Shrinking Cities Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

This study considers the effects of location on farmers’ market success using the relocation of the farmers’ market in Flint, Michigan, as a case study. It examines whether relocating the market benefitted vendors;
whether the direct economic impact (DEI) of the market increased post-relocation; whether spending patterns vary by day of the week and season; and whether different estimates of DEI are obtained when accounting for seasonal variations in spending rates. The results indicate that the relocation increased vendors’ profits and satisfaction, the DEI of the new market was much higher than the old, there are
daily and seasonal differences in spending rates, and accounting for season resulted in an estimated DEI that was higher than would have been obtained otherwise. Overall, the study demonstrates that location matters – the market’s economic outcomes greatly improved
by moving from an isolated location on the outskirts of downtown to the city’s core.

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- Food Systems, Shrinking Cities
- by Ilaria Zambon
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- Urban Planning, Urban Studies, Urbanism, Shrinking Cities
- by Alessandro Coppola and +1
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- Urban Planning, Shrinking Cities, Urban Policy, Urbanistica Paesaggio Governo Territorio Piani Progetti
- by enrico formato
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- Landscape Architecture, Shrinking Cities, Landscape Urbanism

Urbanisation is characterised by cycles of activation and obsolescence leaving in their wake an abundance of non-productive space (NPS). Expanding cities report more vacant land than do fixed cities, which report higher structural abandonment. If left untreated, existing NPS can spread to surrounding properties. Using Fort Worth, TX, USA as a case site, this research explores the spatial distribution of NPS using Geographical Information Systems spatial analyses. Directional distributions, time series analyses, spatial assessments using 5-mile buffer increments and weighted suitability models were combined to determine if urban core fragmentation is occurring, despite population and economic growth. Findings indicate that peripheral NPS area decreased but these spaces were redistributed into
the urban core. Parcel size and regeneration potential in the city centre also decreased. This has resulted in a fragmented urban core characterised by disconnected and small/irregularly shaped parcels of NPS which are difficult to regenerate—an urban shrapnel.

- by Galen Newman and +1
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- Spatial Analysis, Urban Regeneration, Shrinking Cities, Urban form

In this paper, we compare different nanoclay-PEG composites and the influence of the input parameters especially the percentage of PEG and the clay size. Because of the facility of material elaboration, dried state with grinding, we adopted a complete experiments plan to obtain a maximum of robustness of the responses. For each sample, we made an XRD analysis to see if we obtain the intercalation of the PEG 6000 (Polyethylene Glycol 6000) within the clay sheets. The characterization adopted consists on the measurement of the shrinking of some cylinders we made, the liquidity and plasticity limits according to the Casagrande protocol used in geotechnical clays characterizations. We utilize also the methylen blue protocol to estimate the variation of the specific surface of ionic exchange of the clay sheets according to the PEG 6000 percentage and the clay sizes. SEM microscopy permits to visualize some of the phases detected by the XRD analysis. The TEM microscopy permits also to see the amorphous phases created by the grinding protocol which affects significantly the specific surface and the shrinking of the new materials. For each section, we made some conclusions with interpretation in order to integrate these results in civil engineering, classical/artisanal material construction and geotechnical fields.

- by Laila Mesrar and +2
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- Engineering, Shrinking Cities, Specific surface area

Эта брошюра посвящена селу Токма и всем людям, для которых это прекрасное место является домом. Тем, кто до сих пор там живет, и тем, кто волею судеб уже переехал в другие села и города. Токма, расположенная в Катангском районе Иркутской области, была одним из поселений, где в 2016 и 2018 гг. Гертрауд Илльмайер (Институт социальной антропологии Венского университета) и Наталья Красноштанова (Институт географии им. В.Б. Сочавы СО РАН) проводили полевые антропологические исследования в рамках австрийско-российского пятилетнего исследовательского проекта «CoRe – Конфигурации «отдалённости»: взаимоотношение людей и транспортной инфраструктуры в регионе Байкало-Амурской магистрали» (2015-2020), поддержанного грантом Австрийского научного фонда (FWF) [P 27625]. Гертрауд и Наталья исследовали практики передвижения местного населения в свете ограниченной транспортной доступности села в быстро меняющихся условиях. Логистика поездок в Токму в разные сезоны года выстраивалась благодаря опыту и личным контактам Натальи Красноштановой. По результатам исследований было написано несколько научных статей и магистерская диссертация, которые будут опубликованы в 2021 году.

