice to abate atmospheric carbon and associated global pollutants. That goal includes restoring health to wild... more

The objective of this text is to support reforestation, rewilding, and bioremediation as an end-game environmental practice to abate atmospheric carbon and associated global pollutants. That goal includes restoring health to wild landscapes and their ecosystems while evolving an ecoDialectical praxis applicable to agroforestry, city reforestation, and metabolic architectures. The text charts a 2.7 hectare (6.6 acre) locality in Tarragona, Spain currently testing land occupancy, wilding, and ecological strategies. The experiment is emerging from Jonathan Minchin’s mixture of eco policies, appropriate technologies, and land stewardship. It involves computational generation, robotics, and AI as well as old and new agricultural methods for land/biodiversity oversight. Secondly, the experiment is dialectically anchored and extended from research in metabolic architectures vis-a-vis autopoiesis, Marxism, observation, design, bacterial deployment, and AI. The seemingly hopeless trajectory of survival — bioremedially thriving in the Anthropocene — now requires knowing history, synthetic biology, and microbial intelligences in order to potentially repair or reorient the situation wrought by climate change. To this task, Minchin’s site participates in dialectics-of-nature focused on agriculture, reforestation, and architectural tactics to come to grips with climate disruption. Further, with respect to these topics, environmental/design theory should be updated to reference Engels’s Dialectics of Nature for reforestation, rewilding, and bioremediation and then paired with citizen ecology, implemented in wildernesses and urbanisms guided by thinking, labor, technology, and computation.

La sécheresse et la salinité agissent simultanément dans la tolérance et l’acclimatation sous conditions salines. Par conséquent, les plantes soumises à ces types de stress devraient avoir développé des adaptations structurelles... more

La sécheresse et la salinité agissent simultanément dans la tolérance et l’acclimatation sous conditions salines. Par conséquent, les plantes soumises à ces types de stress devraient avoir développé des adaptations structurelles spécifiques dès le stade de germination en passant par la croissance de la racine, les feuilles et la tige. La solution à ces problèmes environnementaux est de rechercher des espèces relativement économes en eau et résistantes à des épisodes récurrents de divers stress abiotiques tel que le stress salin. L’effet de la sécheresse s’est manifesté au niveau de la distribution des espèces d’acacia le long du territoire algérien, caractérisé beaucoup plus par la pluviométrie. En effet, La répartition géographique du genre Acacia Mill. (Fabales Mimosaceae) en Algérie a été déterminée après la prospection, la localisation et la description des populations de différentes espèces sur l’ensemble du territoire algérien. Vingt-quatre régions ont été prospectées en fonction de l'abondance relative des espèces. Selon les données climatiques des années 2000-2016, les espèces suivantes sont adaptées à une pluviométrie annuelle inférieure à 100 mm : A. albida, A. ehrenbergiana, A. laeta, A. nilotica, A. seyal et A. tortilis. Trois espèces (A. karroo, A. farnesiana et A. saligna) se trouvent dans des zones de pluviométrie annuelle comprise entre 250 et 500 mm). A. decurrens est situé dans une zone où les précipitations annuelles dépassent 1000 mm. L’étude de l’effet des prétraitements sur les dix espèces recensées en Algérie a été nécessaire afin d’améliorer la régénération de ces espèces. Ainsi, le taux de germination passe de 5-10% dans la nature à plus de 90% après traitement à l’acide sulfurique pendant une durée bien définie. Les résultats approuvent aussi que le type de dormance chez les graines de ce genre est de type physique. L'objectif de l’étude de l’effet de la salinité sur la germination contribue aussi à déterminer le seuil de tolérance des semences et de leur régénération dans un milieu salin. Seulement trois parmi les dix espèces répertoriées seront étudiées. Cette sélection est basée surtout sur la distribution géographique et la densité de chaque espèce choisie. A. saligna représente le Nord, A. tortilis pour le Sud, et A. karroo qui est une espèce qui est présente dans le Nord et dans le Sud en même temps. Le classement des espèces étudiées dans un ordre de tolérance décroissant, sur la base de leur capacité germinative, est alors le suivant : A. karroo > A. tortilis > A. saligna. La croissance, l'homéostasie ionique, l'osmoprotection, l’indice de tolérance à la salinité, ainsi que les ajustements anatomiques d'A. karroo et d’A. saligna cultivés à diverses concentrations de NaCl pendant 21 jours ont été évalués. Les résultats ont montré que le sel a entrainé des changements remarquables au niveau de certains paramètres liés à la croissance, du RWC et du RWL, des pigments photosynthétiques, des protéines et des glucides, en fonction du niveau de sel. Les teneurs en Na+, en Ca2+ ainsi que le rapport Na+/K+ dans les feuilles a augmenté avec les degrés de salinité, tandis que les teneurs en K+ a été réduit de manière significative par rapport aux plantes témoins chez ces deux espèces d’acacia. Les teneurs en proline, en acides aminés libres totaux et en sucres réducteurs se sont considérablement accumulées au niveau des feuilles. Les examens anatomiques ont révélé diverses modifications anatomiques dans les tissus des tiges et des racines vis-à-vis du stress salin, telles que l'augmentation/réduction de l’épaisseur, cortex, de la bande vasculaire ou de la moelle. A. karroo s’est montré plus tolérante à la salinité qu’A. saligna. En effet, les valeurs de l’indice de tolérance des plantes au stress salin suggèrent qu’A. karroo a efficacement adopté certains mécanismes afin de s’acclimater à des niveaux de salinité plus élevés. Nos résultats montrent que l'adaptabilité d’une espèce à la salinité est étroitement liée à la sélectivité en ions, à l'accumulation d'osmoprotecteurs, aux ajustements anatomiques et à la production de la biomasse sèche. Nos résultats confirment qu'A. karroo et A. saligna sont deux espèces d'arbre appropriée pour la conservation du sol et de l'écologie, ce qui favoriserait la restauration des terres dans les zones arides et semi-arides tout en profitant économiquement des intérêts de ces espèces.

