South American Camelids Research Papers (original) (raw)

Research in two distinct steppe landscapes in southern Patagonia—the western basaltic plateaux and the central Deseado Massif— compares hunter-gatherer strategies in the two environments, focusing on the use of hunting blinds and associated tactics in the hunting of guanaco. The evidence obtained brings this region into discussions about the use of rocky structures and the recognition of tactics used for hunting ungulates in a global perspective. The authors also emphasise the importance of highland settings as major and reliable sources of critical resources for foraging peoples, a topic still not fully appreciated in archaeological studies of hunter-gatherers.

- by and +1
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- Archaeology, Landscape Archaeology, Archaeology of Hunting, South American Archaeology

Within zoos, Camelidae are an attractive and popular species. Although comparative studies of
captive camelidae might shed interesting lights on the processes of domestication, not much has
been published about behaviour of camelids in zoos. However, behavioural problems such as
stereotypical pacing, have been reported for captive South American camelids (Parker et al., 2006).
We therefore aim to study three groups of captive camelidae and report on their time budgets in
relation to possible welfare issues.

- by Jeroen M G Stevens
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- Animal Behaviour, Captive Wild Animals, South American Camelids

Analysis of 235 known-age alpacas and llamas from the National Center for South American Camelids at La Raya in the Department of Cusco, Peru, provided data on tooth eruption and tooth wear patterns for animals from birth to 14 years of... more

- by Jane Wheeler
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- South American Camelids

The book provides the first broad survey of church textiles of Spanish America and demonstrates that while overlooked, textiles were a vital part of visual culture in the Catholic Church. When Catholic churches were built in the New World in the sixteenth century, they were furnished with rich textiles known in Spanish as "church clothing." These textile ornaments covered churches' altars, stairs, floors, and walls. Vestments clothed priests and church attendants, and garments clothed statues of saints. The value attached to these textiles, their constant use, and their stunning visual qualities suggest that they played a much greater role in the creation of the Latin American Church than has been previously recognized. In Clothing the New World Church, Maya Stanfield-Mazzi provides the first

- by Andrés Izeta
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- Osteometry, South American Camelids

Andean pastoralism has long been considered a unique form of animal husbandry that is not comparable to Old World nomadic traditions. Recent archaeological research has revealed that camelid pastoralism (the herding of llamas and alpacas) evolved independently in the New World. The essays in this book explore the archaeology of pastoralist societies in Andean South America. They discuss the origins of domesticated camelids, variation in the development of pastoralist traditions, ritual and animal sacrifice, and social interaction through caravans. The multidisciplinary chapters showcase contributions from different methodologies including settlement pattern analysis, zooarchaeology and paleobotany, and ethnoarchaeology.

- by José Capriles
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- Archaeology, Animal Studies, Pastoralism (Social Anthropology), Andes

- by Denise Y Arnold
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- Textiles, Oral Traditions, Bolivia, Andes

Summary Morethanonemillionsmallholdersin theAndeanregionofcentralSouthAmericaexploitalpacas(Vicugna pacos) and lamas (Lamaglama) astheirmainmeansofsubsistence.Alpacasandlamasprovidemeat,milk, fibre,powerandguano;inadditionitisanimportant element of the cultural identity of their producers. With 3.9 million lamas and 3.3 million alpacas the total annual fibre production in the region exceeds 5 million kg. Nearly 30% of the fibre production is transformed on-farm or at the community level. About 80% of the marketed alpaca fibre is whiteand12%is

- by EDGAR PINO QUISPE
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- Genetics, Cultural Identity, Animal Genetic, South American Camelids

More than onemillion smallholders in the Andean region of central South America exploit alpacas (Vicugna pacos) and lamas (Lama glama) as theirmainmeans of subsistence.Alpacas and lamas provide meat,milk, fibre, power and guano; in addition it is an important element of the cultural identity of their producers. With 3.9 million lamas and 3.3 million alpacas the total annual fibre production in the region exceeds 5
million kg. Nearly 30% of the fibre production is transformed on-farm or at the community level. About 80% of the marketed alpaca fibre is white and 12% is finer than23microns.Lama fibres have less value and aremore variable in colours and fibre diameter than alpaca fibres.Both
species of camelids have two breeds, each one with specific adaptation and fibre quality characteristics. Two wild species of camelids exist in SouthAmerica: the guanaco (Lama guanicoe) and the vicuna (Vicugna vicugna). Both have fleeceswith precious down fibres. Specific populations
of these camelids are qualified to be captured, sheared and released, providing an additional income to the communities in which they live. Due to support to improve the production of fibre and other products of South American camelids, while preserving a valuable animal genetic resource, the cultural values of the associated production systems, and improving the livelihoods of resource-poor smallholders should be part of a global strategy involving a sustained investment in appropriate R&D.

