CCS Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Exploring carbon futures in the EU power sector

This study evaluates the potential of carbon dioxide-enhanced oil recovery (CO2-EOR) to reduce greenhouse gas emissions without compromising oil production goals. A novel, dynamic carbon lifecycle analysis (d-LCA) was developed and used... more

This study evaluates the potential of carbon dioxide-enhanced oil recovery (CO2-EOR) to reduce greenhouse gas emissions without compromising oil production goals. A novel, dynamic carbon lifecycle analysis (d-LCA) was developed and used to understand the evolution of the environmental impact (CO2 emissions) and mitigation (geologic CO2 storage) associated with an expanded carbon capture, utilization and storage (CCUS) system, from start to closure of operations. EOR operational performance was assessed through CO2 utilization rates, which relate usage of CO2 to oil production. Because field operational strategies have a significant impact on reservoir engineering parameters that affect both CO2 storage and oil production (e.g., sweep efficiency, flood conformance, fluid saturation distribution), we conducted a scenario analysis that assessed the operational and environmental performance of four common and novel CO2-EOR field
development strategies. Each scenario was evaluated with and without stacked saline carbon storage, an EOR/storage combination strategy where excess CO2 from the recycling facility is injected into an
underlying saline aquifer for long-term carbon storage. The dynamic interplay between operational and environmental performance formed the basis of our CCUS technology analysis. The results showed that all CO2-EOR evaluated scenarios start operating with a negative carbon footprint and, years into the project, transitioned into operating with a positive carbon footprint. The transition points were significantly different in each scenario. Water-alternating-gas (WAG) was identified as the CO2 injection strategy with the highest potential to co-optimize EOR and carbon storage goals. The results provide an understanding of the evolution of the system’s net carbon balance in all four field development strategies studied. The environmental performance can be significantly improved with stacked storage, where a negative carbon footprint can be maintained throughout the life of the operation in most of the injection scenarios modeled. This information will be useful to CO2-EOR operators seeking value in storing more CO2 through a carbon credit program (e.g., the 45Q carbon credit program in the USA). Most importantly, this study serves as confirmation that CO2-EOR can be operationally designed to both enhance oil production and reduce greenhouse gas emissions into the atmosphere.

This research work focuses on the economic evaluation of post-combustion technology to capture CO2 from a based Cement Plant using a physical absorption solvent called Dimethyl Ether Polyethylene Glycol-DEPG (Selexol). The low cost... more

This research work focuses on the economic evaluation of post-combustion technology to capture CO2 from a based Cement Plant using a physical absorption solvent called Dimethyl Ether Polyethylene Glycol-DEPG (Selexol). The low cost Selexol absorption unit captured 97% of the CO2 with 98% purity by mole of the CO2 through absorption into a 0.37 mole CO2/mole Selexol lean loading of the physical solvent. A detailed cost estimation of the CO2 post-combustion unit of the plant was carried out in order to evaluate the economic performance of the process and cost of CO2 captured, the additional utility costs associated with this technology. The CO2 capture cost per tonne of CO2 captured was found to be 58(₦9,333).TheTotalOperatingCostwasestimatedat58 (₦9,333). The Total Operating Cost was estimated at 58(₦9,333).TheTotalOperatingCostwasestimatedat27,542,469 (₦4.5Billion) and the Total Capital cost was estimated at 19,222,886(₦3.08Billion).TherawmaterialcostwasthehighestcostintheCO2captureprocesswithavalueof19,222,886 (₦3.08 Billion). The raw material cost was the highest cost in the CO2 capture process with a value of 19,222,886(₦3.08Billion).TherawmaterialcostwasthehighestcostintheCO2captureprocesswithavalueof19,500,000 (₦3.1 Billion) representing 71% of the total operating cost. Sensitivity analysis cases of the impact of absorber temperature, pressure and absorber inlet gas temperature on liquid and vapour flow, percentage CO2 recovery, energy consumption, annual operating and capital costs and cost of CO2 captured were studied. The overall result of the analysis shows that Selexol has proven to be thermally, chemically stable and commercially justifiable under the operating conditions used.
Keywords: Absorption, Carbon Capture, Costs, Post-Combustion, Selexol, Sensitivity.

