Small Island Developing States Research Papers (original) (raw)

In 2015, the Paris Climate Change Agreement was adopted, and in the ensuing years, countries, along with researchers, civil society and industry have been debating how to implement concrete action to address the climate challenge. The... more

Academic and policy writing on islands has grown rapidly, with much effort focused on island ecologies and environments, island heritage and culture, and island vulnerabilities and resilience, and with characteristics such as isolation,... more

Academic and policy writing on islands has grown rapidly, with much effort focused on island ecologies and environments, island heritage and culture, and island vulnerabilities and resilience, and with characteristics such as isolation, insularity, small size, or dependency often taken for granted. This series seeks to unsettle such assumptions by comprehensively investigating the range of topological and topographical characteristics that lie at the heart of the idea of 'islandness'.

A growing awareness of the value of indigenous knowledge has prompted calls for its use within disaster risk reduction. The use of indigenous knowledge alongside scientific knowledge is increasingly advocated but there is as yet no... more

A growing awareness of the value of indigenous knowledge has prompted calls for its use within disaster risk reduction. The use of indigenous knowledge alongside scientific knowledge is increasingly advocated but there is as yet no clearly developed framework demonstrating how the two may be integrated to reduce community vulnerability to environmental hazards. This paper presents such a framework, using a participatory approach in which relevant indigenous and scientific knowledge may be integrated to reduce a community's vulnerability to environmental hazards. Focusing on small island developing states it presents an analysis of the need for such a framework alongside the difficulties of incorporating indigenous knowledge. This is followed by an explanation of the various processes within the framework, drawing on research completed in Papua New Guinea. This framework is an important first step in identifying how indigenous and scientific knowledge may be integrated to reduce community vulnerability to environmental hazards.

Small economies are usually classified by the size of their GDP. Among the small states, which can be determined by various criteria, there are many small economies. Smallness of the economy influences the vulnerability of the state, and... more

Small economies are usually classified by the size of their GDP. Among the small states, which can be determined by various criteria, there are many small economies. Smallness of the economy influences the vulnerability of the state, and if it is connected with the other potentially negative factors (land-locked or island position) or reliance on a few export products, it can create vulnerable economies. Concurrently, smallness of the economy can be an advantage, since it provides better conditions for faster economic growth and makes transformations of the economy easier. This article brings a quantitative comparative study of the small economies, classified by the size of their total GDP. Sets of macroeconomic data (foreign direct investment [FDI] net inflows in current US$ and GDP in current US$; external debt and GDP) were studied, for which the correlation between the FDI and GDP was calculated (for 40 smallest economies), as was the regression analysis between the FDI net inflows (independent variable) and the gross fixed capital formation (GFCF), as well as between the FDI net inflows and the growth of external debt for the 10 smallest economies between 1981 and 2014. The results were used to describe if there is a significant connection between FDI and external debt and if it can be mathematically modeled. All the data were taken from the web pages of the World Bank. The correlation analysis for FDI and GDP for the same years was also done. The countries that were studied had the smallest 40 economies in the world in 1981 (starting year) and in 2014 (final year), regardless of their land area, population, and geographical position. To examine the influence of the smallness of economy, the 15 largest world economies were studied as control group.

In the capitals and think tanks around the world much debate has taken place on the importance of the Indo-Pacific as a new regional framework. Increasingly, the Indo-Pacific is treated as a fact, not as a geopolitical regional construct.... more

In the capitals and think tanks around the world much debate has taken place on the importance of the Indo-Pacific as a new regional framework. Increasingly, the Indo-Pacific is treated as a fact, not as a geopolitical regional construct. Discussions focus on how to engage with the new region and design strategies. The 2021 AUKUS agreement is a good example of the shifts in thinking that the Indo-Pacific implies. Attention is turned to mini-lateral agreements and traditional military thought. Strategies issued by the UK, France or the EU have a similar emphasis. What does Indo-Pacific thinking imply for small island states such as the Seychelles? On the surface, agreements such as AUKUS and the new regional construction of the Indo-Pacific do not matter much for small island concerns. Yet, as I show in this contribution Seychelles and other small island states in the region need to pay close attention to the developments that Indo-Pacific discourses imply and need to start strategizing how they find their voice in the debate.