- by Edgar Carlos Quispe Peña
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- South American Camelids

Este libro examina la tradición oral andina desde la óptica de los propios actores: las mujeres de Qaqachaka, una comunidad de aymarahablantes ubicada en los Andes meridionales. La descripción pormenorizada de su vida contribuye a la etnografía del pastoreo y del tejido andino; la experiencia de la historia mediante la tradición oral hace vivir la etnohistoria andina; y la atención al arte verbal abre el campo de la poética andina, distinguiéndolo a la vez de las tradiciones poéticas del Occidente. El libro se centra en un género específico: las canciones a los animales; las transcripciones en el aymara original (en texto y en pentagramas) con traducciones al castellano incluyen canciones a los camélidos andinos, llama y alpaca, y a los animales del Viejo mundo: cabra y oveja, burro, mula, caballo y buey. Abarcan los contextos del marcado y el cruce de los animales, del trabajo en el tambo, de la ceremonia del Cabildo, y del primer arado de la tierra. A nivel práctico, el libro muestra el vínculo entre la tradición de cantar a los animales, el tejer y, sobre todo, el manejo del vellón, tal que el aprendizaje en el canto va en paralelo con el aprendizaje en el tejer. Indica la manera en que las canciones, en su calidad de repositorios del conocimiento, relacionan las mujeres del lugar con su entorno ecológico, y las canciones con ciertas aves del ayllu, consideradas los espíritus y sirenas del canto y de los camélidos. A nivel teórico, el libro analiza las canciones como prácticas textuales andinas y una expresión corporal del saber femenino.

- by Denise Y Arnold
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- Bolivian studies, Oral Traditions, Andes, Andean Culture

We elaborate on the available archaeological evidence for caravan transport within the Paracas period (800–200 BC) in the Palpa valleys of southern Peru. Caravans and the transport of commodities imply movement and constant changes of settings. These features of movement and location change make it much more difficult to identify caravan activities through the archaeological record, compared with human practices at fixed places and with more material remains, such as the building of houses. As far as we are aware, remains of a complete caravan have never been excavated and it seems rather unlikely that a caravan in situ will be found, exactly because of these mobility characteristics and its improbability. However, research has shown that there are a number of archaeological indicators suggesting that the transport and exchange of goods in the past was organized with the help of caravans. Among those indicators for this case study are caravan sites and landscapes, intensive camelid husbandry, long-distance exchange of several commodities, and highland origins of domesticated camelids.

- by Christian Mader and +1
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- Archaeology, Zooarchaeology, Andean Archaeology, Landscape Archaeology

This book examines Andean oral traditions from the point of view of the social actors involved: the women of Qaqachaka, an Aymara-speaking ayllu-community in the Bolivian highlands. The detailed description of their lives contributes to the ethnography of herding and of Andean weaving. The experience of history viewed through oral tradition brings ethnohistory to life. And the attention to the verbal arts opens the way to an Andean poetics. The focus is on a particular genre: the songs to the animals. The transcriptions in the Aymara originals (text and music) with translations into English include the songs to the Andean camelids (llama and alpaca), and to the Old World animals introduced into the Andes centuries ago: goats, sheep, donkeys, mules, horses and oxen. The songs are contextualised within the animal marking ceremony, the llama mating ceremony, service on the way stations called tambo, the tax-paying ceremony called cabildo, and the first ploughing. At a practical level, the tradition of singing to the animals relates closely to weaving, and above all the production of fleece, so that learning to sing goes hand in hand with learning to weave. The songs as repositories of Andean knowledge relate the women of the place to their ecological setting, and to the songs of certain water birds thought to be the spirit-sirens of song and of the camelids. At a theoretical level, the book analyses the song texts as a bodily expression of female knowledge, quite different from Western writing. Here the singers pay attention to voice quality, inspiration and the unfolding of music and verse as vital elements of their woven world. Their taxonomy of the songs draws on the colours and fleece types they desire from the new generations of animals. And their song units and verse ‘formulae’ constitute an Andean grammatology of song.

- by Denise Y Arnold
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- Textiles, Oral Traditions, Bolivia, Andes

Economic directness is a new model of socioeconomic organization for the Paracas culture (800–200 BC) in southern Peru, with wider implications for economic theory of the prehispanic Andean past. Using an archaeoeconomic approach to analyze settlement patterns, obsidian artifacts, malacological material, and camelid skeletal remains, this study reconstructs the Paracas economy by using primary archaeological data from the northern Nasca Drainage. Its results force reconsideration of existing socioeconomic models for the ancient Andes such as verticality, circuit mobility, llama caravan mobility, transhumance, and market concepts. Whereas components typical of these models are often absent in the case of the Paracas economy, our new proposal of economic directness integrates their relevant aspects. Economic directness is defined essentially by direct access to important resources from diverse ecological tiers, direct and down-the-line exchanges, reduced transaction costs, llama caravan transport, unbalanced commodity flows across the western Andes, and forces of supply and demand with major consumption on the coast. These features formed under conditions of population growth, generating a continuous and dense settlement pattern from the Pacific coast to the highland puna zone.

