Rinderpest Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

ÖZ Bu araştırma ondokuzuncu yüzyılda asker ve sivil veterinerler tarafından hazırlanan iki adet risaleyi tanıtmayı amaçlamaktadır.19. yüzyıl, Osmanlı devletinde birçok kanun, nizamname ve risalenin yayımlandığı bir dönemdir. Bu dönemde sığırlarda meydana gelen büyük kayıplar devleti bu konuda tedbir almaya itmiştir. Bu çerçevede 19. yüzyıl sonlarında kır toplumunun vazgeçilmez unsuru olan sığırlarda meydana gelen veba (tifüs) ve zatülcenp verrie-i sari hastalığı ile ilgili iki risale hazırlanmıştır. Risalelerde hastalıkların belirtileri, hastalıklarla mücadele şekilleri ile birlikte mahalli idarecilerin, veterinerlerin (baytar) ve ahalinin uyması gereken kurallar ayrı ayrı belirlenmiştir. Anahtar Kelimeler Askeri baytar, Binbaşı Minas b. Evâdis, salgın, sığır vebası, zatülcenp hastalığı, hayvan hastalıkları risaleleri, Miralay Ali Faik b. Mustafa. ABSTRACT TWO BOOKLETS PREPARED AT THE ENDS OF THE 19TH CENTURY IN THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE: RINDERPEST AND CIRSAM This article aims at disclosing two booklets prepared by civilian and military vets in the nineteenth century.19 th century was a period of publishing many regulations, booklets, enacting laws in the Ottoman Empire. The huge death numbers of cattle forced the government to take the preventive measures in this period. In this context, two booklets were prepared at the ends of the 19th century about the disease of typhus-fever and cirsam of cattle, the indispensible elements of the village society. The symptoms of the diseases, the methods of struggles, the rules that local officers, veterinaries and community must be obeyed, were defined separately in these booklets.

- by
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- Deontology, Deontología, Rinderpest, Veteriner Deontoloji
- by Balamurugan Vinayagamurthy
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- Veterinary, Cercopithecus aethiops, Animals, Rinderpest
- by John Fryxell
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- Conservation Biology, Conservation, Population Dynamics, Tanzania

Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Wisconsin-Madison (2007)
This work examines the reasons for the spread of rinderpest in Southern Bechuanaland and Hereroland between 1896 and 1897. A febrile and highly contagious disease affecting livestock and wild ungulate populations, rinderpest exacted a heavy death toll on the populations it touched, killing upwards of 97 percent. Part of the larger African rinderpest panzootic of 1887-1897, the disease has been the focus of many historical inquiries assessing its economic, political, and social consequences. Absent from these accounts, however, is the disease itself. By glossing over the disease's beginnings, scholars have drawn an incomplete picture of this event. In their rush to examine its aftermath, many have portrayed rinderpest as a monolithic entity that moved on its own accord, swept over large territories, and destroyed everything in its path. This was not the case. As argued here, the spread of rinderpest was heavily moderated by human actions. Assisted by tenuous relationships among pastoral populations and governments as well as the built and natural environments, rinderpest was able to spread with relative ease. Humans assumed responsibility for the disease's spread by moving infected cattle into contact with susceptible populations and implementing policies that either protected wild ungulate populations or prompted pastoralists to flee or resist and thus further spread the disease. Humans were also indirectly responsible for the spread of rinderpest. As evidenced in the built environment, roads connecting watering points often attracted large numbers of infected and susceptible populations, thereby creating ideal conditions for transmission. The natural environment also influenced herders and their cattle. The change from rainy to dry seasons, for example, prompted cattle and wild ungulates to gather at a shrinking number of grazing areas, thus increasing the possibility for rinderpest transmission. Therefore, in their attempts to stop it, control it, move away from it, inoculate against it, cope with it, profit from it, or ignore it, populations in Hereroland and Southern Bechuanaland ensured rinderpest's spread.