The distinctive characteristics of small island developing states (SIDS) present a special case for environment and development. Climate change magnifies existing environmental and social problems, which pose a multiplicity of challenges... more

The distinctive characteristics of small island developing states (SIDS) present a special case for environment and development. Climate change magnifies existing environmental and social problems, which pose a multiplicity of challenges to achieving food security. Education has a central role to play in supporting communities to deal with these issues, can lower risk to environmental hazards, and increase resilience. However, formal education systems in SIDS have been developed in the colonial context, may be ill-suited to the specificities of the island context, and have historically contributed to loss of local knowledge and practices. More education is not enough. A change in education paradigm is required that represents a shift away from simple learning, which is product oriented, to a paradigm that integrates both the products and processes of education itself. People working within these systems must critically reflect upon the assumptions underlying them. Education systems must look beyond the field of education and recognize the interconnectedness of wider social, cultural, economic, and natural systems of which they are part. This is a move towards transformative education, which can be described as an ecological paradigm. Achieving such a transformation requires critical support, particularly in the context of small island developing states whose natural and human resource base is limited.

This paper deals with the possible disappearance of some island States as a result of one of the negative effects of climate change, i.e., the sea level rise. In this sense, this phenomenon of ‘disappearing island States’ implies serious... more

This paper deals with the possible disappearance of some island States as a result of one of the negative effects of climate change, i.e., the sea level rise. In this sense, this phenomenon of ‘disappearing island States’ implies serious legal challenges to the Law of the Sea, the International Law and their alleged universality. Among others, the impact of the sea level rise on the maritime boundaries of the disappearing island States in addition to the feasibility of the proposed options to physically preserve the territory of the disappearing States are considered. From a Public International Law perspective, concerns as the possible disappearance of the constitutive statehood prerequisites (mainly, population and territory, which would progressively become uninhabitable), the need to avoid the statelessness of the disappearing island States’ nationals, or the hypothetical relocation of those ‘climate change refugees’ are analysed, too. Moreover, this contribution addresses the different strategies proposed in order to preserve the international legal personality of those States, namely: the acquisition of territory from other State, the federation with other States, the creation of governments in exile or the self-governing alternatives. In this sense, the studied alternatives seem unlikely to keep recognized over long time. Finally, consideration is given to the influence of this phenomenon in the universality of International Law, taking into account the principles and aims included in the Law of the Sea Convention (and its Preamble). The challenge of this phenomenon to the universality of International Law is based on the tough paradox according to which the smallest contributors to climate change (Small Island States) will be the most affected by climate change -even disappearing- and meanwhile their losses could eventually benefit some of the biggest contributors to climate change.

A growing awareness of the value of indigenous knowledge has prompted calls for its use within disaster risk reduction. The use of indigenous knowledge alongside scientific knowledge is increasingly advocated but there is as yet no... more

A growing awareness of the value of indigenous knowledge has prompted calls for its use within disaster risk reduction. The use of indigenous knowledge alongside scientific knowledge is increasingly advocated but there is as yet no clearly developed framework demonstrating how the two may be integrated to reduce community vulnerability to environmental hazards. This paper presents such a framework, using a participatory approach in which relevant indigenous and scientific knowledge may be integrated to reduce a community's vulnerability to environmental hazards. Focusing on small island developing states it presents an analysis of the need for such a framework alongside the difficulties of incorporating indigenous knowledge. This is followed by an explanation of the various processes within the framework, drawing on research completed in Papua New Guinea. This framework is an important first step in identifying how indigenous and scientific knowledge may be integrated to reduce community vulnerability to environmental hazards.

It is increasingly likely that, due to the impacts of climate change, entire populations of low-lying States – Tuvalu, Kiribati, the Marshall Islands and the Maldives – will need to relocate to other States' territories. Such en masse... more

It is increasingly likely that, due to the impacts of climate change, entire populations of low-lying States – Tuvalu, Kiribati, the Marshall Islands and the Maldives – will need to relocate to other States' territories. Such en masse relocations would jeopardise these peoples' national identities and manifestations of their ways of life: cultures, languages, customs, and social, political and economic systems. Legal writers analysing this topic focus mainly on maritime boundaries and statehood questions. This thesis examines the right to self-determination. The principal finding is that the peoples of low-lying States are entitled to enjoy self-determination in climate change-related relocation and that there are practical ways this can occur. After explaining the factual scenario and the approach to this research, the analysis has four key components. First, it defines the right to self-determination in context of the low-lying States, including entitlements flowing from...