Carbon capture and storage is considered an effective mitigation strategy to reduce the most challenging emissions from heavy industries and gas processing. The safe transport of carbon dioxide via pipelines is an important aspect for... more

Carbon capture and storage is considered an effective mitigation strategy to reduce the most challenging emissions from heavy industries and gas processing. The safe transport of carbon dioxide via pipelines is an important aspect for developing large-scale Carbon Capture and Storage projects. Dispersion modeling for heavy gas such as carbon dioxide is considerably different from natural gas. The set up for modeling simulations is more challenging than conventional natural gas pipeline for several reasons, such as the differences in thermodynamics that must be considered. Moreover, when the carbon dioxide is transported in dense or liquid phase, the rapid phase changing, and possible consequent formation of solids should be considered. Finally, the equation of state required for accurate prediction of parameters is generally different than the ones applicable for natural gas. The main scope of this comprehensive review is to identify the most important parameters, critical events, suitable models, and identification of dispersion modeling issues. An extensive literature review of experiments conducted in the last ten years has been developed, experimental data, integral and simplified model, as well as CFD modeling issues has been identified and reported in the work proposed to highlight the advances and the gaps that could need further research activities.

Carbon dioxide injection in geological formations is currently a common procedure in several reservoirs worldwide. More recently, it has been considered a permanent storage solution, avoiding emission to the atmosphere from large... more

Carbon dioxide injection in geological formations is currently a common procedure in several reservoirs worldwide. More recently, it has been considered a permanent storage solution, avoiding emission to the atmosphere from large industrial sources. Also, it is largely employed in the oil & gas exploration industry, for enhanced oil recovery (EOR) operations. However, it is a known fact that injection of large amounts of CO 2 into geological reservoirs may lead to a series of alterations due to chemical and physical interactions with minerals and fluids, especially in carbonate or carbonate-rich reservoirs. Experimental and numerical models have been employed in many studies in the past, to investigate these effects on the geological environment. So far, most of these studies focused on siliciclastic formations, whereas carbonate reservoirs, which are known to be much more chemically reactive when interacting with CO 2 , were much less investigated. We present a review of experimental and numerical models that have been employed for studying CO 2-water-rock interactions, and their application to the investigation of the impact in carbonate reservoir quality and integrity caused by the injection of carbon dioxide. C

Carbon capture and storage can simply be defined as capturing of waste CO2 from industrial sources at various stages (ex. pre-, post- combustion etc.), transporting it to a storage site (through pipelines etc.) and then depositing it... more

Carbon capture and storage can simply be defined as capturing of waste CO2 from industrial sources at various stages (ex. pre-, post- combustion etc.), transporting it to a storage site (through pipelines etc.) and then depositing it underground so that the CO2 will not re-enter the atmosphere for a geologically significant long time. Because of the low prices of fossil fuels and lesser statutory restrictions in developing countries (which are primarily dependent on this form of energy), aided by slow development and high cost of alternative energy projects, the CO2 emission into the atmosphere has been ever increasing. The long lasting effects of such high levels of CO2 in atmosphere can portray an image of an impending catastrophe but a better approach would be to avoid those and look into the solutions to minimize the CO2 levels in atmosphere. This introductory chapter offers an insight into the technologies and the techniques that have been developed for carbon capture followed by transporting methods (and their problems) and ends with discussing the various storage technologies.