- by Gary Marquardt
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- Southern Africa, History Of Disease, History of Epidemiology, German Colonialism

Osmanlı Devleti çok geniş coğrafyalarda hüküm sürmüş, ekonomisi
tarım, hayvancılık ve daha ziyade bu ürünlerin ticaretine dayanan bir devlettir.
Buna rağmen Osmanlı Devleti yakınçağlarda Avrupa’da meydana çıkan
birtakım tarımsal teknik ve teknolojik gelişmeleri, ekonomisinin bel kemiğini
oluşturan tarım ve hayvancılık faaliyetlerinde tatbik edememiştir.
Özellikle 19. yüzyılda meydana gelen hayvan hastalıkları bütün Osmanlı
Coğrafyası’nda olduğu gibi Diyarbekir’de de hayvancılığı olumsuz
etkilemiştir. Özellikle bu dönemde görülen veba-i bakarî hastalığı Diyarbekir’de
binlerle ifade edilen miktarlarda sığırların ölümüne sebep olmuş
ve bu durum hem 19. yüzyılda Diyarbekir’de yapılan hayvancılığa hem de
Osmanlı Devleti’nin ekonomisine sert bir darbe vurmuştur.
Bu çalışmada 19. yüzyılın son çeyreğinde Diyarbekir’de meydana
gelen veba-i bakarî hastalığı incelenecektir. 19. yüzyılda Osmanlı Devleti’nin
içerisinde bulunmuş olduğu ekonomik koşullar kısaca incelenecek,
hayvancılığın Osmanlı Devleti ve Osmanlı’nın kent ekonomisi üzerindeki
önemine değinilecektir.
Çalışmada üzerinde durulan diğer bir sorunsal da; Osmanlı Devleti’nin
hem merkezi idare hem de yerel idare bağlamında veba-i bakarî karşısında
ortaya koymuş olduğu afetle mücadele metotları ve bu metotların
sonuçlarıdır. Bu minvalde veba-i bakarî hastalığı ile yakından ilişkili olan
Osmanlı Devleti’nde veterinerlik mesleğine değinilecek ve Avrupa’da bu
mesleğin inkişafı ile Osmanlı Devleti’ndeki durumu incelenecektir. Bunun
yanında Osmanlı Devleti’nin veba-i bakarî ile ilgili aldığı önlemler ve bunların
sonuçları incelenecektir.
*** *** *** ***
The Ottoman state, which covered a very wide area, was a state
whose economy was based on agriculture, animal husbandry and to an even
greater extent on the trade of agricultural and animal products. Although
these activities were the mainstay of its economy, the Ottoman state did not
succeed in applying to them the wide range of technical and technological
developments that had taken place in Europe.
Especially the animal diseases that in the 19. century appeared in Diyarbekir,
just as they did in the entire Ottoman state, had a negative effect
on animal husbandry. In particular the rinderpest disease, which occurred in
this period, caused the death of thousands of cattle and dealt a harsh blow
both to animal husbandry in Diyarbekir and to the economy of the Ottoman
state.
In this article we will study the rinderpest disease that occurred in
Diyarbekir in the last quarter of the 19th century. Investigating the economic
conditions of the Ottoman state, we will cast a quick look on the importance
of animal husbandry for the Ottoman state and the Ottoman urban economy.
After establishing the chronology of the rinderpest disease, we will focus on
the effect that it had on the animals. Then we will make a few rough estimates
about the spread of the disease to the Ottoman state and to Diyarbekir.
In our article we will attempt to delineate another issue as well: the
methods of fighting catastrophes that the Ottoman state applied against rinderpest
in the context of both central administration and local administration
and the results of these methods. Here we will focus on the veterinary profession
in the Ottoman state, which closely concerned itself with rinderpest,
and we will investigate the condition of this profession in the Ottoman state
together with its establishment in Europe. Besides, we will attempt to study
all measures that the Ottoman state had taken concerning rinderpest and the
effectivity of these measures.