The presence of The People’s Republic of China (China) in the Pacific region brings with it both opportunities and challenges for small Pacific island countries (PIC) which have faced persistent economic problems. China’s presence brings... more

The presence of The People’s Republic of China (China) in the Pacific region brings with it both opportunities and challenges for small Pacific island countries (PIC) which have faced persistent economic problems. China’s presence brings much-welcomed economic support for these regions. Former New Zealand Prime Minister John Key said: “Aid can make a real difference to these [island] countries, and we should encourage that [Chinese aid]” (Zhanga & Lawson, 2017).
Joseph S. Nye writes in his book, Soft Power, the Means to Succeed in World Politics, defined soft power as "the ability to get what one wants through attraction rather than coercion or payments." The literature on soft power implies causality between soft power and policy. China employs soft power diplomacy in FSM through offers of scholarships for Chinese universities. Other visible examples soft power, such as funds for the reconstruction of bridges, and subsidy for a newly launched airline between Federated States of Micronesia (FSM) and Papua New Guinea (Congress of the Federated States of Micronesia) may shift current FSM policies that are more favorable to China. This research examines the perception of China among FSM students, who are future leaders and future policymakers, studying at the University of Guam (UOG).

The benefits of indigenous knowledge within disaster risk reduction are gradually being acknowledged and identified. However, despite this acknowledgement there continues to be a gap in reaching the right people with the correct... more

The benefits of indigenous knowledge within disaster risk reduction are gradually being acknowledged and identified. However, despite this acknowledgement there continues to be a gap in reaching the right people with the correct strategies for disaster risk reduction.

Sinds 1 januari 1986 neemt Aruba een aparte plaats in binnen het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden. Aan deze zogenoemde Status Aparte ging een lange periode van conflicten met het buureiland Curaçao vooraf. Om het Arubaanse autonomiestreven te... more

Sinds 1 januari 1986 neemt Aruba een aparte plaats in binnen het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden. Aan deze zogenoemde Status Aparte ging een lange periode van conflicten met het buureiland Curaçao vooraf. Om het Arubaanse autonomiestreven te begrijpen is het niet voldoende om alleen de staatkundige relaties tussen Aruba en Curaçao te bekijken. Deze studie onderstreept het belang van een meer antropologische benadering. Door in het bijzonder factoren als etniciteit, economische positie en sociale status te belichten ontstaat een scherper beeld van de Arubaanse bevolking in de twintigste eeuw.

In recent years, there has been renewed interest in the international studies literature in ‘small states’ and the unique problems that they face. This paper reviews three different strands of thought on the subject: in IR, in development... more

In recent years, there has been renewed interest in the international studies literature in ‘small states’ and the unique problems that they face. This paper reviews three different strands of thought on the subject: in IR, in development economics, and in (critical) IPE. It seeks to clarify and crystallize these three distinct approaches, before moving on to a specific focus upon critical IPE. It discusses how greater conceptual awareness and precision can help to overcome the problem of excessive voluntarism that infuses much small state analysis in the discipline, as is illustrated by reference to four empirical examples (Iceland, St Lucia, Antigua-Barbuda, and the Maldives). The paper concludes by delineating the broader conceptual implications, suggesting some ways forward for re-calibrating the focus of small-state analysis within IPE.

A Roça Sundy, situada no noroeste da ilha do Príncipe (142 km²), a 1°40’10.57”N de latitude e 7°23’0.27”E de longitude, é uma das maiores e mais emblemáticas das antigas plantações de São Tomé e Príncipe. A sua fama e a sua importância... more

A Roça Sundy, situada no noroeste da ilha do Príncipe (142 km²), a 1°40’10.57”N de latitude e 7°23’0.27”E de longitude, é uma das maiores e mais emblemáticas das antigas plantações de São Tomé e Príncipe. A sua fama e a sua importância patrimonial não se devem apenas ao seu passado como produtor importante de cacau e copra, mas também ao astrofísico britânico Arthur Stanley Eddington (1882-1944) que, em maio de 1919, realizou nesta roça uma expedição científica para comprovar a teoria geral de relatividade do físico Albert Einstein (1879-1955).