The IPCC tries to imagine scenarios to meet the objective of limiting global warming to +1.5°C compared to the pre-industrial period. One scenario places importance on negative emission technologies (NETs). NETs involve taking GHGs and... more

The IPCC tries to imagine scenarios to meet the objective of limiting global warming to +1.5°C compared to the pre-industrial period. One scenario places importance on negative emission technologies (NETs). NETs involve taking GHGs and storing them underground or in the oceans. CCS is complex in many ways: there are differing views on the feasibility of the technology, its sequestration capacity, its deployability, and its long-term safety and stability. It was therefore interesting to know if they are a miraculous solution or an aberrant blindness. This study aims to study the representations of NETs among academics and to see how representations of the economy and the environment are determinant in the representations of NETs. The research is based on semi-directive interviews with seven academics. The results show, through discourse analysis, that academics neither support nor totally reject NETs. These social representations vary on the place that academics give to NETs among solutions to address global warming. Support for NETs and CCS is conditional on the implementation of a range of other decarbonization solutions, particularly renewable energy and energy efficiency. Interviewees are quite critical of the environmental impacts of CCS, the economic cost and the carbon sequestration capacity.

This document is the synthesis Report of the Mapping of the competences in the Culture and Creative Sector (CCS) carried on in Greece, Italy and Spain. The Authors of the national reports gave all the documents and information on which... more

This document is the synthesis Report of the Mapping of the competences in the Culture and Creative Sector (CCS) carried on in Greece, Italy and Spain. The Authors of the national reports gave all the documents and information on which the results and comments are based.
The National reports were realized by:
 CUP Consorzio Universitario Piceno (ITALY)
 Athens Chamber of Tradesmen (Greece)
 FVEM, Federación Vizcaína de empresas del metal (Spain)
The comments and the attempt of comparison are in full responsibility of the Authors of the Summary report. The primary idea that comes in mind when we thing to the so defined “art professions” or “creative professions” is related to the idea of defining, validating, maintaining, and reproducing certain categories of actions, related to what is generally accepted and defined as “cultural category of art and craft”, in order to produce an economic added value that it is clearly expected as “added” to the cultural and humanistic values.
The creative sector is distributed through a network of institutions (schools, museums, galleries, commercial market systems, and industries), all of which participate in constructing a global, international system or network of networks for Art and creativity.
The skills related to the Art world and to the creative sectors are thus part of the modern systems of competences, and many parts of these networks are now highly professionalized and organized in an industrial way.
The creative economy is difficult to define and measure. However, we have the opportunity to identify not totally satisfactory attempts to find common terminology and streamline statistical data. Furthermore, if we take into account the Cultural and Creative sector in all the EU Countries and in the rest of the world, matters become even more complex with diverse cultural issues fusing into other definitions.
Even if finding and investigating common definition is not the aim of this report, anyway this complicated debate is one of the reason of the fascination and specificity of the creative industries which ‘refuse to lie down and be measured like other sectors of the economy. And that is why economists and statisticians will probably never stop debating how to define them and how to estimate their worth’ (Newbegin 2010).
The rise of these cultural and creative sectors as an ‘industry’ has also brought resistance from numerous artists and creative practitioners who do not want to associate themselves or their work with the post-industrial consumerist conditions set by ‘industry’. They prefer to see themselves as individual creative practitioners who are closer to social activism and cultural value than industrial workmanship. Without undermining the social and intrinsic value of the cultural and creative sectors, which in themselves add value to the economic discourse for cultural and creative potential, those championing these sectors are also aware that the process of validation for the sector and its specificities cannot be approached without an ‘industry’ lens. This is the process which has revolutionised political agendas in the last decade and which set an important cultural agenda in numerous countries, regions and cities. The most successful managed to fuse the grassroots social and cultural values with the discourse on markets and growth.

In Mexico, CCS technology is an area of opportunity that is currently under development and promises to be important for the country and globally. The first step to carry out is to locate potential sites for CO2 storage according to the... more

In Mexico, CCS technology is an area of opportunity that is currently under development and promises to be important for the country and globally. The first step to carry out is to locate potential sites for CO2 storage according to the following criteria for selecting the geological formation: low tectonic activity, depth between 800 to 2500m, porosity greater than 8%, the existence of a geological trap.
A precise geological model is mandatory to identify the sites with the highest storage potential. Based on the previous parameters, the San Fernando region, in the State of Tamaulipas, Mexico, was selected.
The region is located southern Burgos Basin which is formed by a sedimentary column of 10,000 to 12,000 m of Cenozoic siliciclastic rocks and 3,000 m of Mesozoic carbonate and evaporite rocks overlying a metamorphic - igneous basement.
The main target is to assess the terrigenous sequences associated with structural and stratigraphic traps from the Tertiary to validate the storage capacity injectivity, permanent and secure storage of CO2.