- by Christian Mader and +1
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- Archaeology, Obsidian, Andes, Mobility (Archaeology)

Prehispanic Andean iconography communicated ideology and structures of power. On the coast, iconography depicting violence and fertility legitimized elite power. In Tiwanaku (A.D. 400–1100), such iconography is considered to have been absent. We re-examine the theme of the Sacrificer in Tiwanaku iconography that originated during the Formative period in the south-central Andes. This figure, which we term Tiwanaku Camelid Sacrificer (TCS), takes on a new appearance: a human-camelid body carrying a a trophy head or axe. The TCS imagery is often depicted on portable prestige objects, many of them found in the Tiwanaku hinterlands that relied economically and socially on caravans.We propose that the TCS represents aspects of Tiwanaku ritual and ontology, by which camelids and humans shared acts, essence, and form. The states of being (camay) and becoming (tucoy) embodied by the TCS testify to the unique positions
of power camelids held over life in Tiwanaku’s agropastoralist society.

- by David Trigo
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- Iconography, Tiwanaku, Middle Horizon, South American Camelids

The research presented in this volume reconstructs the economic system of the Paracas culture (800-200 BC) in southern Peru. In doing so, the main emphasis is on economic exchange at the western slope of the Andes, with the Late Paracas period (370-200 BC) in the Palpa valleys (Andean Transect) serving as a case study. For this archaeoeconomic approach, Jauranga (285 m.a.s.l.), Collanco (1.630 m.a.s.l.), and Cutamalla (3.300 m.a.s.l.) – where extensive excavations were conducted by the Palpa Archaeological Project of the German Archaeological Institute – are the most important sites. The work is based on analyses of excavated materials, particularly obsidian artifacts, malacological finds, and camelid bones. Therefore, various methods including archaeometric techniques, quantification, artifact classification, and species determination are combined.
The results show exchange processes in the western Andes that are characterized by unbalanced commodity flows. Resources from the highlands such as obsidian, camelids and their products arrived at the Pacific desert strip in large amounts, while marine resources such as sea shells reached highland regions only in small amounts. Raw materials were not just procured in the mountains, there were also strategic production centers like Cutamalla. All in all, consumption at coastal settlements like Jauranga needs to be seen as the driving force behind the Paracas economy.

Este trabajo pretende incluir la discusión de la variabilidad, tanto interespecífica como intraespecífica,
en los esquemas de análisis de diferenciación morfológica de las poblaciones modernas de las especies de camélidos sudamericanos. Como caso de estudio se evalúa, a partir de dos pruebas, la técnica de R. Meadows de identificación de taxa arqueológicos a partir de referentes modernos: a) con un camélido indeterminado (AMNH 14121) seleccionando cuatro estándares actuales (dos llamas y dos guanacos), y b) sobre una población representativa de guanacos modernos de Patagonia
en la que se usaron doce referentes actuales seleccionados dentro del rango intercuartil de la población. Con esta experiencia se observó que la técnica de Meadow resulta dependiente de la variación intraespecífica, lo que reduce su eficiencia como herramienta de identificación taxonómica cuando se utilizan especies con rangos de tamaño semejantes. Se concluye que es indispensable comenzar por entender más acerca de la variación intrapoblacional e intraespecífica para poder conocer la diversidad taxonómica.

- by G. Lorena L'Heureux
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- Osteometry, Osteometría, South American Camelids, Camélidos Sudamericanos

RESUMEN Se evaluaron cinco características tecnológicas de la fibra de llama: diámetro me-dio de fibra (MDF), coeficiente de variación de MDF (CVMDF), factor de confort (FC), índice de curvatura (IC) y finura al hilado (FH) antes y después de descerdar. Se tomaron muestras de 10 g de fibra de vellones de 227 llamas Chaku de la región Apurímac, Perú. Las fibras sin descerdar y descerdadas fueron analizadas con el equipo OFDA 2000 (Optical Fibre Diameter Analyser). Se consideraron las variables sexo y edad (1-2, >2 años) en el análisis estadístico a través de un diseño completamente al azar con arreglo factorial. Los resultados indican que la fibra descerdada es de mejor calidad, disminuyendo la MDF (0.70 µm), el CVMDF (1.8%) y la FH (1.06 µm) e incrementando el FC (2.74%) y el IC (4.66°/mm). Asimismo, el sexo no tuvo un efecto significativo en las características tecnológicas de la fibra pero las llamas juveniles presentaron mejor calidad de fibra. Se concluye que el descerdado y la edad de la llama tienen efectos significativos sobre la finura y su variación, el factor de confort, el índice de curvatura y la finura al hilado. ABSTRACT Five technological characteristics of llama fiber were evaluated: average fibre diameter (AFD), the coefficient of fibre diameter (CVD), the comfort factor (CF), the fibre curvature (FC) and the spinning fineness (SF) before and after dehairing. Fibre samples (10 g) were collected from fleece of 227 llamas Chaku from the Apurimac region of Peru. Fiber samples before and after dehairing were analyzed with the OFDA 2000

- by Edgar Carlos Quispe Peña
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- South American Camelids, Animal fiber

ABSTRACT
Studies of faunal discard reveal the everyday use of animal resources in the past. However, taphonomic processes, fragmentation due to butchery, equifinality, and other factors hamper identification of the practices responsible for creating accumulated faunal assemblages. In this paper, we suggest a way to reconceptualize mundane faunal waste from archaeological sites. We apply an everyday life theoretical framework to examine archaeofauna from domestic contexts at Jecosh, a settlement located in the Callejón de Huaylas of north-central Peru. Zooarchaeological analysis of 1,806 bone fragments demonstrate that from the Final Formative through the Late Horizon (ca. 340 BCE - 1630 CE), local camelid husbandry supplemented by deer hunting was a crucial economic resource, enmeshed in Jecosh’s everyday routines. Simultaneously, we argue that the centuries-spanning continuity in animal use was not a static process. Continuity perseveres through changing practices, but the epistemological limits of archaeological analysis restrain their exact identification.