How far does the capacity of public administration differ according to a country's size? This paper examines the differences between small and very small states for insights in miniature into the capacity constraints in all states with... more

How far does the capacity of public administration differ according to a country's size? This paper examines the differences between small and very small states for insights in miniature into the capacity constraints in all states with weak governance. Smallness is only one dimension of statehood. But the challenges that 'micro-states' face appear particularly difficult and intractable. 'Extreme' smallness creates exacerbated and disproportionate resource constraints. Achieving public service delivery of the SDGs will therefore differ between small and very small states.

The pdf. offered here is an open source ebook in which we (Damon and Mondragón) present a summary version of a paper containing two exemplary case studies about indigenous adaptability to environmental change in Island Melanesia (see... more

The pdf. offered here is an open source ebook in which we (Damon and Mondragón) present a summary version of a paper containing two exemplary case studies about indigenous adaptability to environmental change in Island Melanesia (see pages 59-60 and after in this volume). Our data are to be published as separate, extended chapters in an upcoming collective volume, also edited by UNESCO, to be published by Cambridge University Press. Both in the very summary version offered within the .pdf for download here, and in our forthcoming chapters, we (Mondragon and Damon) draw on extensive experience of local environmental knowledge and short- and long-term fluctuations in two small Pacific Islands’ societies, namely the island of Muyuw, on the northern side of the Kula ring (maritime Papua New Guinea), and the Torres Islands, in the north of Vanuatu. We offer a critical assessment of the contemporary state of human-environmental relations in these communities, with special attention to sea level rise and the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO), in view of these being signature issues within climate change discussions in Pacific Islands. We place these topics within the framework of primary food production systems and local forms of guardianship and exploitation of forest and marine resources. Throughout, our focus is on these communities’ reactions to observed climatic and geological fluctuations over the past two decades: in the first case, in relation to the human modification of forest resources in Muyuw, while the second case focuses on the shoreline dynamics provoked by sudden and extreme sea level fluctuations as a consequence of seismic activity in Vanuatu. We argue that the observed effects of these processes offer valuable data regarding the specifics of human adaptation to climate change in small islands’ contexts. One of our key arguments is that mid and long term environmental fluctuations have long been a part of Melanesian engagements with the physical world, and have consequently given rise to coping strategies that are inherent to traditional knowledge practices. We also seek to emphasize that the geomorphology of the Melanesian islands –which tend to be small land masses that are often graced with multifarious soil types and forest and marine resources– already possesses degrees of ecological adaptability which appear to be absent from other idiosyncratic Pacific Islands’ contexts, most notably those of the low-lying atolls proper to Micronesia and Polynesia, which are often taken as exemplary of all small islands around the world. It follows that assessments of climate adaptation across much of the Western Pacific, and indeed large parts of Island Southeast Asia, must be approached and understood in ways that are sensitive to the local differences between these environments and those of insular societies in the Central and Eastern Pacific Ocean.

This report assesses and prioritizes commercial opportunities for agriculture in the Maldives as part of the Technical Assistance (TA) Project on Commercialization of Agriculture. Work on the TA began in September 2004, with the Inception... more

This report assesses and prioritizes commercial opportunities for agriculture in the Maldives as part of the Technical Assistance (TA) Project on Commercialization of Agriculture. Work on the TA began in September 2004, with the Inception Report completed in October 2004 and the Interim Report submitted in January 2005. Data and other information collected for the analysis of the agriculture subsector, however, preceded the 26 December 2004 tsunamis that devastated many of the islands, including those involved in agricultural activities. As a result, much of the subsequent work has focused on assessing the damage and its impact on the country’s agricultural commercialization potential. The findings in this report indicate that most of the effects of the tsunami will manifest themselves over the next 6-12 months in terms of a general economic slowdown in the country but that the potential for agricultural commercialization remains strong.
The Tsunami has underscored the need to promote economic diversification in the Maldives to lessen its vulnerability to external shocks from tourism and fisheries, which together account for almost 40 percent of GDP. Agriculture has a large potential, especially on the islands with large landmasses, once the tsunami-related reconstruction has been completed. The damage to the sector is estimated at about $11 million in terms of its effect on field crops, agricultural infrastructure, and fruit and timber trees. There is also damage to groundwater resources in 26 agricultural islands, and saline water intrusion has affected 112 inhabited islands. The reestablishment of the agricultural crops will involve improvement of soil, forestry, and water resources, importation of planting material, and provision of extension services.