- by Gertrude Saxinger and +1
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- Siberia, Ecology, Shrinking Cities, Siberian Studies

Vacant land presents many challenges for older financially distressed cities. Community engagement is a very important element to solve the urban vacant land problem and assist in long term regeneration. This paper reviews what plans, policies, implementation methods, and community engagement process were developed to overcome barriers and challenges to vacant land projects. Most studies reveal that the importance of community engagement process in terms of understanding the problems and potential value of vacant land, redevelopment process, financial support, regulation, and neighborhood organizations participation for vacant land projects. To encourage community engagement to repurpose vacant land, municipalities should have to provide adequate information about vacant land conditions and their potentials in terms of ecological and social value. Code enforcement and tax foreclosure are efficient ways to control vacant land and the abandoned building problem. Tax incentive systems, such as high taxation rates on land but a low rate or no tax at all on infill development on vacant land, tax credits on vacant land forest structure, and rehabilitation abatement on abandoned buildings can increase public investment in vacant land. Local governments should support such efforts by creating community involvement groups, such as neighborhood coordinators, civic leaders, CDCs (Community Development Corporations), and other community-based nonprofit organizations. Community engagement is not specific planning, but it is part of an ongoing process in planning strategies to urban regeneration and renewal vacant land.

Structural housing vacancy and abandonment occur in many circumstances and are phenomena that generally happen when something disturbs the overall ‘equilibrium’of a given area. Urban scholarship has often considered these forms of housing emptiness in relationship to processes of urban decline, suburbanisation, deindustrialisation, financial crises and the collapse of local housing markets (Keenan et al, 1999; Glock and Haussermann, 2004; O’Callaghan et al, 2018). Indeed, in certain contexts, processes of economic and social restructuring have led to declining or collapsing demand, resulting in housing underuse, disuse and eventual abandonment (Power and Mumford, 1999; Couch and Cocks, 2013; Wang and Immergluck, 2019). Far from being natural, these processes are often closely linked to the political economy of uneven development and to the action of discrete actors in the realms of the state, the real estate industry and finance (Coppola, 2019).

Neighborhood decline is a critical issue in shrinking cities. Components of sustainable urbanism such as mixed land uses have risen as possible urban planning-based approaches to help mitigate urban and neighborhood decline. This research identifies examines if mixed land uses can help mitigate urban decline by using the tax delinquent status of single family houses as a proxy for decline in Dayton, Ohio, USA. Logistic regression models are utilized to estimate the probability of tax delinquency. The results suggest that the proximity to mixed land uses is associated with increasing or decreasing the probability of tax delinquent for single family lots. The number of commercial and industrial lots in a neighborhood also has effects on the probability of a lot becoming tax delinquent, but the specific types of commercial and industrial lots dictate the direction of effects. The existence of commercial apartment lots, retail lots, and industrial food and drink plant lots were shown to help decrease the probability of tax delinquent lots. Also, decreasing the amount of property tax applied to parcels can help to limit distress in neighborhoods. This research contributes to the ongoing efforts to stymie the amount of residential abandonment in depopulating and declining cities.

- by Galen Newman and +1
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- Sustainable Urbanism, Shrinking Cities, Urban Decline, Mixed use development
- by enrico formato
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- Landscape Architecture, Urban Studies, Modern Architecture, Shrinking Cities

The entry begins with a definition of geography and with a description of what the discipline shares with the other social sciences and what makes it distinctive among them. Terminological clarifications are provided with regard to the relationship between human geography and physical geography, and between human geography and urban geography. After a brief history and overview of human geography’s engagement with social theory, the entry offers a discussion of the politicization of contemporary human geography and of how this phenomenon is reflected in theory building and concept development.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118430873.est0464

- by Dragos Simandan
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- Critical Theory, Discourse Analysis, Landscape Ecology, Sociology

The concept of reurbanisation is discussed in this article from theoretical and methodological perspectives. Reurbanisation has been defined as one of the stages of urban development recently, but it is also tied to processes of gentrification, or perceived as a policy aimed at the revitalisation of inner cities. The main objective of this contribution is to discuss three principal and different perspectives of reurbanisation: firstly, reurbanisation as defined on the macro-scale of settlement system development; secondly, the concept as elaborated at the micro-scale of the transformation of inner cities; and, thirdly, reurbanisation viewed as a specific urban policy at the local government scale of analysis. The authors’ singular understanding of the reurbanisation process – as suburban-to-urban migration – is then presented as an alternative conceptualization of reurbanisation. This paper presents and evaluates the use of the reurbanisation concept in research on residential environments in current conditions in the Czech Republic and relates it to the broader domain of research on post-socialist cities.

- by Martin Šimon and +2
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- Postsocialism, Shrinking Cities, Metropolitan Planning, Czech Republic

- by Raouf Jabrane
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- Engineering, Shrinking Cities, Specific surface area

In the last two decades, critical urban studies has paid a great deal of attention to contemporary “neoliberal urbanism”, but very little to its historical and urban roots. This chapter discusses the use of neighbourhood typologies and mapping in the United States by looking at government redlining maps from the 1930s until the 1970s, and “planned shrinkage”, “urban triage” and “benign neglect” in late 1960s and 1970s New York City as well as in early 2000s New Orleans and Cleveland. A map or ranking indicating declining or shrinking neighbourhoods may lead to the withholding of not only city services, but also mortgage loans. The ranking and mapping of neighbourhoods excludes and impoverishes those places deemed racially infiltrated, declining, and dying. It could be argued that this is a form of “neoliberal urbanism”, but these policies had a pre-cursor in the ideas of the Chicago School of Sociology, Babcock, Hoyt, the HOLC and the FHA in the 1920s and 1930s, and Hoover and Vernon, Downs sr. and jr., Starr and Moynihan in the post-war years. The “old urban right” had already won several significant victories in the war of ideologies, hinting at a neoliberalism avant la lettre.