At the time of its independence in 1947, 33% of Pakistan was under the forest cover i. By the end of 2015 this cover had fallen to 1.9%, primarily due to deforestation ii. With an annual deforestation rate of 2.1% Pakistan ranks the... more

At the time of its independence in 1947, 33% of Pakistan was under the forest cover i. By the end of 2015 this cover had fallen to 1.9%, primarily due to deforestation ii. With an annual deforestation rate of 2.1% Pakistan ranks the highest in Asia iii. A country of roughly 200 million, Pakistan is 8th on the list of countries most effected by climate change in the past two decades iv. And despite being a low emitter of GHGs (less than 1% global contributions) v the melting of Siachen and Boltoro glaciers in the Himalayas (the largest glaciers in the world outside of Arctic and Antarctica and colloquially referred to as the Third Pole) threatens the volumetric flow rate of many of the most important rivers of Pakistan, thus placing it amongst countries most vulnerable to climate change vi. Exogenous factors aside, antiquated agriculture and livestock sector, lack of solid waste management, rabid industrial development and illegal deforestation continue to malign honest efforts to mitigate environmental issues in Pakistan. Pakistan ranks highly in indices for desertification and water depletion. According to the International Monetary Fund (IMF), Pakistan is already the third most water-stressed country in the world and is poised to become a water-scarce country by 2025 vii. This is a harrowing statistic considering Pakistan heavily relies on the Indus basin river system for irrigation for its agriculture, accounting for 21% of the its GDP. Amidst all the bad news, there is some good news: 2% of Pakistan's forest cover is destined to recover by 2018 through a grassroots reforestation drive called the " Billion Tree Tsunami " (BTT) project viii. This is the first reforestation or afforestation project of its kind in the country. It was initiated in 2015 by the provincial government of Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa (KP) province. Situated in the Northwestern foothills of three mighty mountain ranges of the world, the Karakoram, Hindu-Kush and the Himalayas, KP holds 40% of the country's remaining forest cover ix and has been most vulnerable to illegal deforestation. In a country with lax legal codes, a wanting judicial system and absence of constitutional protection for the right to live in a healthy environment for its citizens, there exists plenty of administrative oversight and corruption when it comes to tackling the practice of deforestation. The road to recovery seems long and arduous and the policy challenges increasingly complex. Aside nota bene: This policy brief is addressed to the newly elected Prime Minister of Pakistan Mr. Imran Khan, whose party (The Movement for Justice) had adopted the Billion Tree Tsunami (BTT) project in its previous provincial term in KP. The policy brief analyzes the legal shortcomings and environmental implications of the Billion Tree Tsunami reforestation drive. It also assesses the economic viability of the BTT project and investigates the concerns emanating within environmental groups on the identified tree species for plantation and their impact on the flora and fauna of the region. It looks at comparable afforestation drives in other jurisdictions around the world namely, Brazil, India and China and provides recommendations to cull deforestation practices through strengthening of legal codes and innovation and technology.