Dit is een inleiding governance, bestuurskunde en politicologie. Uitgangspunt is dat het heel erg toegankelijk is. Het is geschreven door het ordenen van 365 teksten op thema. Het begint met het definiëren van governance en het... more

Dit is een inleiding governance, bestuurskunde en politicologie. Uitgangspunt is dat het heel erg toegankelijk is. Het is geschreven door het ordenen van 365 teksten op thema. Het begint met het definiëren van governance en het beschrijven van de ruimte waarin wij spelen, en daar na de inleiding. Een ander de ordenend schema is het systeemmodel van David Easton. Met andere woorden de teksten zijn niet chronologisch geordend. Wel zijn ze allemaal van de datum van het schrijven voorzien, zodat de context van de tijd van schrijven voor lezer duidelijk is en is te achterhalen.
Een deel van de teksten dragen in de titel de naam van een persoon. Het gaat dan om het volgende. Het gaat om de geschiedenis. De juridische kaders. En de moeilijke dans met Nederland. Het gaat om een enkele “helden” die mij in de context belangrijk zijn. Er worden een aantal klassieke (bestuurskundige of politicologische) denkers besproken. Er worden een aantal leiders besproken. Of er worden een aantal gewone maar toch bijzonder mensen behandeld. In alle gevallen gaat het meer om de ideeën die in de tekst worden genoemd en niet primair om de persoon. Want zo als Eleanor Roosevelt zei: “Great minds discuss ideas; average minds discuss events; small minds discuss people”.
Andere teksten dragen de naam van landen of plaatsen. De inhoud gaat dan om governance daar en is bedoelt als onderlinge vergelijking van ontwikkelingen en praktijken. De teksten zijn zo veel mogelijk niet aangepast.

This paper reviews published work and projects on climate change and Small Island Developing States (SIDS), covering impacts, vulnerability, and adaptation. As a critical review, this paper does not seek to be comprehensive, but it... more

This paper reviews published work and projects on climate change and Small Island Developing States (SIDS), covering impacts, vulnerability, and adaptation. As a critical review, this paper does not seek to be comprehensive, but it extracts key ideas and discusses key material to evaluate the current state of knowledge on SIDS and climate change. Illustrative examples and references, rather than a full listing, are used to support points. The main way forward suggested for the future is better integration of top-down and bottom-up approaches to ensure that data and methods are based on local interests while acknowledging and integrating local and traditional knowledge with other forms of knowledge. Placing climate change into appropriate contexts is also important along with filling in prominent knowledge gaps, especially moving beyond the current focus on Caribbean and Pacific SIDS.

The Maldives, a Small Island Developing State (SIDS), has seen a rapid development of its tourism industry over the last 35 years with visitor numbers rising from 1062 visitors per year in 1972 through to over 600,000 today. Both in... more

The Maldives, a Small Island Developing State (SIDS), has seen a rapid development of its tourism industry over the last 35 years with visitor numbers rising from 1062 visitors per year in 1972 through to over 600,000 today. Both in popular conception and reality the Maldives relies on its marine life and beaches to sustain a tourism industry that contributes over 30% of total GDP. However, the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) system in the Maldives is insufficient and this paper analyses the causes and consequences of this situation. This is researched through an analysis of Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) Reports, compared against accepted best practice, of a series of established tourism resorts; and through in-depth interviews with high-level officials from Government, commercial tourism resort operators and tourism associations. Sustainable tourism is a critical commercial reality and the implementation of a more appropriate EIA process, as part of that approach, is crucial as the Government leases more islands for tourism resort developments.