- by Weronika Tomczyk and +1
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- Zooarchaeology, Foodways (Anthropology), Andean Archaeology, Paleopathology

RESUMEN. Este trabajo aborda la identificación taxonómica de dos especies de camélidos, Lama glama y Lama guanicoe a partir del análisis morfológico basado en técnicas de morfometría geométrica. Se estudia una muestra de primeras falanges delanteras correspondientes a 19 especímenes modernos y adultos de guanacos silvestres y llamas domésticas, con el objetivo de detectar variaciones morfológicas que permitan diferenciar ambas especies y delinear a futuro un sistema que pueda ser aplicado a contextos arqueológicos. Estas dos especies se encuentran representadas en sitios del Noroeste Argentino desde los ca. 4100 AP, y su identificación posee una importancia fundamental, en tanto representan dos estrategias diferentes de subsistencia complementarias y coexistentes (caza y pastoreo). Si bien los análisis morfogeométricos no diferenciaron significativamente las especies estudiadas, el presente trabajo constituye un avance en el abordaje de la variabilidad morfológica y la identificación taxonómica de elementos poscraneales arqueológicos y paleontológicos de los grandes camélidos sudamericanos.
ABSTRACT. This paper addresses the taxonomic identification of two species of camelids, Lama glama and Lama guanicoe, through the morphological analysis based on techniques of geometric morphometrics. A sample of first front phalanges of 19 modern and adult specimens of wild guanaco and domestic llama were studied in order to detect morphological variations that distinguish both species to delineate, in a future, a system that can be applied to archaeological contexts. The identification of these two species found in Argentina's Northwest sites from ca. 4100 BP is fundamentally important, because represent two different, complementary subsistence strategies (hunting and grazing) that coexisted. Even though morphogeometric analysis did not differentiated significantly the species studied, this paper is a step forward in addressing the morphologic variability and the taxonomic identification of archaeological and paleontological postcranial elements of the large South American camelids.

- by G. Lorena L'Heureux and +1
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- Zooarchaeology, Geometric Morphometrics, South American Camelids, Camélidos Sudamericanos

La presente memoria propone revaluar la explotación de los camélidos durante el Periodo Intermedio Tardío (PIT) en la cuenca del Maipo-Mapocho, a través de los sitios RML 008 Blanca Gutiérrez y RML 015 Familia Fernández, ubicados en la comuna de Lampa (RM). A partir de los restos recuperados en estos yacimientos, se construyeron las interpretaciones sobre el rol de los camélidos para los grupos Aconcagua, identificando solo la presencia de animales silvestres (Lama guanicoe), los que habrían sido un recurso obtenido a través de la caza o el aguachamiento (Becker 1993a).
En esta memoria se revalúan los conjuntos faunísticos provenientes de ambos sitios, poniendo especial énfasis en el análisis osteométrico, con el fin de explorar la composición taxonómica de los camélidos. Se revalúa la abundancia anatómica, los perfiles etarios y sexo de los camélidos, y se aporta también con información cronológica e isotópica, con el fin de caracterizar la explotación de camélidos por parte de las poblaciones Aconcagua a partir de nuevas líneas de evidencia.
Los resultados sugieren la existencia de a lo menos dos taxones distintos para el periodo en cuestión, de los cuales uno correspondería a un camélido doméstico no identificado a nivel de especie.

- by Mauricio Soto González
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- Inca Archaeology, Osteometry, Osteometría, Chile central

This article contributes to the debate on the habitat of "New World" camelids in pre-Colonial South America and provides new insights into the breeding and herding strategies developed by Andean societies. The case discussed here refers to the Late Paracas period (370 to 200 BCE) in the Palpa valleys of the western Andes in south Peru. Tooth enamel, which is formed only in the first years of life in mammals such as camelids, from 30 camelid individuals is examined through strontium isotope analysis. The camelid remains were excavated by the Palpa Archaeological Project (PAP) at the Paracas sites of Jauranga, Collanco, and Cutamalla, which are situated at distinct ecological levels. The data displays similar isotopic signatures for Jauranga on the coast, Collanco in the western yunga, and Cutamalla in the highlands. These results largely correspond with strontium isotope compositions for the highland of the Ayacucho region in the research area, as proved by recent environmental and archaeological reference samples. Therefore, it is assumed that the camelids utilized by Paracas people originated in highland areas, where the rearing of the animals took place. However, the possibility that a limited portion of camelids were raised in ecosystems at lower altitudes, including the coast, is not excluded. The results also indicate major exchange and mobility of camelids, camelid commodities, and other products that were transported along the western slopes of the Andes, to a great extent with the help of camelids as pack animals in caravans. Finally, our case study demonstrates the variety of camelid husbandry practices in pre-Hispanic South America.

