Texture Analysis Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

The exoskeleton of the lobster Homarus americanus is a multiphase biological composite material which consists of an organic matrix (crystalline α-chitin fibers and various types of non-crystalline proteins) and minerals (mainly calcite). In this study we discuss experimental data about the mesoscopic structure and the crystallographic texture (orientation distribution) of the α-chitin–protein fiber network in this material. The synchrotron measurements reveal very strong crystallographic textures of the α-chitin. According to these data, a large fraction of the α-chitin lattice cells is arranged with their longest axis parallel to the normal of the surface of the exoskeleton. Additionally, a smaller fraction of the α-chitin cells is oriented with their longest axis perpendicular to the cuticle surface. These structural investigations reveal the pronounced role of crystallographic orientation distributions in mineralized biological composite materials which may be of relevance for an improved understanding of biological and bio-inspired nano-composites.

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- Materials Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Crystallography

Texture image analysis is an important field of investigation that has attracted the attention from computer vision community in the last decades. In this paper, a novel approach for texture image analysis is proposed by using a combination of graph theory and partially self-avoiding deterministic walks. From the image, we build a regular graph where each vertex represents a pixel and it is connected to neighboring pixels (pixels whose spatial distance is less than a given radius). Transformations on the regular graph are applied to emphasize different image features. To characterize the transformed graphs, partially selfavoiding deterministic walks are performed to compose the feature vector. Experimental results on three databases indicate that the proposed method significantly improves correct classification rate compared to the state-of-the-art, e.g. from 89.37% (original tourist walk) to 94.32% on the Brodatz database, from 84.86% (Gabor filter) to 85.07% on the Vistex database and from 92.60% (original tourist walk) to 98.00% on the plant leaves database. In view of these results, it is expected that this method could provide good results in other applications such as texture synthesis and texture segmentation.

- by André Backes
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- Graph Theory, Pattern Recognition, Image Analysis, High performance

Potential applications of diamond-like carbon (DLC) coatings range from precision tools and biomedical implants to micro mechanical devices and engine components. Where uniform coatings are required on substrates with complex geometries, plasma enhanced chemical vapour deposition (PECVD) is often a preferred deposition method. As a non-line of sight process, the geometry of the substrate is often considered negligible. For this reason analysis of PECVD coatings, such as amorphous carbon, has mostly been concerned with reactor deposition variables, such as bias voltage, pressure and gas ratios. Samples are therefore usually prepared and positioned to minimise the influence of other variables. By depositing nominally similar DLC films on silicon samples positioned horizontally and vertically on the reactor cathode plate it was possible to examine the variations in the coating characteristics and mechanical properties that occur due to the geometry of the substrate being coated. Topographic measurements and analysis of bonding structures revealed significant heterogeneity in the coatings. Electron microscopy showed variation in surface structure as well as thickness disparities of up to 50% in the vertical sample. Atomic force microscopy showed roughness, Ra, varied from 0.37 nm to 15.4 nm between samples. Raman spectroscopy highlighted variations in the sp2/sp3 bonding ratios whilst micro wear tests demonstrated how these variations reduce the critical load performance. These effects are explained in terms of the deposition mechanisms involved and are related to variation in deposition species and geometrical field enhancements within the deposition chamber. Improved understanding of these local variations will aid in the optimization of coatings for complex substrate geometries.

- by Benjamin Jones
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- Plasma Physics, Surface Science, Thin Films and Coatings, Raman Spectroscopy

Purpose. Comparing texture analysis, density measurement and visual quantification of trabecular network on spine CT images, to better evaluate bone architecture in osteoporosis. Method and materials. Seventeen patients, aged 19 to 84 years, were included. One patient presented osteoporotic fractures. High resolution computed tomographic (HR-CT) images of the third lumbar vertebra were acquired using a Somatom 4 plus CT (Siemens) in a strict axial orientation with FOV of 12 cm and slice thickness of 1 mm. The size of the Region Of Interest was 1,6 cm 2 . Three analyses were performed on this ROI: Density (in Hounsfield Unity), texture analysis (run length) and features inspired from bone histomorphometry (Bone Volume/ Tissue Volume). Results. Density measurement, run length methods and BV/TV provided consistent results with regards to age. Indeed density, run length and BV/TV results were lower for older patients with more advanced bone trabeculra alterations. Conclusion. Only BV/TV and run length parameters seemed to show additional information on trabecular network architecture. The contribution of these two measurements to diagnose and classify osteoporosis will be the goal of a clinical study. Analyse de la trame osseuse vertébrale sur coupes scanographiques J Lasbleiz et al.