The role of economic analysis in guiding the sustainable development of estuarine and coastal ecosystems is investigated based on a comprehensive review of the literature on the valuation of the recreation, cultural and aesthetic... more

The role of economic analysis in guiding the sustainable development of estuarine and coastal ecosystems is investigated based on a comprehensive review of the literature on the valuation of the recreation, cultural and aesthetic services. The implications of the findings for the sustainable management of coral reefs, Marine Protected Areas, and Small Island Developing States are discussed. Finally, the potential of meta-analytical benefit transfer and scaling up of values at various aggregation levels is demonstrated in the context of coastal tourism and recreation in Europe. The results of the study support the conclusion that the non-material values provided by coastal and estuarine ecosystems in terms of recreational, cultural and aesthetic services represent a substantial component of human well-being. ABSTRACT: The role of economic analysis in guiding the sustainable development of estuarine and coastal ecosystems is investigated based on a comprehensive review of the literature on the valuation of the recreation, cultural and aesthetic services. The implications of the findings for the sustainable management of coral reefs, Marine Protected Areas, and Small Island Developing States are discussed. Finally, the potential of meta-analytical benefit transfer and scaling up of values at various aggregation levels is demonstrated in the context of coastal tourism and recreation in Europe. The results of the study support the conclusion that the non-material values provided by coastal and estuarine ecosystems in terms of recreational, cultural and aesthetic services represent a substantial component of human well-being. 6 the category of cultural services. This refers to both consumptive and nonconsumptive values, such as hunting/fishing and landscape/aesthetic values.

This paper sets out an examination of natural disaster amongst small island developing states (SIDS), and presents a framework for assessing the interaction of global pressures and local dynamics in the production of human vulnerability.... more

This paper sets out an examination of natural disaster amongst small island developing states (SIDS), and presents a framework for assessing the interaction of global pressures and local dynamics in the production of human vulnerability. Change at the global level is found to be a source of new opportunities as well as constraints on building local resilience to natural disaster. Much depends on the orientation of the state in global economic and political systems. The United Nations is a key global actor with relevance to shaping vulnerability in island states, and the impact of the UN Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction is reviewed. It is concluded that this is a critical time for SIDS which must contend with ongoing developmental pressures in addition to growing pressures from risks associated with global environmental change and economic liberalisation that threaten their physical and economic security. r

The objective of the MSME Development Project Loan is to support the Government’s efforts to (i) develop the entrepreneurial climate and support services that will facilitate growth, (ii) provide the necessary conditions for converting... more

The objective of the MSME Development Project Loan is to support the Government’s efforts to (i) develop the entrepreneurial climate and support services that will facilitate growth, (ii) provide the necessary conditions for converting existing entrepreneurial potential into innovative and successful business activities, (iii) attract entrepreneurial leadership from other regions of the country, and (iv) establish broader regional centers for SME activities that are driven by growth nodes or networked clusters for supporting activities. To achieve the aforementioned objective, the project loan focuses on the following:
 bolster human resource development by creating business development service centers that provide training programs in entrepreneurship, management, and technical skills for MSMEs and develop appropriate materials for such training, as well as help to identify commercial opportunities in specific sectors;
 improve access to finance by developing innovative financing schemes using alternative financial instruments such as equity financing, while encouraging the development of cooperatives and associations;
 promote a market-driven process through the public and private sector that in the short to medium-term will target specific types of activities in selected regions of the country; and
 enhance the catalytic role of public sector for facilitating commercial activities in the atolls and strengthening MSME activities by improving the policy and regulatory environment.

In the 21st century, Pacific island countries (PICs) continue to leverage for tourism the attributes that have imbued them, including appeals to their cultural, geographical, and climatic allure. However, the question raised more... more

In the 21st century, Pacific island countries (PICs) continue to leverage for tourism the attributes that have imbued them, including appeals to their cultural, geographical, and climatic allure. However, the question raised more frequently by many is why despite the many decades of tourism across the region, development impacts from the sector remain largely muted.

Kabupaten Nias Utara merupakan kabupaten pemekaran dari Kabupaten Nias yang diresmikan oleh Menteri Dalam Negeri melalui Undang Undang No. 45 Tahun 2008. Sebagai upaya perlindungan sumberdaya perairan di Kabupaten Nias Utara maka... more