En el panorama actual de deforestaciones, incendios intencionales, talas de bosque, etc. la reforestación con especies nativas es vital para restaurar las áreas degradadas por estas actividades, ya que son las propias del ecosistema y las... more

En el panorama actual de deforestaciones, incendios intencionales, talas de bosque, etc. la reforestación con especies nativas es vital para restaurar las áreas degradadas por estas actividades, ya que son las propias del ecosistema y las que los animales y otras formas de vida más van a aprovechar. El tema es que hay mucha gente que quiere plantar semillas de especies nativas de esta provincia, pero las plantas se le mueren, la semilla no germina, etc. Para solucionar un poco este problema, en esta guía se enseña como germinar y cuidar en sus primeros estadíos especies nativas de la provincia de Córdoba, Argentina, con muy altos porcentajes de germinación y supervivencia.

Te main objective of this work is to investigate what are the costs and risks involved in implementing Afforestation and Reforestations Projects (ARPs), especially within the scope of Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), as well as... more

Te main objective of this work is to investigate what are the costs and risks involved in implementing Afforestation and Reforestations Projects (ARPs), especially within the scope of Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), as well as exploring its main constraints and eventual solutions. In order to do that, this essay is divided in three main sections. In the first section are considered the general guidelines for ARPs within CDM, focusing on the distribution of projects registered in the mechanism and the general constrains for their implementation. In the second section it is analyzed in more detail the specific economic factors accounting for the costs, risks and profitability of ARPs. The third section focuses on a specific case of ARP implemented in an area of grazing lands in Santo Domingo, north of Argentina.

This study was designed to examine the relationship between land management practices of Indian communities prior to contact with Europeans and the nature or character of subsequent catastrophic forest fires in the Oregon Coast Range. The... more

This study was designed to examine the relationship between land management practices of Indian communities prior to contact with Europeans and the nature or character of subsequent catastrophic forest fires in the Oregon Coast Range. The research focused on spatial and temporal patterns of Indian burning across the landscape from 1491 until 1848, and corresponding patterns of catastrophic fire events from 1849 until 1951. Archival and anthropological research methods were used to obtain early surveys, maps, drawings, photographs, interviews, Geographic Information Systems (GIS) inventories, eyewitness accounts and other sources of evidence that document fire history. Data were tabulated, mapped, and digitized as new GIS layers for purposes of comparative analysis. An abundance of useful historical evidence was found for reconstructing precontact vegetation patterns and human burning practices in western Oregon. The data also proved useful for documenting local and regional forest fire histories. Precontact Indians used fire to produce landscape patterns of trails, patches, fields, woodlands, forests and grasslands that varied from time to time and place to place, partly due to demographic, cultural, topographic, and climatic differences that existed throughout the Coast Range. Native plants were systematically managed by local Indian families in even-aged stands, usually dominated by a single species, throughout all river basins of the study area. Oak, filberts, camas, wapato, tarweed, yampah, strawberries, huckleberries, brackenfern, nettles, and other plants were raised in select areas by all known tribes, over long periods of time. However, current scientific and policy assumptions regarding the abundance and extent of precontact western Oregon old-growth forests may have been erroneous. This study demonstrates a high rate of coincidence between the land management practices of precontact Indian communities, and the causes, timing, boundaries, severity, and extent of subsequent catastrophic forest fires in the same areas. Information developed from this study will be of value to researchers, wildlife managers, forest landowners, and others with an interest in the history and resources of the Oregon Coast Range.