- by sabri mengirkaon
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- Ottoman History, Rinderpest, Diyarbakir, Osmanlı Tarihi
- by Satya Parida
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- Biological Sciences, Cercopithecus aethiops, Mutation, Animals
- by Timothy P. Newfield
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- European History, Economic History, Medieval History, Zooarchaeology
- by Gary Marquardt
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- Colonialism, Epizootics, German Colonialism, Namibian history
- by Jeffrey Mariner
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- Biological Sciences, Animals, Rinderpest, Cattle

The peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is an acute and highly contagious, notifiable viral disease of sheep and goats that causes substantial morbidity and mortality. There are three cell culture-based live attenuated PPR vaccines available (one from an African isolate and two from Indian isolates). The PPR vaccine produced by the Indian Veterinary Research Institute has been extensively evaluated in the field and found safe and potent in sheep and goats in India. Diagnostic tests, such as the sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (s?ELISA), competitive ELISA, single and duplex reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reactions (RT-PCRs) and RT-PCR-ELISA at the Indian Veterinary Research Institute have also been validated on a large scale. Furthermore, the expertise that remained after the successful eradication of rinderpest in the National Project on Rinderpest Eradication can be utilised effectively for the eradication of PPR without much additional budgetary expense. Thus, the availability of an effective vaccine, accurate diagnostic tests for PPR and an experienced infrastructure prompt us to propose a national project for a peste des petits ruminants eradication programme on the lines of National Project on Rinderpest Eradication. This would greatly enhance the prospects of PPR eradication not only on a national level but also from the Asian continent, alleviate poverty and, in turn, contribute to the national economy.

- by Veterinaria Italiana
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- Control, India, Sheep, Rinderpest

During the second half of the 1890s, southeastern Africa was hit by a drought-driven ecological crisis. Using records previously unexploited for climate and climate impact research, and which cover the area from modern-day Zimbabwe and Botswana to eastern South Africa, this study explores the complexity of this crisis through an analysis of the spatial extent, duration and severity of the regional drought and its associated socioeconomic and environmental repercussions. This interdisciplinary study stands at the nexus of environmental, economic and social history. The records used include (a) British administrative sources, (b) reports and letters by members of various Protestant missionary societies from diverse environments across the study area, together with (c) local newspapers. Analysis of these materials reveals that generally the period was marked by a sequence of considerably delayed rainy seasons, which in turn negatively impacted upon the rain-fed agriculture. Below-average levels of summer rainfall also adversely affected the development of young crops. The drought was more severe and continuous in the interior of the region than towards the Indian Ocean coast. The prolonged dry conditions were accompanied by, and likely exacerbated, locust outbreaks and the spread of cattle plague (Rinderpest). We demonstrate in this paper that drought, as the original driver of the crisis, triggered a cascade of responses from harvest failure to famine and ultimately led to profound socioeconomic change.

- by David Nash
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- Economic History, Nineteenth Century Studies, Missionary History, Drought

Monoclonal antibody-based competitive ELISA (C-ELISA) has been used for the specific measurement of antibodies to peste des petits ruminants (PPR) viruses in sheep, goats, cattle and Buffalo. Serum samples from sheep (n = 232), goats (n = 428), cattle (n = 43), buffalo (n = 89) were tested. The animals had not been vaccinated against rinderpest or PPR. Findings suggested that the sero-positive cases were significantly higher in sheep (51.29%) than in goats (39.02%) (P = 0.002). The overall sero-prevalence of PPRV in small ruminants was 43.33%. The PPR antibodies seroprevalence was 67.42% in buffalo and 41.86% in cattle which was significantly higher in buffalo (P = 0.005). The overall sero-prevalence of PPRV in large ruminants was 59.09%. Cattle and buffalo sera showed a high prevalence of antibody against PPR virus which may explain the difficulty experienced in achieving high post-vaccination immunity levels against rinderpest. Because antibodies against PPR virus are both cross-neutralizing and cross-protective against rinderpest virus, further vaccination in the presence of antibodies against PPR virus may be a waste of national resources. It was also suggested that antibodies to PPR virus could prevent an immune response to the rinderpest vaccine. This paper presents serological evidence for the transmission of PPR virus from sheep and goats to cattle and buffalo and highlights the need to include PPR serology in the sero-monitoring programme to give a better indication of national herd immunity of sheep and goats against PPR.