Kabupaten Nias Utara merupakan kabupaten pemekaran dari Kabupaten Nias yang diresmikan oleh Menteri Dalam Negeri melalui Undang Undang No. 45 Tahun 2008. Sebagai upaya perlindungan sumberdaya perairan di Kabupaten Nias Utara maka dibentuklah Kawasan Konservasi Laut Daerah (KKLD) berdasarkan Surat Keputusan Bupati No. 050/139/K/2007. Kemudian pada tahun 2014 disusunlah Review KKPD, selanjutnya diresmikan oleh Bupati Kabupaten Nias Utara dan terbentuklah Taman Wisata Perairan Sawo Lahewa dan Laut di Sekitarnya.
Sebagai daerah yang berada di barat Pulau Sumatera dan terletak berbatasan langsung dengan Samudera Hindia, Pulau Nias memiliki berbagai macam potensi salah satunya adalah potensi pesisir. Khusus untuk potensi yang terdapat di Taman Wisata Perairan (TWP) Sawo-Lahewa dan Laut di Sekitarnya antara lain meliputi potensi ekologi, potensi ekonomi, dan potensi sosial budaya. Ketiga hal ini merupakan modal utama dalam pengelolaan TWP Sawo-Lahewa dan Laut di Sekitarnya.
Buku ini disusun untuk mewujudkan pengelolaan kawasan perairan yang efektif dan berkelanjutan. Hal ini tentunya tidak lepas dari peran masyarakat sebagai pelaku utama yang menjalankan aktivitas sehari-harinya di lingkungan pesisir.

This report provides industry and market intelligence regarding the current status of the tuna longline industry in terms of distant water fleets (DWF) and other companies involved in the global value chains that these fleets supply. The... more

This report provides industry and market intelligence regarding the current status of the tuna longline industry in terms of distant water fleets (DWF) and other companies involved in the global value chains that these fleets supply. The study examines the DWFs of China, Japan, South Korea and Taiwan. The primary focus is on industry dynamics, that is, key companies and organisations, industry organisation and corporate strategies; and the secondary focus is on markets and marketing strategies.

The position of small states in international relations is traditionally described in terms of vulnerability and dependence. This dominant perspective is largely incomplete and inaccurate, because it disregards the element of exchange... more

The position of small states in international relations is traditionally described in terms of vulnerability and dependence. This dominant perspective is largely incomplete and inaccurate, because it disregards the element of exchange that characterizes the international linkages between many small and large states. In this article, I aim to outline and motivate an alternative model on the basis of which such relationships can be understood, which has been referred to as the international patron–client framework. After providing an overview of the contemporary academic literature on the role of small states in international politics, two sections follow in which I motivate the applicability of the patron–client framework to the field of international relations, and in which I explain the motives of both patron and client states. Subsequently, the accuracy and usefulness of the framework is examined on the basis of interview data gathered during field research in the three small client states of St. Kitts and Nevis, Seychelles, and Palau. The findings of this analysis indicate that the patron–client linkage offers a more fruitful model to study the relations between small and large states than the existing literature does, because it recognizes the element of exchange that such relationships entail.

The island has become arguably one of the most emblematic figures of the Anthropocene. It is regularly invoked as exemplary of the changing stakes of our planet. This generates a crucially important role for island studies scholars; to... more

The island has become arguably one of the most emblematic figures of the Anthropocene. It is regularly invoked as exemplary of the changing stakes of our planet. This generates a crucially important role for island studies scholars; to explore, question, but now perhaps also trouble, some fundamental debates about islands in the Anthropocene. This paper picks up a particularly recurrent theme for island scholarship in recent decades—relationality and islands—and reorientates this within the stakes of the Anthropocene; discussing some implications for island studies, island ontology and resilience ethics.

Building on established theory and data, Hanna Samir Kassab seeks to explain why weak states exist within the international system. Kassab analyzes weak state behavior and subsequent changes in great power grand strategy to argue that... more

Building on established theory and data, Hanna Samir Kassab seeks to explain why weak states exist within the international system. Kassab analyzes weak state behavior and subsequent changes in great power grand strategy to argue that states which are weak and vulnerable can practice an unexpected degree of autonomy unfettered by great powers. Given systemic vulnerability stemming from underdevelopment, these weak states pursue welfare in order to survive; security is a secondary concern. Such non-threatening behavior allows weak states to conduct business with great powers at opposite ends of the balance of power, leading these powers to compete over small state support, especially within forums of global governance. The cases of Armenia, St. Kitts and Nevis, Lebanon, and Cambodia in this book illustrate the explanatory power of this progressive theory in international relations.