Renewable sources of energy exist naturally without depletion since they replenish themselves naturally. Some of the renewable sources of energy include geothermal energy, solar energy, hydropower, bioenergy, wave and tide energy, and... more

Renewable sources of energy exist naturally without depletion since they replenish themselves naturally. Some of the renewable sources of energy include geothermal energy, solar energy, hydropower, bioenergy, wave and tide energy, and wind energy. Unfortunately, the world is experiencing uncontrollable population growth which subsequently leads to continual and excessive consumption of renewable sources of energy. As a result, trade and investment have also developed globally with individuals and states attempting to meet their basic and economic needs. In the long run the excessive use of the energy has resulted to several challenges including depletion of fossil fuels, greenhouse gas emissions and other environmental issues.

The Thin Green Line symposium was attended by nearly 200 professionals, mainly from across Canada and the United States but also included participants from Europe and Asia. The symposium continued Ontario’s long and rich tradition in... more

The Thin Green Line symposium was attended by nearly 200 professionals, mainly from across Canada and the United States but also included participants from Europe and Asia. The symposium continued Ontario’s long and rich tradition in reforestation. Forest regeneration is a cornerstone of managing forests sustainably. Prompt and efficient regeneration gives society the benefits of wood products, as well as the economic wealth that obtaining and processing wood creates. Good reforestation habits provide more wood from less land and increased timber productivity means that demand for wood products can be met with less impact on non-wood uses of the forest.
This document is a compendium of invited and volunteer papers and posters presented at the symposium. (Where papers were not submitted, abstracts are provided.) Papers by invited speakers are first, followed by volunteer presentations organized by symposium themes as follows: status of reforestation and afforestation around the world, nursery methods to produce target seedlings, planting and planting site treatments to optimize regeneration, and enhancing timber production and non-timber values through stand establishment. Papers are printed as received and content is the responsibility of the authors.

Om beter zicht te krijgen in de landelijke verspreiding van bos in de Middeleeuwen (500-1500 n. Chr.) zijn plaatsnamen geïnventariseerd die duiden op de vroegere aanwezigheid van bos. Waarom? De Bossenstrategie 2030 beoogt de aanplant van... more

Om beter zicht te krijgen in de landelijke verspreiding van bos in de Middeleeuwen (500-1500 n. Chr.) zijn plaatsnamen geïnventariseerd die duiden op de vroegere aanwezigheid van bos. Waarom? De Bossenstrategie 2030 beoogt de aanplant van veel nieuw bos. De vraag is, waar dat moet komen, en bovendien hoe het eruit zou moeten zien. Want het ene bos is het andere niet, niet qua aanzien en ecologie en ook niet wat betreft gebruiksmogelijkheden. Ook is de ene plek, of een bepaald type bos, historisch en landschappelijk wellicht logischer dan de andere. Bij het zoeken naar locaties voor nieuw bos wordt vaak gekeken naar bestaande bosplaatsen of plekken waarvan bekend is dat er bos heeft gestaan. Probleem daarbij is dat bos pas vanaf circa 1850 gedetailleerd en landsdekkend op de kaart staat. En dat was nu juist het moment waarop in Nederland bijna geen bos meer stond.

A descriptive research study to assess the Reforestation Program in Pantabangan-Carranglan Water Forest Reserve (PCWFR) in Pantabangan, Nueva Ecija. The instruments used was a survey questionnaire patterned from DENR-JICA with... more