Steep rise of carbon dioxide level in the atmosphere is one of the main causes of global warming. This increase is ascribed to the fact that, since the beginning of industrial revolution, natural processes for CO2 sequestration are no... more

Steep rise of carbon dioxide level in the atmosphere is one of the main causes of global warming. This increase is ascribed to the fact that, since the beginning of industrial revolution, natural processes for CO2 sequestration are no more able to cope with the excess of CO2 produced by anthropogenic activities. In the recent years, research has been focused on defining artificial CO2 cycles to support the natural one. Element magnesium is used in this review as leitmotif to explore the majority of systems involved in any step of natural and artificial CO2 cycles (separation, storage, sequestration or recycling). Magnesium is in fact ubiquitous, being present in the mesosphere as global layers, on the Earth surface in the most important enzyme for carbon fixation (Rubisco) and in silicates, that constitute the most part of rocks, where CO2 is sequestered through natural weathering. For what concerns synthetic materials, zeolites, metal-supported particles and metal-organic frameworks are only few of the systems considered in literature. The intent of this review is to connect different fields of study to create an interdisciplinary review in the chemistry domain. Research outlooks are suggested for the different fields. In the end, a qualitative analysis of the advantages and limits of different processes and a rough estimate of their potential are given in terms of the time needed to reduce the atmospheric CO2 level. Although economical, political and health evaluations would be also necessary, this analysis indicates that forestation could be the possible winning solution in the short-middle term for lowering atmospheric CO2 concentration.

This study used ProMax® 4.0 process simulator (rate–based model) to conduct a parametric sensitivity of carbon dioxide (CO2) capture from a 115 MW coal–fired power plant (Boundary Dam 3 power plant) using monoethanolamine (MEA) and... more

This study used ProMax® 4.0 process simulator (rate–based model) to conduct a parametric sensitivity of carbon dioxide (CO2) capture from a 115 MW coal–fired power plant (Boundary Dam 3 power plant) using monoethanolamine (MEA) and diethanolamine (DEA) blend. Saskatchewan Power Corporation (SaskPower), Canada provided the flue gas composition used in this study. The validated simulation was used to determine the effects of some process variables (independent process variables) on different dependent process variables. The independent process variables are flue gas temperature (TFG, oC), lean amine temperature (TLA, oC), lean amine flow rate (FLA, tonne/day), lean amine concentration difference (CMEA–DEA, kmol/m3) and reboiler temperature (TREB, oC). The dependent process variables are MEA and DEA vaporization from the absorber, CO2 absorption efficiency (%), regeneration energy (GJ/tonne CO2), rich amine loading (RAL, mol CO2/mol amine) and lean amine loading (LAL, mol CO2/mol amine). Amine degradation was investigated by the O2 absorption rate (tonne O2/day), NO absorption rate (tonne NO/day) and NO2 absorption rate (tonne NO2/day). The vaporization rates of MEA (tonne MEA/day) and DEA (tonne DEA/day) were also investigated. The contribution of amine and water make–up costs, regeneration energy, pump electrical energy, blower electrical energy and compressor electrical energy towards variable operating expenditure (V–OPEX) were also investigated. Results showed that NO also contributes to amine degradation. From the parametric analysis it was observed that TREB has the greatest influence on most of the dependent process variables. It was also discovered that the regeneration energy, compressor electrical energy and amine, water make–up cost and cooling water contributed 82.5%, 12.3%, 1.1%, 0.9% and 0.5% of the V–OPEX respectively.

Complementary currencies are contributing to social economies all over the world. Spain has since its social revolution been a clear example however this fact is still ignored by the international community . Many social coins and local... more

Complementary currencies are contributing to social economies all over the world. Spain has since its social revolution been a clear example however this fact is still ignored by the international community . Many social coins and local currencies were used during the spanish civil war .