- by Abubakar Muhammad
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- Immune response, Pakistan, Sheep, Female
- by Timothy P. Newfield
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- European History, Economic History, Medieval History, Zooarchaeology

Summary The authors provide a report on the surveillance of rinderpest virus (RPV) and peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) in the wildlife population in Côte d'Ivoire. For this purpose, 266 animals from nine different species, selected according to susceptibility and abundance, were captured and sampled from Comoé, Marahoué and Lamto Parks. Two hundred and forty seven sera and 214 nasal swabs were collected and analysed by competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (cELISA) and reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) techniques, respectively. Serological data demonstrated that RPV was not circulating within the national Parks and estimated the PPR sero- prevalence to be less than 1%. The analysis of the nasal swabs revealed no cases of RPV infection, but PPRV infection was detected in four species, including buffalo. To minimise the cost of the study without affecting the sensitivity of the test, samples were pooled into different groups and submitted to...

- by Emmanuel Couacy-hymann
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- West Africa, Animals, Deoxyribonucleic Acid, Polymerase Chain Reaction
- by Timothy P. Newfield
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- European History, Economic History, High Middle Ages, Late Middle Ages
- by François Vallat
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- Veterinary Medicine, France, Biological Sciences, Humans

Ten goats were inoculated with peste des petits ruminants virus, a paramyxovirus closely related to rinderpest virus. All goats developed severe clinical disease, 8/10 having coughing or dyspnea as prominent clinical signs. In addition, all of the goats had stomatitis and diarrhea. Histopathologic and immunohistochemical studies were done only on the respiratory tracts. Pathologic changes ranged from mild multifocal bronchiolitis and bronchitis to severe bronchointerstitial pneumonia. Lesions were more severe in anteroventral than caudal lobes. The histologic nature of the viral process in the goat lungs had many features in common with the processes of pneumonia in dogs, due to canine distemper, or pneumonia in human beings, due to measles virus. Immunohistochemical staining of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded respiratory tract tissue was performed using an indirect system with rabbit anti-rinderpest virus serum, biotinylated anti-rabbit antibody, streptavidin-alkaline phosphatase...

- by Jeffrey Mariner
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- Veterinary Pathology, Immunohistochemistry, Female, Animals
- by Timothy P. Newfield
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- European History, Economic History, Veterinary Medicine, Medieval History
- by Filip Van Roosbroeck
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- Rural History, Austrian Netherlands, Epizootics, Medical History

Wildlife mortality involving bongos, Tragelaphus eurycerus, and other ungulates was investigated in the north of the Congo Republic in 1997. Four bongos, one forest buffalo, Syncerus caffer nanus, and one domestic sheep were examined and sampled. Although an outbreak of rinderpest had been suspected, it was found that the animals, which had been weakened by an Elaeophora sagitta infection and possibly also by adverse climatic conditions, had been exsanguinated and driven to exhaustion by an unusual plague of Stomoxys omega.

- by Mary-Louise Penrith
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- Artiodactyla, Congo, Sheep, Female

With few exceptions, the diseases that present the greatest risk to food animal production have been largely similar throughout the modern era of veterinary medicine. The current trend regarding the ever-increasing globalization of the trade of animals and animal products ensures that agricultural diseases will continue to follow legal and illegal trade patterns with increasing rapidity. Global climate changes have already had profound effects on the distribution of animal diseases, and it is an inevitable reality that continually evolving climatic parameters will further transform the ecology of numerous pathogens. In recent years, many agricultural diseases have given cause for concern regarding changes in distribution or severity. Foot-and-mouth disease, avian influenza, and African swine fever continue to cause serious problems. The expected announcement of the global eradication of rinderpest is one of the greatest successes of veterinary preventative medicine, yet the closely ...

- by Jonathan Arzt
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- Climate Change, Veterinary Pathology, Food, Agriculture

Non-academically trained practitioners of early modern veterinary medicine are still commonly described in decidedly unflattering terms; their practices often conceived of as folkloristic or otherwise static and unchanging. This article examines a group of such veterinary practitioners in the county of Flanders, known as cow masters. It argues that the medicine they practised was theoretically sophisticated and in line with contemporary mainstream medicine, while they made use of a variety of newly available chemical and exotic remedies. It is postulated that these newer remedies augmented the market for specialised practitioners, which has important implications for the history of medicine as a whole.