A descriptive research study to assess the Reforestation Program in Pantabangan-Carranglan Water Forest Reserve (PCWFR) in Pantabangan, Nueva Ecija. The instruments used was a survey questionnaire patterned from DENR-JICA with modification made by the researcher to 75 respondents from DENR, NIA and Peoples' Organization. Results showed that their ages ranged from 18 to 72 years old with a mean of 42.48 years old, male, married, finished high school, involved in the reforestation program for 1-7 years, a monthly salary of 13,300.00 to 19,199.00Php, rank as job order for DENR and NIA, members for PO and have attended 1-2 seminars/trainings. Respondents conducted site development practices. Majority practiced activities based on DENR standards and specifications. The different activities under the reforestation program were moderately implemented and somewhat implemented. They claimed their areas were 100% planted with the selected tree species. Age was significantly related with survival rate of seedlings planted, educational attainment with actual area planted. Rank/position was significantly related to actual area planted and had high significant relationship with survival rate of seedlings. Exotic trees had significant relationship with actual area planted while endemic trees, with actual area planted, and growth height of seedlings. Seedlings with above one foot height had significant relationship with growth, below pencil size base diameter with survival rate and above pencil size base diameter with growth height of seedlings. Relationship between implementation scheme and outcome of reforestation program was established. Some problems encountered in the implementation of reforestation program in PCWFR were lack of financial and other logistic support and, the delayed payment of works accomplished.

La selva baja caducifolia es un ecosistema bajo fuerte presión por las actividades humanas. Se distribuye tanto sobre dunas costeras como tierra adentro. El trabajo tiene como objetivo identificar las especies de árboles y palmas nativos... more

La selva baja caducifolia es un ecosistema bajo fuerte presión por las actividades humanas. Se distribuye tanto sobre dunas costeras como tierra adentro. El trabajo tiene como objetivo identificar las especies de árboles y palmas nativos útiles que crecen en las selvas bajas ...

The hemp plant is not only the most useful plant in the world, hemp is also a potential climate saver and can even significantly reduce global warming, climate crises and land degradation with appropriate applications. Greening Deserts... more

The hemp plant is not only the most useful plant in the world, hemp is also a potential climate saver and can even significantly reduce global warming, climate crises and land degradation with appropriate applications. Greening Deserts projects such as the Greening Camps and research stations will use bamboo, hemp and other key plants extensively to improve soil quality and water quality.
The groundwater is protected by hemp cultivation, sustainable agriculture, organic farming and innovative water management. Only natural fertilizers are used and pesticides are avoided, there are many good alternatives. Different bamboo and hemp sorts can be used in almost every climate and under all possible conditions or events. Global hemp cultivation can generally contribute to climate, soil and water improvement as well as for a better cultivation of crops and a variety of afforestation or reforestation. The founder and project developer of Greening Camp projects has been developing these innovative and sustainable solutions for years.
Various greenhouses and research fields can be established together with the camps for education, research and product development, the projects also serve the climate, nature and environmental protection. At each camp can be special biotopes, botanical gardens, greenhouses and parks for endangered species - especially for cultivating or saving plants, insects and other animals of each climate zone or region. Climate protection, nature conservation, species protection and plant science are a few of the primary tasks.

Maturana and Varela’s book Autopoiesis and Cognition operates as a foundational text to nurture biodesign experimentation and praxis. For research purposes, it underpins ecoDialectics reinforced with Francisco Varela’s taxonomic:... more

Maturana and Varela’s book Autopoiesis and Cognition operates as a foundational text to nurture biodesign experimentation and praxis. For research purposes, it underpins ecoDialectics reinforced with Francisco Varela’s taxonomic: “Autopoiesis is a prime example of dialectics.” Deployed for design, autopoiesis helps distinguish types of microbe, plant, and animal intelligences needed for bioremedial, metabolic architectures. As the foundation for a researchers’ conceptualization processes, the theory supports methods to integrate biology and computation (AI) with non-human (microbial) operations and data. It illuminates pathways in order to associate design and nature with metabolic/synthetic communication networks involving objects, organisms, and machines focused on CO2 eradication — sometimes, in conjunction with massive reforestation and bioremediation. Autopoietic processes, delineated for metabolic architectures, flourish by reframing human cognitive processes, microbial intelligence, AI, and biological organization in order to target the climate crisis. By factoring in extended phenotypes, extended cognition, and synthetic biology autopoietic ecoDialectics emerges to pair living intelligences with algorithmic infrastructures in a new typology of bioremediation.