- by Manuel Aalbers
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- Neoliberalization of the state, Neoliberalism, Shrinking Cities, New Orleans

Przełom XX i XXI wieku jest okresem fundamentalnych przemian społeczno-gospodar-czych i instytucjonalnych w Europie Środkowo-Wschodniej połączonych z przemianami demograficznymi. Pociągają one za sobą zmianę wielu paradygmatów w naukach przestrzenno-ekonomicznych i praktyce planistyczno-decyzyjnej. Stwierdzenie to odnosi się m.in. do procesu kurczenia się miast (urban shrinkage), tj. długookresowego spadku liczby ludności powiązanego z kryzysem lokalnej gospodarki i narastającymi problemami społecznymi. Proces ten, występujący wcześniej w niektórych miastach (najczęściej starych ośrodkach przemysłowych) Europy Zachodniej i Stanów Zjedno-czonych, przybrał po 1990 r. szczególnie duże rozmiary w postkomunistycznych krajach Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej. Pojawiają się zatem nowe wyzwania, dotyczące z jednej strony potrzeby identyfikacji skali, tempa, form kurczenia się miast i ich przestrzennego zróżnicowania, z drugiej strony – rewizji dotychczasowych polityk miejskich, ukierun-kowanych najczęściej na paradygmat wzrostu. Te przesłanki powodują, że kurczące się miasta stają się przedmiotem wielu dyskusji naukowych i praktycznych oraz międzyna-rodowych projektów badawczych. Niniejsza publikacja jest pokłosiem jednego z takich projektów o akronimie CIRES (Cities Regrowing Smaller. Fostering Knowledge on Regeneration Strategies in Shrinking Cities across Europe – Propagowanie wiedzy na temat strategii regeneracji w kurczących się miastach Europy), realizowanego w ramach Akcji COST, tj. Europej-skiego Programu Współpracy w Dziedzinie Badań Naukowo-Technicznych. W projekcie tym, który zakończył się w 2013 r., uczestniczyli przedstawiciele wielu dyscyplin naukowych z 26 państw, w tym redaktor naukowy i autorzy kilku rozdziałów tej książki. Celem publikacji jest upowszechnienie wyników projektu CIRES w Polsce odniesionych przede wszystkim do regionu Europy Środkowo-Wschodniej. Książka ta jest dziełem, w którego przygotowaniu brało udział 30 autorów z kraju i z zagranicy. Zespół autorów wyraża przekonanie, że publikacja ta stanie się głosem w dyskusji na temat jednego z ważnych procesów określających obecną sytuację wielu miast Polski, Europy i świata. Prezentowana publikacja (…) identyfikuje skalę i zróżnicowanie przestrzenne kurczenia się miast. Choć dominuje w niej nurt ludnościowy, a więc analiza trendów demograficz-nych, to wiele miejsca poświęca się licznym uwarunkowaniom i skutkom tego procesu (społecznym, ekonomicznym, przestrzennym, ekologicznym, politycznym). Książka zawiera wątki teoretyczne i poznawcze z elementami zagadnień praktycznych, istot-nych dla prowadzenia polityk rozwoju w różnych skalach przestrzennych. (…) Obecność autorów zagranicznych daje szerszy ogląd przedstawionej problematyki, możliwość porównań oraz wskazywania indywidualnych cech zjawiska w zależności od kraju i regionu. Jest to pierwsza tak obszerna i wszechstronna pozycja książkowa na temat kurczenia się miast w literaturze polskiej. (…) Stanowi – dzięki przejrzystej metodologii – wzorzec badawczy i daje możliwość prowadzenia podobnych studiów porównawczych w przyszłości. Interesująca problematyka, dynamiczne i przestrzenne ujęcie, zastosowane metody badawcze oraz aplikacyjne wnioski pozwalają zarekomendować niniejszą pracę polskiemu Czytelnikowi – w celu nie tylko popularyzacji wiedzy na temat dynamiki i zróżnicowania przestrzennego procesu kurczenia się miast w Europie, ale także ukazania ścieżek ich rozwoju w wybranych krajach, a w szczególności w Polsce. Z recenzji prof. dra hab. Tomasza Kaczmarka

- by Emilia Jaroszewska and +1
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- Shrinking Cities, Miasto Postsocjalistyczne