Vanaf 1769 tot ongeveer 1785 werden de Oostenrijkse Nederlanden, zoals vele Europese regio's, geteisterd door een hevige uitbraak van een veeziekte. Ondanks een opvallend doortastend overheidsingrijpen, zorgde deze ziekte voor een voortijdig overlijden van duizenden runderen. Zoals elke dramatische gebeurtenis trok ook deze epizoötie de aandacht van historici, maar ondanks enkele hoogstaande studies is er nog steeds onenigheid over de oorzaak van dit dierenleed. Mond- en klauwzeer, antrax, of runderpest? Aan de hand van een vooralsnog onontgonnen bron zal ik in dit artikel een antwoord wagen.

The cattle disease rinderpest devastated Europe throughout the eighteenth century. The practice of preventative slaughter, or stamping out, has been seen as the most effective method of containing the disease. Historians frame this strategy as a measure of the effectiveness of centralized bureaucracy in handling epidemic outbreaks. The Austrian Netherlands, which enacted a stamping out policy during the rinderpest epidemic of 1769-1785, is often cast opposite the decentralized Dutch Republic, which did not. That mortality was more severe in Holland than in Flanders is interpreted as a consequence of this difference. This article compares the disease management of Flanders and South Holland as well as the differential mortality of cattle in the initial years of the outbreak. We argue that stamping out should not be used as the standard for evaluating effective management. Both South Holland and Flanders relied on a high degree of state intervention. No strategies were universally effective. Explanations must be sought in regional socio-ecological structures. Rather than a consequence of state action or inaction, rinderpest mortality responded to the movement of cattle for pasturing and trade, structural differences in land use, and the resultant divergences in agricultural practices and herd management. Rather than state intervention, extensive commercial cattleholding explains the highly variable mortality.

- by Filip Van Roosbroeck and +1
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- History of Medicine, Rural History, Veterinary Epidemiology, History of the Low Countries

A simple chromatographic strip-test based on Clearview technology, is under development as a pen-side test for the detection of rinderpest antigen in eye swabs taken from cattle in the field. An outbreak of rinderpest occurred in the northern zone of Tanzania from late February to June 1997. The affected cattle exhibited very mild clinical signs, which made clinical diagnosis difficult. One hundred and seven eye swabs were collected from cattle suspected of infection with rinderpest. These were tested in the field using a prototype of the pen-side test and 13 (12.15%) of the samples were found to be positive for the presence of rinderpest antigen. These were confirmed by ICE. The positive cases were predominantly found in the Ngorongoro district. This demonstrates the usefulness of such a simple, rapid pen-side diagnostic assay, particularly when clinically 'mild' strains of rinderpest are present.

- by Richard Kock and +2
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- East Africa, Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Disease Outbreaks, Eastern Africa
- by Richard Kock
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- East Africa, Kenya, Somalia, Veterinary
- by Benjamin Smith
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- Archaeology, Historical Archaeology, Rock Art (Archaeology), African History
- by Gary Marquardt
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- Environmental History, History Of Disease, South African history, Epizootics
- by Mohie Haridy
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- Microbiology, Immune response, Aging, Immunohistochemistry

In Chad, in 1993-1994, investigation into "peste des petits ruminants" (PPR) outbreaks were carried out in flocks of Sahelian goats. Although in the early 1993 outbreaks the virus had not been isolated yet, a serological prevalence (34%) was observed using ELISA test in 475 sera collected in the infested area. The virus was then isolated for the first time in Chad and typical PPR cases were observed in Sahelian goats, known to be little sensitive to the virus. To experimentally induce the disease, goats were inoculated with suspensions of lymph nodes or lungs, collected from sick animals. Lung suspensions induced the most serious symptoms. Suspensions of lungs and mesenteric lymph nodes were positive by agar-gel immunodiffusion test against PPR anti-serum, while prescapular lymph nodes remained negative. Characterization of the isolated virus, in particular with regard to its genomic identity, should be investigated.