With rising levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2), a portfolio of mitigation options is deemed essential as we transition to a low carbon economy. Carbon dioxide capture and storage (CCS) is one technology that has the potential to... more

With rising levels of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2), a portfolio of mitigation options is deemed essential as we transition to a low carbon economy. Carbon dioxide capture and storage (CCS) is one technology that has the potential to mitigate large amounts of CO2 and governments around the world, along with industry and researchers working in the technology space, are excited by this. However, the technology still remains relatively unknown in the minds of most lay citizens and is therefore less well accepted than more traditional forms of power generation. This paper reviews a number of CCS communication research activities that have been undertaken internationally since 2002 and synthesizes them into a logical roadmap of activities. The paper also examines the common strengths and weaknesses of the research activities and makes a number of suggestions for industry representatives and policy makers. The paper also outlines a way to segment stakeholder groups for all communication activities into four target audiences including: influential others; community; education and project specific activities.

A cumulative emissions approach is increasingly used to inform mitigation policy. However, there are different interpretations of what ‘2°C’ implies. Here it is argued that cost-optimization models, commonly used to inform policy,... more

A cumulative emissions approach is increasingly used to inform mitigation policy. However, there are different interpretations of what ‘2°C’ implies. Here it is argued
that cost-optimization models, commonly used to inform policy, typically underplay the urgency of 2°C mitigation. The alignment within many scenarios of optimistic assumptions on negative emissions technologies (NETs), with implausibly early peak emission dates and incremental short-term mitigation, delivers outcomes
commensurate with 2°C commitments. In contrast, considering equity and socio-technical barriers to change, suggests a more challenging short-term agenda. To
understand these different interpretations, short-term CO2 trends of the largest CO2 emitters, are assessed in relation to a constrained CO2 budget, coupled with a ‘what if’ assumption that negative emissions technologies fail at scale. The outcomes raise profound questions around high-level framings of mitigation policy. The article
concludes that applying even weak equity criteria, challenges the feasibility of maintaining a 50% chance of avoiding 2°C without urgent mitigation efforts in the
short-term. This highlights a need for greater engagement with: (1) the equity dimension of the Paris Agreement, (2) the sensitivity of constrained carbon budgets to short-term trends and (3) the climate risks for society posed by an almost ubiquitous inclusion of NETs within 2°C scenarios.

La cattura e sequestro (o stoccaggio) del carbonio (spesso indicato anche con l'acronimo CCS, derivato dal termine inglese Carbon Capture and Storage - o Sequestration) in scienze ambientali è un processo di confinamento geologico... more

La cattura e sequestro (o stoccaggio) del carbonio (spesso indicato anche con l'acronimo CCS, derivato dal termine inglese Carbon Capture and Storage - o Sequestration) in scienze ambientali è un processo di confinamento geologico dell'anidride carbonica (CO2) prodotta da grandi impianti di combustione; una tecnologia che sta entrando a far parte del mix di strategie disponibili per far fronte alla crescente concentrazione in atmosfera di CO2 di origine antropica, un gas ad effetto serra che sembra concorrere all'attuale riscaldamento del globo.

A Formal language is an abstraction of the general characteristic of programming languages. It is used for system analysis, requirement analysis and system design. It describes the system at much higher level of abstraction than any... more

A Formal language is an abstraction of the general characteristic of programming languages. It is used for system analysis, requirement analysis and system design. It describes the system at much higher level of abstraction than any programming language. Formal language can be categorized into model oriented, algebraic, process oriented, logical, imperative, and hybrid. Although there are several formal methods and languages, this paper emphasized basically on model oriented languages B, VDM, Z and process oriented languages CSP, CCS. Issues like abstraction, ambiguity, consistency, completeness, concurrency, looseness, readability and reusability have proven to be key for articulating this paper. This paper also addresses the scope of B and Event-B modeling along with other related technologies.