This dissertation contributes to the literatures on post-2007 urban governance and urban greening by drawing novel connections between vacant land reuse, including urban agriculture, and the structures of urban governance. Through a historical analysis of housing vacancy, an institutional analysis of Cleveland’s community development industry’s response to the 2008 foreclosure crisis, and a case study of a vacant land reuse project, I argue that Cleveland’s community development industry shifted towards vacant land reuse and intervention to stabilize property values in response to the foreclosure crisis. This shift reveals a temporary resolution of the failure of subsidized housing construction following the crisis, but does not represent a significant departure from neoliberal community development. While the City has been effective in fostering certain forms of reuse, the heavy involvement of the community development industry and community foundations, combined with a local government facing fiscal pressure, has resulted in a constrained political field of opportunity for vacant land reuse. By devolving the labor of lot maintenance onto residents and continuing to prioritize traditional economic development, many of the possibilities for using vacant land reuse for social and environmental justice have been limited. However, I also show that the incorporation of vacant land reuse within the community development industry in Cleveland was the outcome of a process of weak contestation, negotiation, and path dependency, not a simple imposition of neoliberal ideology. Additionally, my findings concerning reuse projects on the ground reveals the shortcomings of relying on under-resourced resident labor and shows cracks in the hegemony of private property and market logics in high-abandonment neighborhoods. My findings point to the importance of studying how greening projects are interacting with preexisting structures of urban governance. It suggests that the commodification of land and market-based community development places limits on vacant land reuse that directly benefits residents and works towards environmental and food justice.

This paper argues that the Flint water crisis stems from the city's inability to address the consequences of largescale population loss, the Flint region's unwillingness to engage in regional planning, and a societal lack of care for... more

- by Victoria Morckel
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- Deindustrialization, Shrinking Cities, Cities, Flint, Michigan

Monique POULOT, Professeure, Université Paris X, Rapporteure Thèse présentée et soutenue publiquement le 7 décembre 2015. 3 REMERCIEMENTS Ce travail n'aurait pas pu être ce qu'il est sans le concours d'un grand nombre de personnes. Je tiens ici à les remercier très chaleureusement. Je voudrais tout d'abord sincèrement remercier ma directrice de thèse, Cynthia Ghorra-Gobin. Ses conseils judicieux, sa connaissance fine du monde anglo-américain ainsi que la confiance dont elle a fait preuve à mon égard m'ont été précieux. Je la remercie tout particulièrement pour sa disponibilité et pour les échanges intenses dans les moments les plus critiques. Je remercie les membres du jury, Andrew Diamond, Louis Dupont, Michel Lussault, Christian Montès et Monique Poulot, d'avoir accepté de siéger dans mon jury et de me faire l'honneur de lire ma thèse, de la critiquer et de la discuter. À Detroit et à New York, je remercie les professeurs qui ont bien voulu m'accorder un peu de leur temps pour m'aider dans mes recherches, Tom Angotti à la City University of New York, Robert Beauregard à Columbia University, Margaret Dewar, Eric Dueweke et Larissa Larsen à la University of Michigan. Lors de mon enquête de terrain, j'ai eu la chance de rencontrer des gens qui me sont devenus chers. Merci à Amir Husak, qui m'a recommandée auprès de ses amis à Detroit et sans qui mes séjours là-bas n'auraient pas été les mêmes ; à Dave Toorongian et Annie Zobel pour leur amitié et nos discussions ; à Scott Hocking pour ses fantastiques Detroit tours ; à Austin McCoy pour la Detroit Packard Plant ; à Claire Richard pour avoir exploré la ville avec moi ; à Ariane Zaytzeff pour sa présence rassérénante ; à François Huguet pour le Movement ; à Hannah et Aragorn, pour m'avoir hébergée et gracieusement prêtée un vélo. Enfin, je remercie tout particulièrement Diane Van Buren & Ernie Zacharie pour m'avoir accueillie dans leur foyer et pour leur infinie générosité.

- by Flaminia PADDEU
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- Urban Geography, Urban Studies, Social Activism, Shrinking Cities
- by Ian R Trivers
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- Urban Planning, Urban Studies, Shrinking Cities, Urban theory

Eco-city projects are becoming increasingly prevalent throughout the globe and are often marketed as ‘new’ urban environments focused on achieving sustainable urban living while promoting environmental–economic transitions towards a low-carbon technological and industrial base. The article argues for the need to consider the thermal aspects of urban metabolism, while at the same time focusing on the link between individual buildings and eco-city master plans and wider economic development strategies at a state level. In so doing, the article encourages critical analysis of eco-city design and planning, while keeping a focus on the role of specific building structures within eco-cities as examples of the intermeshing of what can be termed a ‘political ecology of scale’ which stretches from specific buildings' climatic characteristics, to the metabolic master plan for eco-cities, to provincial, regional and state-level plans for the integration of eco-cities within wider economic and political development trajectories. The article focuses on Masdar, in Abu Dhabi, an eco-city under construction at the time of writing.

- by Lisa Elkins Goodman
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- Real Estate, Business Ethics, Transportation Engineering, Botany

We document the level of trust that Flint, Michigan residents had in their local and state governments during the water crisis, a series of government failures that resulted in lead and other contaminants in the city's water system. We then compare residents' level of trust to that of nonresidents and use regression analyses to test whether a lack of trust in government predicts the extent to which Flint residents are considering leaving the city. Lastly, we use content analysis to explore measures to restore residents' trust. We find that trust in government is very low, a lack of trust predicts considering leaving, and it will be difficult for policymakers to restore trust. Distrust in government matters because it could hinder future planning and recovery efforts and contribute to additional population losses.