- by Jeremy Lasbleiz
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- Texture Analysis

3D image texture analysis of simulated and real-world vascular trees Abstract A method is proposed for quantitative description of blood-vessel trees, which can be used for tree classification and/or physical parameters indirect monitoring. The method is based on texture analysis of 3D images of the trees. Several types of trees were defined, with distinct tree parameters (number of terminal branches, blood viscosity, input and output flow). A number of trees was computer-simulated for each type. 3D image was computed for each tree and its texture features were calculated. Best discriminating features were found and applied to 1-NN nearest neighbor classifier. It was demonstrated that (i) tree images can be correctly classified for realistic signal-to-noise ratio, (ii) some texture features are monotonously related to tree parameters, (iii) 2D texture analysis is not sufficient to represent the trees in the discussed sense. Moreover, applicability of texture model to quantitative description of vascularity images was also supported by unsupervised exploratory analysis. Eventually, the experimental confirmation was done, with the use of confocal microscopy images of rat brain vasculature. Several classes of brain tissue were clearly distinguished based on 3D texture numerical parameters, including control and different kinds of tumour -treated with NG2 proteoglycan to promote angiogenesis-dependent growth ot the abnormal tissue. The method, applied to magnetic resonance imaging e.g. real neovasculature or retinal images can be used to support noninvasive medical diagnosis of vascular system diseases.

- by Martha Chekenya and +2
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- Algorithms, Biomedical Engineering, Confocal Microscopy, Computer Simulation

Abstract In this paper an automatic texture based volumetric region growing method for liver segmentation is proposed. 3D seeded region growing is based on texture features with the automatic selection of the seed voxel inside the liver organ and the automatic threshold value computation for the region growing stop condition. Co-occurrence 3D texture features are extracted from CT abdominal volumes and the seeded region growing algorithm is based on statistics in the features space. Each CT volume is composed by 230 slices, ...

- by Salvatore Vitabile
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- Image segmentation, Feasibility Study, Region growing, Texture Analysis

The visual aspect of rough surfaces such as steel surfaces becomes of great importance for the quality of the final product they are dedicated to. In a previous work, we have solved the theoretically complex problem of automatically classifying surfaces according to the quality of their aspect. In this case, the measurements were based on topographical maps obtained through interferometric microscopy. The resulting data were analyzed by an algorithm based on morphological and statistical features extraction from surface topography, factorial analysis, bootstrap over-sampling and Bayesian classification. It was then important to apply this methodology as efficiently as possible to perform an automatic, on-line and continuous inspection of the product. In this paper, we focus on all steps leading to such an on-line application, among which choosing an optical sensor and the corresponding optical configuration adapted to an industrial environment and overcoming all difficulties to go from first laboratory tests to on-line measurements on fast moving product are particularly determining. Finally, results of on-line acquisitions are displayed, that are in good agreement with expected aspect characterization.

- by Gabriel Fricout
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- Materials Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Wear, Optical Sensor

Nuts of four hazelnut varieties and five new selections used for table consumption were compressed at the moisture content of 6% wet basis to measure shell resistance to breakage. Rupture force, rupture energy and nut specific deformation were measured under three compression loading positions. Physical parameters of nuts were also evaluated to relate them to the data obtained by compression test measurements. Rupture force and nut specific deformation are the most discriminant parameters that can be used to describe the behaviour under compression, while rupture energy values show fewer differences among the considered varieties. The values of force required to break nut shell ranged from 322.2 to 769.3 N. The lowest values of force were generally obtained along the y-axis, the transverse axis containing the major dimension at right angles to the longitudinal axis. Nut specific deformation ranged from 3.35 to 11.76%. Correlations between physical and texture parameters showed that values of force, energy and deformation were dependent on different parameters that varied in the three considered axis. The most used varieties, Ennis and Barcelona, showed high mean values of force rupture to break shell and low deformability, while Tonda Giffoni and Tonda Bianca were easy to break. Among the new selections, L35 and B6, with mean values of force rupture less than 428 N and values of nut specific deformation higher than 8%, were suitable for table consumption.