Estimating regional geologic storage capacity potential for carbon dioxide will play an important role in determining the feasibility of widespread carbon capture and storage (CCS) programs in the United States and worldwide. The... more

Estimating regional geologic storage capacity potential for carbon dioxide will play an important role in determining the feasibility of widespread carbon capture and storage (CCS) programs in the United States and worldwide. The sandstone reservoirs of the Miocene Age located off the Texas coast in the northern Gulf of Mexico are a promising target for CCS due to favorable geologic properties (high porosity/permeability, effective traps and seals, etc.) and proximity to high carbon dioxide emission sources. The common method for regional storage capacity estimation involves the calculation of a pore volume which is modifi ed by some discount or effi ciency factor. Though effi ciency factors have a large effect on calculated capacity, little work has been done to validate the use and effectiveness of these terms. In this paper we aim to provide an estimate for the storage potential of the coastal and offshore Texas Miocene interval using a common calculation methodology and to begin expanding on this calculation by developing and incorporating an additional sand picking refi ne-ment step. This step allows for an initial investigation into the accuracy and utility of typical effi ciency factors and regional storage calculations. We fi nd that in our study area, capacity that is calculated using the actual net sand thickness, or 'net capacity', is ~25% less than capacity that is calculated using the total interval thickness, or 'gross capacity', though, ideally, the two should be equal. Discrepancies between the two calculations emphasize the large uncertainty inherent in effi ciency factors and highlight the need for further investigation.

This paper investigates the role of CO2 capture and storage (CCS) technologies as part of a portfolio for reducing CO2 emissions from the European electricity generation system until the year 2050. Special emphasis is put on the ramp-up... more

This paper investigates the role of CO2 capture and storage (CCS) technologies as part of a portfolio for reducing CO2 emissions from the European electricity generation system until the year 2050. Special emphasis is put on the ramp-up of CCS with respect to timing of investments and requirement of corresponding CO2 transportation and storage infrastructure. The investigation comprises scenario analysis through modeling possible development of the electricity supply system for EU25 and together with a more detailed analysis of Northern Europe (Germany, UK, Denmark, Finland, Sweden and Norway). The modeling has been carried out with a techno-economic model (minimizing the system cost) including a detailed description of the present stationary European electricity generation system as obtained from the Chalmers Energy Infrastructure database.It is concluded that CCS can play a significant role in reducing CO2 emissions at a cost in the range of 20–60 €/t over the period studied. In E...

Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) is the process whereby the combustion of fossil fuels is modified so as to capture the bulk of the CO2 that would otherwise be emitted, compress it, transport it, and then store it permanently in... more

Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) is the process whereby the combustion of fossil fuels is modified so as to capture the bulk of the CO2 that would otherwise be emitted, compress it, transport it, and then store it permanently in geological formations underground (or under the seabed). CCS has been identified by policy-makers at the European and global levels as an important option to help achieve a low-carbon future without creating substantial economic or environmental dislocations. The study provides a general overview of CCS and of related economic and institutional challenges ahead of its probable commercial deployment. In particular, cost estimates for the main components of the CCS value chain are reviewed with reference to the McKinsey report of 2008. The economic geography of plant location and CO2 pipeline investment needs is also mentioned. Institutional challenges are then addressed, notably with reference to the EU ETS and to the (so far unsuccessful) inclusion of CCS in...

The reversible reaction between CaO and CO2 is an extremely promising method of removing CO2 from the exhaust of a power station, generating a pure stream of CO2 ready for geological sequestration. The technology has attracted a great... more

The reversible reaction between CaO and CO2 is an extremely promising method of removing CO2 from the exhaust of a power station, generating a pure stream of CO2 ready for geological sequestration. The technology has attracted a great deal of attention recently, owing to a number of its advantages: the relatively small efficiency penalty which it imposes upon a power station (estimated at 6–8 percentage points, including compression of the CO2); its potential use in large-scale circulating fluidised beds (a mature technology, as opposed to the vastly upscaled solvent scrubbing towers which would be required for amine scrubbing); its excellent opportunity for integration with cement manufacture (potentially decarbonising both industries) and its extremely cheap sorbent (crushed limestone).