- by Victoria Morckel and +1
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- Shrinking Cities, Legacy Cities

Since 2014, residents of Flint, Michigan have dealt with the effects of lead in their municipal system in a series of events known as the Flint water crisis. While several studies have examined the health effects of the crisis and changes in water lead levels over time, no study has considered whether the crisis has resulted or could result in residents leaving the city. To explore this question, we surveyed 405 Flint residents and used quantitative and qualitative methods, as well as exploratory spatial data analysis, to test five hypotheses about the water crisis and population dynamics. We found that population loss has not yet accelerated, but nearly half of residents are considering leaving. This consideration was true regardless of residents' demographics or where they lived in the city. We also discovered that perceptions of the water's safety and its health effects, more than actual water lead levels, predicted whether one is considering leaving. Overall, our results suggest that as water infrastructure quality deteriorates, population loss could accelerate, resulting in a recursive relationship whereby the city's population and its infrastructure continue to decline.

- by Victoria Morckel
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- Shrinking Cities, Flint Water Crisis, Legacy Cities

The paper examines the relation between urban shrinkage processes and urban planning through the analysis of different conceptualisations of the phenomenon in planning documents, and its further interpretation in planning visions and planning strategies for shrinking cities. Accordingly, a qualitative analysis of the content of eighteen comprehensive plans for shrinking cities located in the Rust Belt area has been developed in order to identify how urban shrinkage has currently been defined and contextualised in the United States. We argue that existing ambiguities at policy level have led to varying and inconsistent planning efforts to address shrinkage which consequently restricts the adoption of clear-cut strategies at urban level. The analysis also evaluates how the notion of perpetual growth still dominates traditional planning visions of development for American Rust Belt cities. The paper concludes that in understanding and dealing with urban decline, it is important to promote the notion of shrinkage as an ongoing and permanent process that demands a ubiquitous 'problem-solving' type of comprehensive planning.

- by Marcelo Sagot Better and +1
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- Urban Planning, Shrinking Cities, Rust Belt, Urban Decline
- by Nick Bacon
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- Urban Geography, Space and Place, Urban History, Urban Anthropology

Scholars and practitioners have argued that authentic public participation is crucial in developing strategic plans for so-called shrinking cities, not only for informing the content of the resulting plans but also for fostering public support, civic capacity, and equitable outcomes. The Detroit Works Project, launched in 2010, provided an opportunity to examine the crafting of a high-profile strategic plan for a major U.S. city challenged by decades of population loss and disinvestment. We find that the project was yet another instance of urban planning that began with an assurance that public involvement would play a central role but then failed to fulfill that promise. Transparency and accountability were compromised as a result of the privatization of public responsibilities. The resulting plan did not reflect the priorities, insights, or needs of most Detroiters. Justice was subordinated to the perceived imperative of the market within an ideological frame of neoliberal austerity.

Tax foreclosure offers an opportunity to investigate processes of disinvestment in the city. Prior research has not considered how tax foreclosure administration protects or further damages neighborhoods where foreclosure occurs. Detroit's loss of households led to disinvestment in housing and demolition of structures. In addition, at each of the three stages of property foreclosure and disposition, implementers took actions that promised to encourage disinvestment in property by facilitating the spread of blight and encouraging negative externalities. This occurred because (1) foreclosures took many owner-occupied properties; (2) the sale of properties to government entities was small and did not promote reuse; and (3) the foreclosure auctions disadvantaged purchasers who would become owner-occupants, channeled properties in strong neighborhoods to investors at low prices, and sold properties disproportionately to destructive buyers.

- by Margaret Dewar and +1
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- Shrinking Cities, Housing markets, Detroit, Tax Foreclosure

Many American and European cities have to deal with demographic and economic trajectories leading to urban shrinkage. According to official data, 13% of urban regions in the US and 54% of those in the EU have lost population in recent years. However, the extent and spatial distribution of declining populations differ significantly between Europe and the US. In Germany, the situation is driven by falling birth rates and the effects of German reunification. In the US, shrinkage is basically related to long-term industrial transformation. But the challenges of shrinking cities seldom appeared on the agendas of politicians and urban planners until recently. This article provides a critical overview of the development paths and local strategies of four shrinking cities: Schwedt and Dresden in eastern Germany; Youngstown and Pittsburgh in the US. A typology of urban growth and shrinkage, from economic and demographic perspectives, enables four types of city to be differentiated and the differences between the US and eastern Germany to be discussed. The article suggests that a new transatlantic debate on policy and planning strategies for restructuring shrinking cities is needed to overcome the dominant growth orientation that in most cases intensifies the negative consequences of shrinkage.