- by Nadia Valentini
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- Engineering, Energy, NUTS, Deformation

T exture analysis plays an important role in the automated visual inspection of textured images to detect their defects. For this purpose, model-based and feature-based methods are implemented and tested for textile images in a laboratory environment. The methods are compared in terms of their success rates in determining the defects. The Markov Random Field model is applied on dierent DSP systems for real-time inspection.

- by Aytul Ercil
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- Real Time, Texture Analysis, Success Rate, Real-time imaging

Reconstructions of foraging behavior and diet are central to our understanding of fossil hominin ecology and evolution. Current hypotheses for the evolution of the genus Homo invoke a change in foraging behavior to include higher quality foods. Recent microwear texture analyses of fossil hominin teeth have suggested that the evolution of Homo erectus may have been marked by a transition to a more variable diet. In this study, we used microwear texture analysis to examine the occlusal surface of 2 molars from Dmanisi, a 1.8 million year old fossil hominin site in the Republic of Georgia. The Dmanisi molars were characterized by a moderate degree of surface complexity (Asfc), low textural fill volume (Tfv), and a relatively low scale of maximum complexity (Smc), similar to specimens of early African H. erectus. While caution must be used in drawing conclusions from this small sample (n = 2), these results are consistent with continuity in diet as H. erectus expanded into Eurasia.

- by Peter S. Ungar
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- Evolutionary Biology, Archaeology, Anthropology, Human Evolution

Image segmentation has traditionally been thought of us a low/mid-level vision process incorporating no high level constraints. However, in complex and uncontrolled environments, such bottom-up strategies have drawbacks that lead to large misclassification rates. Remedies to this situation include taking into account (1) contextual and application constraints, (2) user input and feedback to incrementally improve the performance of the system. We attempt to incorporate these in the context of pipeline segmentation in industrial images. This problem is of practical importance for the 3D reconstruction of factory environments. However it poses several fundamental challenges mainly due to shading. Highlights and textural variations, etc. Our system performs pipe segmentation by fusing methods from physics-based vision, edge and texture analysis, probabilistic learning and the use of the graph-cut formalism

FTIR spectroscopic and texture analysis studies were undertaken to elucidate the molecular basis of structure-functionality relationships of porcine plasma proteins in solution and the gel state at varying pH. At room temperature, porcine plasma proteins aggregated as a function of decreasing pH. A parallel decrease in the intensity of amide I 0 bands at 1652 cm À1 in the infrared spectra of the protein solution (assigned to a-helix, predominant in serum albumin) and 1688/1638 cm À1 (assigned to intramolecular antiparallel b-sheet, predominant in immunoglobulins) along with an increase in the band at 1644 cm À1 (assigned to unordered or random structure) was observed to take place with decreasing pH. Bands assigned to intermolecular antiparallel b-sheet structures (1683 and 1617 cm À1 ) were observed in infrared spectra of porcine plasma protein solutions heated to the point of gel formation. Texture and water holding capacity were also very sensitive to pH. The results indicate that the lower the remaining native secondary structure and the faster the heat-induced aggregation (observed by FTIR spectroscopy) with decreasing pH, the weaker and more exudative the gels. r

- by Elena Saguer
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- FTIR spectroscopy, Texture Analysis, Secondary Structure, Room Temperature

In this paper we propose a new algorithm for the detection of clustered microcalcifications using mathematical morphology and artificial neural networks. Mathematical morphology provides tools for the extraction of microcalcifications even if the microcalcifications are located on a non-uniform background Considering each mammogram as a topographic representation, each microcalcification appears as elevation constituting a regional maxima. Morphological filters are applied,

- by John Mantas
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- Algorithms, Biomedical Engineering, Medical Physics, Information Fusion

We present a content-based image retrieval system that supports decision making in clinical pathology. The image-guided decision support system locates, retrieves, and displays cases which exhibit morphological profiles consistent to the case in question. It uses an image database containing 261 digitized specimens which belong to three classes of lymphoproliferative disorders and a class of healthy leukocytes. The reliability of the central module, the fast color segmenter, makes possible unsupervised on-line analysis of the query image and extraction of the features of interest: shape, area, and texture of the nucleus. The nuclear shape is characterized through similarity invariant Fourier descriptors, while the texture analysis is based on a multiresolution simultaneous autoregressive model. The system performance was assessed through tenfold cross-validated classification and compared with that of a human expert. To facilitate a natural man-machine interface, speech recognition and voice feedback are integrated. Client-server communication is multithreaded, Internet-based, and provides access to supporting clinical records and video databases.