The intricate linkages between power and knowledge shape human identities. Identity is fluid and a construct of various technologies of power being exercised on individuals that turn them into objects and subjects. The later Foucault... more

The intricate linkages between power and knowledge shape human identities. Identity is fluid and a construct of various technologies of power being exercised on individuals that turn them into objects and subjects. The later Foucault demonstrates subject formation through two major technologies- ‘domination’ and ‘self’. This paper uses Foucault’s opus as a toolbox to analyse the process of socio-cultural change among the Nicobarese, an isolated indigenous community of India, in the context of their post tsunami subjectification through the governmental humanitarian interventions. It concludes these interventions as tacit maneuvers of modernization which reconfigured the Nicobarese subjectivity through a politics of spatiality, and ushered change in their traditional socio-cultural fabric. In Foucauldian understanding, the post tsunami humanitarian interventions were an ensemble of the technologies of power which envisaged the Nicobarese transformation along the lines of a modern culture. The indigenous practices, decisions and aspirations were conducted by government in such a manner that the community started conducting its own conduct through the technologies of self.

iii ABSTRACT In international development, references have been made to goals and strategies described as cross-cutting tools which can positively impact efforts toward other development goals. Two examples which have received such... more

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ABSTRACT
In international development, references have been made to goals and strategies described as cross-cutting tools which can positively impact efforts toward other development goals. Two examples which have received such attention are Internet penetration and financial inclusion. At a time when the Internet has revolutionised the finance industry, the impact it has had on financial inclusion in the challenging development circumstances of small island developing states (SIDS) is now examined. Limited research on the specific research area leads to examination of a wide range of literature in relevant areas to draw conclusions. Though upon this examination, there is little to suggest the impact thus far has been of great significance. And this may be due to the comparatively low levels of certain relevant development indicators examined in SIDS. However, as global trends would suggest, the market is increasingly shifting toward more electronic forms of access to financial services and indicators would show there is certainly room for growth in SIDS. Certain conditions are also identified as critical in order to experience such growth, including lowering barriers to accessing the Internet and financial services. This includes expanding necessary infrastructure, lowering costs involved and increasing availability of services. Importantly, statistics show that growth in other development areas such as education and improved income levels greatly enhance the uptake and usage of both Internet as well as financial services. Potential areas of caution such as information security and exposure to financial risk are also identified where due diligence must be paid in order to provide adequate and beneficial services to citizens.

This paper investigates ways in which political obstacles inhibit the formulation and implementation of sustainable tourism development in small-island developing states through the example of North Cyprus. The methodology draws on... more

This paper investigates ways in which political obstacles inhibit the formulation and implementation of sustainable tourism development in small-island developing states through the example of North Cyprus. The methodology draws on in-depth interviews and participant observation of significant actors in the tourism sector. The research findings suggest that understanding the intricate political system and power structure in a society is the key to understanding sustainable tourism policy development, planning and implementation. In the case of North Cyprus, policy development was found to be a product of political influence (referred to as ego-driven politics in the text), specifically the use of public resources as an instrument for political power, retention and that the politicisation of the public sector is the underlying cause of the weakened progress in sustainable tourism development. It is therefore essential to have a clear understanding of political issues, key political actors’ interests and how to mitigate personal interests to facilitate and maintain sustainable tourism development in such small states.

In this contribution to the December 2015 debate during the High Level Meeting at the United Nations General Assembly on the World Summit on the Information Society [WSIS] + 10 Review Process Alex Sceberras Trigona proposed that the... more

In this contribution to the December 2015 debate during the High Level Meeting at the United Nations General Assembly on the World Summit on the Information Society [WSIS] + 10 Review Process Alex Sceberras Trigona proposed that the logical layer or the public core of the Internet required systematic global protection as a "res comunis omnium" and not left any longer to the law of the jungle as a "res nullius". The analogy with the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea [UNCLOS] was a compelling and inspiring model. Cyber-crime, cyber-hackers, Cyber-terrorism, Cyber-Attacks and Cyber-Security were additional arguments for the urgent need for global systematic protection. Relying on extra-territorial legislation was no longer sufficient or efficient. Transforming Internet Power into Law was now necessary. Even here globalization 'de facto' required the dependability of globalization 'de jure'.