- by Karina Pallagst
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- Urban Planning, Shrinking Cities, Urban Development

Magyarország népessége 1980 óta csökken, 2001 és 2011 között pedig a magyar városok 75%-ában regisztráltak demográfiai zsugorodást. Közép-Kelet-Európában hasonló folyamatokat figyelhetünk meg. Annak ellenére, hogy az 1970-es évektől egyes egyesült államokbeli, majd 1989 után a kelet-né-met régiók és városok esetében a "hanyatló" és "zsugorodó" városok társadalomtudományos vizsgálatával több szerző foglalkozott, Magyarországon ezek a fogalmak nem váltak a társadalomtudományos elemzés integráns részévé. Jelen tematikus lapszám bevezetőjeként azt a kérdést járjuk körül, hogy a "városi zsugorodás" hogyan befolyásolja az érintett helyi társadalmak esetében a térbeli-társadalmi egyenlőtlenségeket. A cikk a városi zsugorodást mint empirikus folyamatot tárgyalja, amelyhez a periferializálódással kapcso-latos kritikai irodalmat választja elméleti keretéül. A cikk első felében röviden bemutatjuk a zsugorodással kapcsolatos nemzetközi irodalom egyes főbb állításai...

- by Virág Tünde
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- Urban Sociology, Shrinking Cities, Hungary, Szociológia

This paper investigates the role that flagship developments are having in the regeneration agenda of cities experiencing urban shrinkage. It focuses on Manchester, archetypical example of a postindustrial shrinking city that has been able to return to the growth paradigm. Using an exploratory case study methodology, this paper analyses the spillover effects of pro-growth approaches tackling urban shrinkage. It first compiles and critically assesses its multiple flagship developments, in order to study Manchester's decay process by opposing it to the initiatives that are coping with it. It will then go on to analyse the social consequences of those initiatives and to examine the factors that can burden the city's further development. The paper argues that even though Manchester has performed well in the political game, and cosmetically improved certain areas, its flagship developments have not been able to fix the economic or social problems derived from its decay.

- by Fernando Ortiz-Moya
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- Human Geography, Urban Planning, Urban Regeneration, Urban Studies

The former industrial districts are often places of experimentation, addressing questions of territorial innovation and city making. Their geographical position within or on the outskirts of cities shows the dynamics of the future territorial development of cities. The reappropriation of these neighborhoods after the period of deindustrialization and the creative activities offered by local authorities and developers can contribute to the economic and demographic growth of deindustrialized shrinking cities. In the research creativity is defined as a process to recover from social and economic recession which are usually linked to deindustrialization. The main goal is to survey how urban spaces with absence of functional use, terrain vague, contribute to explore alternative ways of urban dwelling (sustainable, participatory) as well as the differences observed in the implementation of creative strategies in central districts and peripheral areas. The research method is descriptive-analytic. The descriptive is used in order to define creativity and relate it to previous studies in terrain vague. The analytic is used in order to identify the reasons that led to population decline and the correlations between sustainable urban development, citizen engagement and demographic evolution. The performed analyses included a combination of statistics techniques (diagrams of demographic evolution) and qualitative methods (interviews with local authorities, inhabitants and the teams of architects and urban planners of the projects studied in the research). The outcome revealed that the political, economic and social context plays a major role in the strategies of creativity in a city by promoting several times gentrification, especially in peripheral areas. The final conclusion is that the system of traditional actors in the development of urban projects has to redefine the roles of each one, in order to promote innovation, by establishing the inhabitants as real social actors.

- by Varvara Toura
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- Models of Creativity & of Creative Processes, Shrinking Cities, France, Urban Voids

Urban shrinkage, provoked by the combination of long-term depopulation and economic decline, is an emerging challenge now facing most Russian cities, which appears to be the largest shrinking urban system in the world. Shrinking cities have attracted the attention of scientists, policymakers, and planners throughout the world due to the inadequacy of the available planning and policy approaches and tools that have been developed for growth scenarios. However, in Russia, the long-term population decline is still viewed by most as a temporary phenomenon provoked by the dramatic socioeconomic transition and, accordingly, spatial planning remains growth-oriented. The PhD thesis is motivated by the contradiction between the current demographic development in Russian cities and the obsolete planning approaches and methods being used. The study aims at discovering evidence of population decline as an important trend in the development of Russian cities and to then identify which opportunities exist for the transformation of municipal and regional spatial development policies in order to appropriately address this urgent challenge.
The research pursues two main lines of investigation: the urban shrinkage phenomenon itself (its definitions, causes, consequences, threats and opportunities) and the spatial planning of cities experiencing shrinkage conditions. Within this logic, several levels of research have been developed: 1) analysis of the global discussion of the topic through the literature review; 2) confirmation or applicability of the aspects discussed in the literature to the Russian context (at the national and regional levels) as a verification for the necessity of a deeper analysis; 3) testing the developed hypothesis at the city level through multiple case studies; 4) integration of the results obtained through the case studies into the general view; 5) evaluation of the findings.
The thesis provides empirical evidence drawn from cities located in southern Russia, which statistically represents the most favourable part of the country in terms of its demographic development. The intention was to show that even in an area where depopulation is not considered an issue; many cities are shrinking and experience a lack of demographic resources that could compensate for their depopulation. The research focuses on both shrinking and growing small to medium-sized cities in southern Russia, investigating through the comparative analysis the drivers and consequences of population change, but also how existing policies reflect upon demographic issues.
Based on a mix of quantitative and qualitative data, I have found that population decline is a new reality for most Russian cities, where the current and future depopulation trends are an unavoidable process. The consequences are especially notable in small and medium-sized cities, which are more vulnerable and often lack development resources. However, the current negative transformations in both shrinking and growing cities result from a combination of complex factors, the influence of which should be deeper analysed through further research. Due to such discreet effects of depopulation, planners and policy-makers are largely ignorant of these processes, not only because of a lack of “awareness”, but also due to institutional, managerial, professional, and educational issues, which must yet be solved in order to provide a professional approach to spatial planning. Another discovery of the research is of a specific pattern of urban shrinkage in the cities of southern Russia where depopulation happens over the background of a growing need for housing and infrastructure construction and an extensive ongoing urban development. Moreover, growth-oriented urban planning itself, which ignores demographic factors, creates conditions for the appearance of negative consequences of shrinkage in the future, such as abandonment, vacancy or infrastructure surplus, instead of using planning as an opportunity to prevent these effets.
This thesis therefore contributes to the general discussion on urban shrinkage. While the existing literature on the topic is mainly dedicated to various contexts that differ significantly from the Russian situation, this research helps to fill in the important missing element of the Russian experience in the global puzzle of urban shrinkage.