Steep rise of carbon dioxide level in the atmosphere is one of the main causes of global warming. This increase is ascribed to the fact that, since the beginning of industrial revolution, natural processes for CO2 sequestration are no... more

Steep rise of carbon dioxide level in the atmosphere is one of the main causes of global warming. This increase is ascribed to the fact that, since the beginning of industrial revolution, natural processes for CO2 sequestration are no more able to cope with the excess of CO2 produced by anthropogenic activities. In the recent years, research has been focused on defining artificial CO2 cycles to support the natural one. Element magnesium is used in this review as leitmotif to explore the majority of systems involved in any step of natural and artificial CO2 cycles (separation, storage, sequestration or recycling). Magnesium is in fact ubiquitous, being present in the mesosphere as global layers, on the Earth surface in the most important enzyme for carbon fixation (Rubisco) and in silicates, that constitute the most part of rocks, where CO2 is sequestered through natural weathering. For what concerns synthetic materials, zeolites, metal-supported particles and metal-organic frameworks are only few of the systems considered in literature. The intent of this review is to connect different fields of study to create an interdisciplinary review in the chemistry domain. Research outlooks are suggested for the different fields. In the end, a qualitative analysis of the advantages and limits of different processes and a rough estimate of their potential are given in terms of the time needed to reduce the atmospheric CO2 level. Although economical, political and health evaluations would be also necessary, this analysis indicates that forestation could be the possible winning solution in the short-middle term for lowering atmospheric CO2 concentration.

Efforts to combat global climate change through forestry plantations designed to sequester carbon and promote sustainable development are on the rise. This paper analyses the trajectory of Cambodia´s first large-scale reforestation... more

Efforts to combat global climate change through forestry plantations designed to sequester carbon and promote sustainable development are on the rise. This paper analyses the trajectory of Cambodia´s first large-scale reforestation project awarded within the context of climate change mitigation. The 34,007 ha concession was formally conceived to promote sustainable resource use, livelihood improvements and emission reduction. On the ground, however, vast tracks of diverse forest landscapes are being cleared and converted to acacia monocultures, existing timber stocks are logged for market sale, and customary land users dispossessed from land and forest resources. While the project adds to an ongoing land grab crisis in Cambodia, we argue that the explicit environmental ends of the forestry concession enabled a ‘green grab’ that not only exceeds the scale of land grabs caused by conventional economic land concessions, but surprisingly also exacerbates forest logging and biodiversity loss in the area. This case demonstrates the extent to which current climate change discourses, forestry agendas and their underlying assumptions require critical revision in global policy discussions to forestall the growing problem of green grabbing in land use.

Breaking physical dormancy in some forest seeds is a challenge for scientists and forest managers to obtain a homogeneous germination for larger seed samples. The role played by the seed coat in seed dormancy of six trees with great... more

Breaking physical dormancy in some forest seeds is a challenge for scientists and forest managers to obtain a homogeneous germination for larger seed samples. The role played by the seed coat in seed dormancy of six trees with great interest in agroforestry (Robinia pseudoacacia, Leucaena leucocephala, Erythrostemon gilliesii, Styphnolobium japonicum, Acacia dealbata and Brachychiton populneus) was tested by the effects of the pretreatment and its duration on the performance of seed germination, by considering the final germination percentage (FGP) and the mean germination time (MGT). These parameters are estimated at various times of incubation (5, 10 and 15 days) in Petri dishes and stored in darkness at (25 ± 2°C). The pretreatment consists of an immersion of seeds in concentrated sulphuric acid during 30, 60 and 90 minutes. Sowing without pretreatment (control) revealed no germination induction for B. populneus and A. dealbata, except for R. pseudoacacia, L. leucocephala and S. japonica where the germination does not exceed 12% for all the experience duration. Generally, pretreatments were very useful to improve seed germination. The time of immersion into sulphuric acid significantly affected (P < 0.0001) the FGP and the MGT in all studied species. A duration of 30 minutes of soaking was adequate to give a very high rate of germination for L. leucocephala, E. gilliesii, S. japonica and A. dealbata with respective FGP of 100%, 95%, 100% and 82,5%. However, an extended duration of pretreatment of 60 minutes was necessary for a maximal germination for R. pseudoacacia and B. populneus with FGP of 85% and 100%, respectively. A prolonged duration of 90 minutes of presowing was very fatal for L. leucocephala, A. dealbata and B. populneus. An excellent germinative strength is characterized by a higher FGP and a reduced MGT.