- by Nicolas Goepfert and +1
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- Animal Sacrifice (Anthropology), Andes, Pastoralism (Archaeology), Camelids zooarchaeology
- by Denise Pozzi-Escot
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- Archaeology, Andean Archaeology, Andean studies, South American Camelids

Con el objetivo de describir el diámetro de fibra y el peso de vellón de vicuñas en la
Región Cusco, se evaluaron 302 muestras de fibra de vicuñas crías, juveniles y adultas
mediante un equipo OFDA 2000®, colectadas en diferentes capturas programadas (denominadas Chaccus) bajo dos sistemas de manejo: silvestría y semicautividad. Se registró, además, el peso de 633 vellones diferenciados por edad, sexo y tipo de manejo de los animales. El presente estudio estuvo amparado con la Resolución de Dirección General N° 180-2016-SERFOR/DGGSPFFS. Se determinó la finura promedio de fibra de crías (13.24 µm), juveniles (12.03 µm) y adultos (12.72 µm). La finura para machos y hembras fue de 12.99 y 13.53 µm en las crías, 12.06 y 12.02 µm en los juveniles y 12.88 y 12.58 µm en los adultos, respectivamente. El menor diámetro de fibra se presentó en vicuñas juveniles en silvestría (11.88 µm) y en la localidad de Canllini (11.49 µm). El peso de vellón fue mayor en silvestría (165.01 g) y en animales adultos (162.97 g), sin hallar diferencia entre sexos. Se concluye que las mejores características de fibra se encontraron en animales mantenidos en silvestría.

- by Victor Manuel Velez Marroquin and +1
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- South American Camelids, Animal fiber

Carbon and nitrogen isotopic compositions of wool textiles from the north (Virú, Early Intermediate Period) and central (Chancay, Late Intermediate Period) coasts of Peru were used to reconstruct the diet and habitat of the camelids (llamas and alpacas) from which they were produced in order to better understand the regional political economies. The Chancay textiles were derived from camelids primarily raised on high-altitude C3 grasslands. Similarly, isotopic data from Virú textiles assembled in north-coast styles are consistent with the importation of highland camelid wool. For both Virú and Chancay, imported raw materials were crafted in local styles, serving as an effective means of materializing corporate power. Stylistically foreign (noncoastal) Virú textiles were characterized by carbon isotopic compositions similar to those for camelids recovered from Early Intermediate Period sites in the Virú Valley and suggest that these textiles originated in the yungas (1,000–2,300 m asl) or the low sierra (2,300–3,500 m asl). Accordingly, although highland camelid wool was imported to the coast, a simple model of exchange involving the movement of wool textiles exclusively from the puna or the altiplano to the coast is untenable.

- by Paul Szpak and +4
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- Archaeology, Prehistoric Archaeology, Zooarchaeology, Stable Isotope Analysis

En este trabajo se presenta el análisis de machacadores óseos (n=170) sobre guanaco registrados en dos sitios ubicados en el norte de Tierra del Fuego (Argentina), Las Vueltas 1 y Perro 1, correspondientes a sociedades cazadoras-recolectoras pedestres. En este marco, se presenta una revisión bibliográfica de estos artefactos de toda Patagonia, con el fin de estudiar su distribución espacial, localización, características morfológicas (Formas bases, partes anatómicas, etc.) y cronología. Metodológicamente, el trabajo se divide en 4 partes: 1) Desarrollo de colección de referencia que abarcó la búsqueda de materia prima, selección de unidad anatómica, descarne, elaboración de artefactos, 2) El uso de los machacadores experimentales, 3) el análisis macro y microscópicos de las piezas experimentales y 4) el análisis de los artefactos arqueológicos. Durante la experimentación, los machacadores se manufacturaron a partir de diferentes técnicas (fractura, aserrado, marcado, etc.) sobre hue...

- by Monica Salemme
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- Archaeology, Experimental Archaeology, Prehistoric Archaeology, Zooarchaeology
- by Francisca Santana-Sagredo and +1
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- Zooarchaeology, Funerary Archaeology, Animal breeding and genetics, Lambayeque/Sican

Prehispanic South American pastoralism has a long and rich, though often understudied, trajectory. In this paper, we analyze the transition from a generalized to a specialized pastoralism at two geographical locations in the Andes: Antofagasta de la Sierra, Southern Argentina Puna, and the Ancash Highlands, Peruvian North-central Puna. Although at opposite ends of the Andes this herding specialization commences during the same moment in time, A.D. 600-1,000, suggesting that a similar process was at work in both areas. Moreover, this was a process that was irrevocably tied to the coeval development of specialized highland agriculture. From a perspective of political ecology and structuration theory we emphasis the time-depth and importance that Andean pastoralism had in shaping highland landscapes. Taking into consideration risk-management theory, ecology and environment as crucial factors in the development of a specialized pastoralism we nevertheless emphasis the importance of the underlying human decisions that drove this process. Based broadly within the field of political ecology we therefore emphasize how human agency and structure impacted on these landscapes, society and animal husbandry. Our article covers such aspects as the human and animal use of resource areas, settlement location, herding patterns, selective breeding, and human-induced alterations to pasturage.