- by Elena Batunova
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- Demography, Urban Planning, Shrinking Cities, Russia

This paper investigates the role that flagship developments are having in the regeneration agenda of cities suffering of urban shrinkage. It focuses on Manchester, which is facing the situation with a growing ambitious objectives. Compiling and critically assessing its multiple flagship developments, the paper studies Manchester's decay process by opposing it to the development initiatives that are coping with it. They are aiming to reverse the population drainage affecting Manchester and its metropolitan area, by bringing back its previous regional role as an economic and cultural centre. The paper argues that even though Manchester has performed well in the political game, and cosmetically improved certain areas, its flagship developments have not been able to fix the economic or social problems derived from its decay. 230 ICSDEC 2012 © ASCE 2013 ICSDEC 2012 Downloaded from ascelibrary.org by Fernando Ortiz-Moya on 08/26/15.

- by Fernando Ortiz-Moya
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- Urban Regeneration, Urban Studies, Shrinking Cities, Megaprojects

The purpose of this article is to examine municipal property acquisition patterns in shrinking cities. We use data from the City of Buffalo’s municipal property auction records to analyze the spatial distribution of properties offered for sale in its annual tax foreclosure auction. In addition to these data, we examine demolition and building permit records. Our analysis suggests that cities like Buffalo follow strategies based on an urban growth paradigm when responding to abandonment. This paradigm operates under the assumption that growth is a constant and urban development is only limited by fiscal constraints, underdeveloped systems of urban governance, environmental degradation, and resistance by anti-growth coalitions. We recommend that planners in shrinking cities de-emphasize growth-based planning and focus on rightsizing strategies. These strategies are based on the assumption that growth is not a constant. Consequently, urban revitalization is concentrated in a smaller urban footprint.

- by Robert Silverman and +1
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- Community Development, Urban Planning, Urban Studies, Affordable Housing

Etude préliminaire au projet Sainté Itinéraire Croisé pour Carton Plein. Analyse des dynamiques économiques et démographiques en lien avec la vacance grandissante des rez-de-chaussé à St-Etienne.

- by Wilhem Perdrix
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- Shrinking Cities

This book examines Warren, a suburb of Detroit, Michigan, as a shrinking city facing a crisis of economic downturn, automotive restructuring, high unemployment, and real estate foreclosures. The author explores Warren’s attempt to develop planning strategies, culturally-based initiatives, community design projects, and creative partnerships in the region in order to address the challenges of shrinkage and foreclosures at multiple scales. Global urban development is currently characterized by varied combination of metropolitan growth and urban core shrinkage. While much of the shrinkage is concentrated in central cities, first suburbs are now facing the same problem. The Warren case illustrates opportunities for flexible policies combining rightsizing, shared maintenance, and incremental development in struggling first suburban communities, which are less studied and often ignored.

- by Anirban Adhya
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- Architecture, Landscape Architecture, Shrinking Cities, Urban And Regional Planning
- by Vladimir Macura
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- Urban Planning, Rural Development, Shrinking Cities, Cities

This article presents an invitation in summer 2004 of the former architects and planners of a socialist estate to discuss the necessity to reduce the house stock of their realised urban planning project. For them it was an unusual reunion... more

- by Ines Weizman
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- Shrinking Cities

Nowadays, some areas of Southern Italy appear to be «resistant to development». They are complex realities, which have also been affected by the current economic crisis: an example is Taranto, a city that has been «declining» for many years. The aim of this paper is to identify the narratives that underlie the policies implemented in the city, trying to highlight their ideological character as it emerges from the press and the discourse of citizens. These narratives speak about pollution, demographic shrinkage, the industrial crisis, social distress, urban decay and political corruption. The challenge, therefore, is to deconstruct the decline in order to build new narratives, changing the way to approach the critical issues, and trying to reconstruct «development needs» from the bottom, in this way contributing to an improvement of the quality of the urban environment.