- by Renaud Lancelot
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- Chad, Animals, Rinderpest, Goats
- by El-Yuguda Abdul-Dahiru
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- Veterinary Medicine, Immunology, Nigeria, Rinderpest

- by Bruce Thomsen
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- Climate Change, Veterinary Pathology, Food, Agriculture
- by Louise Cosby
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- Immune response, Medical Microbiology, Measles Virus, Virulence

A cDNA clone containing the complete coding sequence of the rinderpest fusion protein (F) gene was inserted into the thymidine kinase gene of vaccinia virus (WR strain) under the control of the 7.5K early/late vaccinia virus promoter. All forms of the F protein, i.e., the glycosylated F0 precursor, the unglycosylated F1 protein, and the glycosylated F2 protein, were detected in cells infected with the recombinant virus. Vaccination of rabbits with the recombinant virus induced antibodies which reacted in an ELISA system specific for rinderpest. The rabbit sera contained neutralizing antibodies against rinderpest virus and precipitated the F protein from lysates of rinderpest infected cells. Rabbits vaccinated with the recombinant rinderpest F gene vaccinia virus were protected from a lethal challenge with the lapinized Nakamura 3 strain of rinderpest virus. Variations in the severity of clinical symptoms correlated with the level of anti-F protein antibodies produced.

- by Graham Belsham
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- Vaccines, Virology, Biological Sciences, Animals
- by Festus Adu
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- Biology, Medicine, Pregnancy, Tissue culture

In September 1800 the news of the presence in Tuscany of a bovine epidemic spread. A Deputation was established for its containment: the ban on foreign herds, the closing of the markets in countryside, the control, by the doctors Gaetano Palloni and Giovan Battista Canovai, of the meat which was introduced in Florence. In the "Medical Instructions on Bovine Epizootiy" attention was paid to prophylaxis, hygiene of stables, early symptoms of the disease and methods of treatment. Gaetano Palloni, an eclectic doctor, attentive to epidemiological and social aspects, wrote some reports, in which he proposed to examine all live animals introduced into the city and, after slaughter, on the product before the sale. The entry into the city was so limited, for beasts and meats, only to two Gates and the number of doctors assigned to examinations increased. During the winter the virulence decreased, but doctors warned that the danger was still present. "Additional medical instructions" were published in 1801, in which was recommended, at the first symptoms of the disease, the practice of draining blood through incisions. In August, the examinations were suspended, except in the case of overt illness. Palloni denounced the poor attention to inspections of freshly slaughtered meat, where often no immediate alteration was visible, suggesting the introduction of extraordinary random checks at the markets and in the warehouses, to prevent the sale of corrupt meat. Unfortunately, some proposals remained unfulfilled. Palloni’s reports, unpublished up to now, represent an interesting case of public hygiene at the beginning of the 19 century.

- by Francesco Baldanzi
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- History of Florence, Epizootics, Rinderpest, History of Veterinary Medicine

The authors provide a report on the surveillance of rinderpest virus (RPV) and peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) in the wildlife population in Côte d'Ivoire. For this purpose, 266 animals from nine different species, selected according to susceptibility and abundance, were captured and sampled from Comoé, Marahoué and Lamto Parks. Two hundred and forty seven sera and 214 nasal swabs were collected and analysed by competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (cELISA) and reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) techniques, respectively. Serological data demonstrated that RPV was not circulating within the national Parks and estimated the PPR seroprevalence to be less than 1%. The analysis of the nasal swabs revealed no cases of RPV infection, but PPRV infection was detected in four species, including buffalo. To minimise the cost of the study without affecting the sensitivity of the test, samples were pooled into different groups and submitted to RT-PCR usi...

- by Emmanuel Couacy-hymann
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- West Africa, Animals, Deoxyribonucleic Acid, Polymerase Chain Reaction
- by Diwakar Kulkarni
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- Veterinary, India, Diarrhea, Spleen
- by J. Fair and +2
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- Microbiology, Geography, United Nations, Veterinary
- by Mana Mahapatra
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- Biological Sciences, Cercopithecus aethiops, Humans, Animals

- by raj singh
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- Control, India, Sheep, Rinderpest
- by Filip Van Roosbroeck
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- History of Medicine, Rural History, History of Science, Austrian Netherlands