- by Kevin Lane and +1
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- Andean Archaeology, Political Ecology, Argentina, Peruvian History
- by Edgar Carlos Quispe Peña
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- South American Camelids

- by Kevin Lane
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- Geography, Andean Archaeology, Political Ecology, Argentina
- by Yanina Arzamendia and +1
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- Environmental Education, Pastoralism (Social Anthropology), Biodiversity, Andean studies

Camelids in santa Catalina (JuJuy, argentina): management of viCuñas and Caravan of llamas aBstraCt Ethnozoological data on vicuña (Vicugna vicugna), wild camelid, and llama (Lama glama), domestic camelid, in Santa Catalina, Jujuy, Argentina are presented. The research on vicuñas comprises participant observation and surveys of people and collaborators in specimens capture. This is a complementary study on the management of capture and shearing (chaku), which was held annually since 2012 within the Cooperativa Agroganadera. The resumen En este trabajo se presentan datos etnozoológicos, sobre las vicuñas (Vicugna vicugna) camélido silvestre y las llamas (Lama glama) camélido doméstico en Santa Catalina, Jujuy, Argentina. El tema de las vicuñas se realizó mediante observaciones participantes, así como encuestas a pobladores y a colaboradores en la captura de ejemplares. Este es un estudio complementario al manejo de captura y esquila (chaku), que se realiza anualmente desde el año 2012 junto con la Cooperativa Agroganadera. Además se investigó sobre las caravanas de llamas, que arriban desde Bolivia, a la festividad de Santa Catalina, las que viajan llevando fibra de camélidos para comercializar en la feria por productos alimenticios elaborados. Los informantes fueron tanto conocedores locales del tema de las vicuñas, como los caravaneros, ambos pertenecen a comunidades andinas de filiación indígena con un modo productivo campesino. Ambas actividades (el chaku y las caravanas) comparten la particularidad de tener una breve duración en Santa Catalina, aproximadamente dos días, así como una fuerte intensidad de trabajo y de interacción con los animales. Las caravanas de llamas, es una práctica con un origen prehispánico y que ha tenido cierta continuidad temporal. Se encuestó a los responsables de las dos caravanas de llamas, una de 30 y la otra de 58 animales. Ambos caravaneros viajaban acompañados de familiares e intercambiaron lana por alimentos. Se compartieron saberes acerca de la tecnología del caravaneo, de los animales y de las técnicas de trabajo. En la actualidad los pobladores de la zona observan un notable aumento poblacional de la vicuña, el que sumado a su condición silvestre, provoca inquietudes referidas a la propiedad, la sanidad y el pastoreo. Además el tema de la caza de vicuña, práctica realizada en la zona desde mediados del siglo XX, se rehabilita y se verbaliza a pesar de la prohibición legal estricta y de la labor conservacionista promovida por el equipo de investigación (VICAM) del cual la autora forma parte.

- by Bibiana Vilá
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- Etnobiologia, Vicuñas, South American Camelid, South American Camelids

South American camelids (llamas and alpacas) were of great economic, social and ritual significance in the pre-Hispanic Andes. Although these animals are largely limited to high-altitude (>3500 masl) pastures, it has been hypothesised that camelids were also raised at lower altitudes in the arid coastal river valleys. Previous isotopic studies of Early Intermediate Period (c. 200 BC–AD 600) and Middle Horizon (c. AD 600–1100) camelids support this argument. Here, we utilise carbon and nitrogen isotopic analyses of camelid bone collagen from the Early Horizon (c. 800–200 BC) sites of Caylán and Huambacho on the north-central coast of Peru to examine the management of these animals during the first millennium BC. Most of the camelid isotopic compositions are consistent with the acquisition of animals that were part of caravans, moving between the coast and the highlands. A small number of the animals may have been raised on the coast, suggesting that the practice of coastal camelid husbandry was in the experimental phase during the Early Horizon before growing into a more established practice in the Early Intermediate Period. These results echo zooarchaeological studies from the region that have revealed a paucity of camelid remains in refuse deposits prior to 800 BC, followed by an increase in abundance after 450 BC.

- by Paul Szpak and +1
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- Prehistoric Archaeology, Zooarchaeology, Stable Isotope Analysis, Andean Archaeology

Chavín de Huántar is a Formative-period site (broadly 1500–200 B.C.) in the Peruvian Andes known for its highly complex art and monumental architecture. Recent excavations in the La Banda sector uncovered domestic settlements. The zooarchaeological analysis demonstrates that meat was locally produced and many bone tools were manufactured in this sector. These results contrast with previous faunal analysis from other parts of the site in which it was argued that dry camelid meat on the bone (ch’arki) was traded in exchange for local crops. The local economy of Chavín de Huántar was complex, showing different economic strategies across the site. While there is abundant evidence for the trade of lightweight exotic goods at the site (seashells, marine bone, obsidian, and cinnabar), the subsistence economy was locally focused.