- by Juan Carlos Santa Cruz Grau
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- Urban Studies, Shrinking Cities, Urban Decay, Urban Narratives

The city of Taranto in Southern Italy is suffering from a long-lasting variety of wicked problems, such as the presence and crisis of massive and obsolete steel factory, structural unemployment and urban decline. In this context, the paper discusses a set of practices which are brought about in the historical centre of the city and that posit themselves at the fringe between economic action and community development. The authors analyse them looking at the kinds of capital that allow their production in the peculiar and highly disinvested context of the historical centre of Taranto. It will be shown that, to a certain extent, they represent examples of 'diverse economies' that while thematising the overall urban regeneration of the place offer relevant insights for discussions on community economies. La città di Taranto vive da molto tempo una condizione multidimensionale di crisi, legata alla presenza ed alla crisi degli impianti siderurgici, alla disoccupazione strutturale ed al declino urbano. In questo contesto, il contributo discute una serie di pratiche che hanno luogo nella Città Vecchia e che si collocano al confine fra azione economica e sviluppo di comunità. Gli autori analizzano tali pratiche guardando ai diversi tipi di capitale che permettono il loro prodursi e sostenersi nel contesto peculiare, perché caratterizzato da

- by Alessandro Coppola and +1
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- Community Development, Urban Planning, Social Economy, Shrinking Cities

Dentro de las indagaciones del grupo de investigación CSIC – UDELAR 1703 “Acondicionamiento urbano del suelo” del ITU-FADU, los estudios sobre el Uruguay Urbano se habían focalizado en las transformaciones recientes (1985- 2011) del Área Metropolitana de Montevideo (AMM) y las Ciudades intermedias (CIU, mayores a 5000 habitantes).
Se propuso un acercamiento al restante grupo de localidades del país, las menores a 5000 habitantes, a las que denominamos Pequeñas Localidades del Uruguay (PLU).
En un país cuyos ciclos territoriales destacan -con leves alternaciones- la persistencia del modelo urbano y macrocefálico, la actual etapa de desarrollo del país, muestra a las pequeñas localidades urbanas como universo de escaso peso demográfico, pero escenario de significativas transformaciones. Ahí convergen aspectos inerciales de nuestro territorio como el despoblamiento rural, la desafectación del transporte ferroviario de pasajeros a escala nacional, con otros contemporáneos como la irrupción de la globalización y los nuevos modelos de gestión de negocios agropecuarios, el dinamismo del fraccionamiento balneario costero, el protagonismo de los conjuntos MEVIR (Movimiento de Erradicación de la Vivienda Insalubre Rural), y la reciente creación del tercer nivel de gobierno. El conjunto de estos centros pequeños, de diverso origen y escala, conforman un heterogéneo conjunto de 407 núcleos urbanos, según el Censo INE 2011, fue tomado como objeto de estudio. ¿Es posible identificar diferentes modalidades de urbanización, asociables a categorías, en las PLU? ¿Qué antecedentes se han manejado para categorizarlas legalmente? ¿Cuáles destacaron demográficamente en el último cuarto de siglo y por qué motivos? ¿Qué papel juegan en el Sistema Urbano Nacional, en sus vínculos con las Ciudades intermedias y el Montevideo metropolitano?

Population decline in former industrial cities is an undeniable fact, and preparing to respond to it in the context of sustainable urban development is a necessity. In my research urban sustainability is defined as a process to recover from social and economic recession which are usually linked to deindustrialization. The main goal is to survey how Nantes and Saint-Ouen became resilient, in environmental, economic and social terms, after the period of deindustrialization and if they have the needed capacities of urban sustainability in dealing with population decline. The two main questions raised in the research are: - Are the two study areas considered sustainable in terms of the criteria adopted in the present paper? - Are the social, economic and environmental capacities of the two study areas in accordance with the needs of the local communities in order to achieve population increase? The research method is descriptive-analytic. The descriptive method is used in order to define urban sustainability and relate it to previous studies in shrinking cities. The analytic method is used in order to identify the reasons that led to the population decline and the correlations between sustainable urban development and demographic evolution. The performed analyses included a combination of statistics techniques (diagrams of demographic evolution) and qualitative methods (interviews with local authorities, inhabitants and the teams of architects and urban planners that participated in the projects of urban renewal of the two cities). The outcome revealed that Nantes and Saint-Ouen have reached the goal of sustainable urban development as they almost doubled their population since 2000. The final conclusion of the research is that the urban policies implemented by local authorities as long as the economic decisions taken by local enterprises can assist Nantes and Saint-Ouen inhabitants to encounter to social and economic recession resulting from deindustrialization. Keywords: shrinking city, population decline, sustainable urban development, urban resilience, citizen engagement

- by Varvara Toura
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- Sustainable Development, Shrinking Cities