Human-induced modifications of the vegetation cover in river basins may cause strong geomorphic responses by disturbing sediment supply, transport and deposition regimes. The response is particularly noticeable in upland regions, where... more

Human-induced modifications of the vegetation cover in river basins may cause strong geomorphic responses by disturbing sediment supply, transport and deposition regimes. The response is particularly noticeable in upland regions, where sensitivity to change is enhanced by strong coupling between river channels and hillslopes, as is exemplified by studies undertaken in the East Coast region, North Island, New Zealand, and in the Southern French Prealps. Both regions have been affected by land-use change during the past 150 years (deforestation and reforestation) that can be chronologically linked to geomorphic change on hillslopes and on valley floors. In this paper we use these studies to draw attention to: (1) the magnitude of the change in sediment production associated with a modification to the vegetation cover; (2) the impact that reforestation has on the sediment production and the channel system; and (3) the relative influence of anthropogenic and climatic forcing on the channel response. Finally, we consider the manner in which land use has been used as a tool to manage sediment production in France and New Zealand. The results obtained in both regions demonstrate the strong effect that the vegetation cover has on hillslope erosion processes, through its impact on the landsliding threshold (in New Zealand) and the total sediment yield (from paired forested and non-forested catchments in France). Consideration of channel response serves to emphasize the sensitivity of upland regions to land-use change, and suggests that the successful discrimination between the respective influences of climatic and land-use change depends, in large part, upon the ability to detect spatial and chronological links (or, conversely, gaps) between causes and effects. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Seeds of many tree-species possess a hard seed coat which is impervious to water. These seeds often take a long time to germinate, resulting in heterogeneity and a delay in seedlings development which is an inconvenience for reforestation... more

Seeds of many tree-species possess a hard seed coat which is impervious to water. These seeds often take a long time to germinate, resulting in heterogeneity and a delay in seedlings development which is an inconvenience for reforestation success. The aim of the present work was to determine the possibilities to improve the germination of five leguminous trees of the genus Acacia that have been recorded in the arid and the desert region of Algeria using sulphuric acid. A duration of 30 min of immersion in sulphuric acid improved the seed germination up to 97.5% and 99% for A. albida and A. laeta, respectively. Increasing the time of immersion (from 30 to 90 min) improved the germination percentages for A. ehrenbergiana and A. seyal seeds to 92.5% and 93.7%, respectively. Increasing this duration to 120 min had a positive effect on A. tortilis seed germination, improving the final germination rate up to 97%. Understanding of seed germination requirements is very important for regeneration and successful tree establishment in forest nurseries as well as for direct plantation in arid and semi-arid lands.

Plantations are established for a variety of reasons including wood production, soil and water conservation, and more recently, carbon sequestration. The effect of this growing land-use change on biodiversity, however, is poorly... more

Plantations are established for a variety of reasons including wood production, soil and water conservation, and more recently, carbon sequestration. The effect of this growing land-use change on biodiversity, however, is poorly understood and considerable debate exists as to whether plantations are ‘green deserts’ or valuable habitat for indigenous flora and fauna. This paper synthesizes peer-reviewed articles that provide quantitative data on plant species richness in plantations and paired land uses, most often representative of pre- plantation land cover. The results of this synthesis suggest that the value of plantations for biodiversity varies considerably depending on whether the original land cover is grassland, shrubland, primary forest, secondary forest, or degraded or exotic pasture, and whether native or exotic tree species are planted. The results of this study suggest that plantations are most likely to contribute to biodiversity when established on degraded lands rather than replacing natural ecosystems, such as forests, grasslands, and shrublands, and when indigenous tree species are used rather than exotic species. These findings can help guide afforestation and reforestation programs, including those aimed at increasing terrestrial carbon sequestration.