- by Silvana A Rosenfeld and +1
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- Zooarchaeology, Andean Archaeology, Formative Andean archaeology, Chavín de Huántar

- by Markus Reindel and +1
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- Zooarchaeology, Andean Archaeology, Strontium Isotope Analysis, Paracas culture

Pastoralism and camelid management have been essential to all aspects of pre-Hispanic Andean societies. Here, we present zooarchaeological and isotopic data on domestic camelid remains from Huaca Cao Viejo (El Brujo archaeological complex) on the northern coast of Peru, and dated to the Lambayeque/Sicán period—to characterise their biological age, diet, life history, possible geographic origin and ritual use. Domestic camelids, representing a wide range of biological ages and a high rate of polydactyly, were found as burial offerings in direct association with human funerary bundles (fardos). Direct AMS dates indicated that camelids were buried over a short period of time (AD 1022–1176) confirming the Lambayeque presence in the Chicama Valley during the first half of the Late Intermediate Period. Stable isotopic analyses were carried out on both bone collagen and hair keratin, including incremental analysis. A considerable variability in δ13C values at both the intra-individual and the intra-group level and a large contribution of C4 resources to diet are shown. This clearly supports local management and camelids originating from various herds. Zooarchaeological and isotopic evidences suggest diversity in herding practices and suggest the

The causes of Late Pleistocene megafaunal extinctions (60,000 to 11,650 years ago, hereafter 60 to 11.65 ka) remain contentious, with major phases coinciding with both human arrival and climate change around the world. The Americas provide a unique opportunity to disentangle these factors as human colonization took place over a narrow time frame (~15 to 14.6 ka) but during contrasting temperature trends across each continent. Unfortunately, limited data sets in South America have so far precluded detailed comparison. We analyze genetic and radiocarbon data from 89 and 71 Patagonian megafaunal bones, respectively, more than doubling the high-quality Pleistocene megafaunal radiocarbon data sets from the region. We identify a narrow megafaunal extinction phase 12,280 ± 110 years ago, some 1 to 3 thousand years after initial human presence in the area. Although humans arrived immediately prior to a cold phase, the Antarctic Cold Reversal stadial, megafaunal extinctions did not occur until the stadial finished and the subsequent warming phase commenced some 1 to 3 thousand years later. The increased resolution provided by the Patagonian material reveals that the sequence of climate and extinction events in North and South America were temporally inverted, but in both cases, megafaunal extinctions did not occur until human presence and climate warming coincided. Overall, metapopulation processes involving subpopulation connectivity on a continental scale appear to have been critical for megafaunal species survival of both climate change and human impacts.

- by Matías E. Medina and +6
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- Archaeology, Zooarchaeology, Late Pleistocene, Holocene
- by José Capriles
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- Zooarchaeology, Andes, Pastoralism (Archaeology), South American Camelids

Resumen La meteorización es una variable ampliamente utilizada en los análisis zooarqueo-lógicos y tafonómicos, dada su utilidad para evaluar la integridad y el contexto de depositación de los materiales arqueológicos. En este artículo presentamos los resultados de un estudio experimental de largo plazo sobre huesos de guanaco de tres categorías etarias y de un ñandú adulto luego de ocho años de exposición. El objetivo de este trabajo es evaluar si la meteorización afecta diferencialmente a los huesos de estos dos taxones, a las categorías etarias y a los distintos elementos del esqueleto. En términos generales nuestros resultados indican que la mayoría de los huesos del ñandú adulto se meteorizan más rápido que los del guanaco de la misma edad; los individuos inmaduros de guanaco registran tasas más altas de meteorización que el adulto; todos los huesos de los guanacos presentan algún grado de meteorización a los dos años de exposición; cráneos y dientes fueron los elementos más afectados por la meteorización para los guanacos de las tres clases de edad; y el esqueleto axial de guanaco presenta estadios de meteoriza-ción ligeramente superiores al del apendicular a medida que aumenta el tiem-po de exposición. Estos resultados preliminares contribuyen a mejorar nuestro entendimiento sobre la complejidad del proceso de meteorización, así como a la conformación de un cuerpo de información relevante para la generación de expectativas arqueológicas.

- by María Clara Alvarez
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- Archaeology, Taphonomy, Weathering, Vertebrate taphonomy

Khonkho Wankane is a ceremonial center located in the southern Lake Titicaca Basin, Bolivia. During the Late Formative period (AD 1–500), its residents practiced agropastoral lifeways and participated in the rise of the state at Tiwanaku. Like at many Andean sites, bones from the family Camelidae are the most abundant large mammal in domestic contexts. Identifying camelid morphotypes represented by these bones carries far-reaching implications for understanding past hunting, herding, and caravanning practices, and their roles in larger social and economic webs. Identifications were based on a locally focused reference collection, including llamas (Lama glama) from the immediate vicinity of the site, as well as Andean guanacos (Lama guanicoe), a much smaller morphotype than the Patagonian guanacos used in many osteometric studies. Different analyses suggest that the crux of osteometry lies in the reference collection, not the statistical test. Multivariate statistical analyses and incisor morphology identified all four camelid species. An additional, very large morphotype likely corresponds to a castrated llama, the preferred cargo animal among modern drovers. The presence of these animals is interpreted as evidence that groups hunted vicuñas (Vicugna vicugna) and guanacos, which are not currently present around the site, herded llamas and alpacas (Vicugna pacos), and perhaps organized caravans with castrated llamas.

- by Erik Marsh
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- Hunting, Pastoralism, Osteometry, Caravanning

Este trabajo aborda el estudio de un conjunto óseo depositado en el sitio Cueva Túnel, Meseta Central de Santa Cruz, Argentina. El sitio abarca un rango temporal que va de fines del Pleistoceno hasta el Holoceno Tardío. Nos concentramos en su componente inferior, datado en ca.10500 años AP, que presenta una amplia diversidad de fauna, entre la que se incluyen varias especies hoy extintas. Se han identificado restos faunísticos correspondientes a los camélidos Lama guanicoe, Hemiauchenia paradoxa y Lama gracilis. El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar los patrones de consumo de los camélidos, dado que son los taxones que se hallan más representados en el conjunto analizado. Esta situación no es privativa de este sitio arqueológico, sino que se repite en otros conjuntos correspondientes a la transición Pleistoceno-Holoceno en Patagonia, indicando la importancia económica que los camélidos han tenido a lo largo del proceso de poblamiento de Patagonia. Sin embargo, no se han investigado en detalle las estrategias empleadas en el procesamiento y consumo de estos taxones, ni las diferencias intertaxonómicas en la explotación de estos recursos. Para cumplir con este objetivo, consideramos las siguientes variables: la asignación taxonómica, la frecuencia de partes esqueletarias, las evidencias de agentes y procesos naturales y el estudio de marcas de procesamiento y consumo humano. Estos datos son contextualizados con información acerca del ambiente ecológico, presentando una caracterización de los patrones de subsistencia desarrollados por los primeros grupos humanos que poblaron estos sectores.

- by Diego Rindel and +1
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- Pleistocene megafauna, South American Camelids

Animal sacrifice has played an important role as a material expression of the ritual behavior practiced by different societies around the world. In the South American Andes, the ceremonial immolation of llamas is well documented by both ethnohistoric and ethnographic sources. Nevertheless, archaeological evidence of animal sacrifice remains poorly documented. In this paper, we report the burial of two young camelids from El Pacífico, a Formative Period ceremonial site located on the central coast of Peru. AMS radiocarbon dates suggest the ritual sacrifice occurred when the architecture of the site was no longer in use, around the time of the Inca conquest. Based on the presence of cut marks and fly pupae, we suggest that one of the camelids, a yearling llama, was sacrificed by removal of its heart and buried shortly thereafter. Similarly, given the location of cut marks and representation of skeletal parts, we infer that the second camelid was slaughtered for human consumption prior to burial. In accordance with documented Andean rites, archaeological evidence from El Pacifico suggests that practitioners of camelid sacrifice followed a behavioral script following the selection of the animal to its final interment. We hypothesize the costly performance of this ceremony at an ancestral sacred site was part of a social and political strategy for promoting intergroup social cohesion during the arrival of the Incas to the region.

- by Matías E. Medina and +2
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- Zooarchaeology, Archaeology of Hunting, Holocene, Sierras de Córdoba (Argentina)

In this work the author presents the preliminary results of the analysis of camelids bones from the archaeological site of Huayuri. This site, located in the south coast of Peru, shows evidences of ocupations since the Late Intermediate Period to the Late Horizon. The materials were recovered during the excavations that took place in 2002 and 2005 in the Compound 03, located at the south part of the site. The results give insights on the situation of the domestic camelids and the herd management at the site. These animals not only were used for consumption but also there was an exploitation of secondary products, giving them an important role in the foodway practices of the people at the site. // En el este trabajo el autor presenta los resultados preliminares del análisis de los restos óseos de camélidos del sitio arqueológico de Huayarí. Este sitio, ubicado en la costa sur del Perú presenta evidencia de ocupaciones desde el Periodo Intermedio Tardío hasta el Periodo Horizonte Tardío. Los materiales fueron recuperados durante las excavaciones realizadas en el Complejo 03, en las temporadas 2002 y 2005. Los resultados nos dan una perspectiva de la situación de los camélidos domésticos y el manejo de rebaños en el sitio. Estos animales no solo fueron utilizados para consumo, sino que existió una explotación de productos secundarios, dándoles así un rol importante en las prácticas de consumo alimenticio de la población en el sitio.

- by Mary Avila Peltroche
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- Zooarchaeology, Artifacts, Peruvian Archaeology, Food and Foodways