- by David Foran
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- Cognitive Science, Decision Making, Clinical Pathology, Decision support system

Hyperspectral imaging in the visible and near-infrared (400-1000 nm) regions was tested for nondestructive determination of moisture content (MC), total soluble solids (TSS), and acidity (expressed as pH) in strawberry. The spectral data were analyzed using the partial least squares (PLS) analysis, a multivariate calibration technique. The correlation coefficients (r) with the whole spectral range (400-1000 nm) for predicting MC, TSS, and pH were 0.90, 0.80, and 0.87 with SEC of 6.085, 0.233, and 0.105 and SEP of 3.874, 0.184, and 0.129, respectively. Optimal wavelengths were selected using b-coefficients from PLS models. Multiple linear regression (MLR) models were established using only the optimal wavelengths to predict the quality attributes. The correlation coefficients (r) for predicting MC, TSS, and pH using MLR models were 0.87, 0.80, and 0.92 with SEC of 6.72, 0.220, and 0.084 and SEP of 5.786, 0.211, and 0.091, respectively. Moreover, for classifying strawberry based on ripeness stage, a texture analysis was conducted on the images based on grey-level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM). The higher classification accuracy of 89.61% was achieved using the GLCM parameters at horizontal direction at angle of 0°.

- by Win Chaeychomsri
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- Food Engineering, Near Infrared, Strawberry, Multiple Linear Regression

Grey Level Co-occurrence Matrices (GLCM) are one of the earliest techniques used for image texture analysis. In this paper we defined a new feature called trace extracted from the GLCM and its implications in texture analysis are discussed in the context of Content Based Image Retrieval (CBIR). The theoretical extension of GLCM to n-dimensional gray scale images are also discussed. The results indicate that trace features outperform Haralick features when applied to CBIR.

We use a texture component crystal plasticity ﬁnite element method for the simulation of plane strain compression (maximum thickness reduction 95%) of a ferritic stainless steel (X6Cr17, AISI 430, 1.4016). The method incorporates the graded hot band texture of the starting material and predicts the development of the orientation distribution during forming in the surface and in the center layer considering 24 slip systems.

The premise is that a biometric is a measurable physicalcharacteristic which are reliable than passwords. Iris biometry isused to recognize an individual in a natural and intuitive way.Secure communications and mobile commerce are some of theapplication areas. Iris based security applications thrive on infraredcameras and video cameras for logins and transactionauthentications. Accuracy, algorithm speed and template size areattributes that are important for large-scale identity programs andnational database applications. In this paper, different irisrecognition methods which aid an appropriate outlook for futurework to build integrated classifier on latest input devices forexcellent business transactions are discussed. Benchmarkdatabases, products are also discussed. Since the area is currentlyone of the most on the go and the bulk of research is very large,this survey covers some of the significant methods.

At present, fracture risk prediction in the individual patient relies chiefly on bone mineral density (BMD) measurements. However, many lines of evidence indicate that the decreased bone strength characteristic of osteoporosis is dependent not only on BMD, but also on other factors, most notably bone microarchitecture. Here, we review available tools for characterizing trabecular microarchitecture (in terms of morphology, topology, and texture) and for obtaining 2D and 3D images (using radiography, computed tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging). Bone microarchitecture imaging is a noninvasive method that may improve fracture risk prediction in the individual patient, shed light on the pathophysiology of osteoporosis, and help to monitor the effects of treatments. Among the various methods available to date, magnetic resonance imaging has the advantage of involving no radiation exposure, although its limited availability restricts its usefulness for studying vast populations. Regardless of the methods selected to assess bone microarchitecture, there is a need for validated standardized parameters capable of improving fracture risk prediction in longitudinal studies.

- by Christine Chappard
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- Computed Tomography, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Anisotropy, Osteoporosis

The control of gelato powder mixture production usually is carried out evaluating the gelato liquid phase. The rheological measurements from the present study were conduced on gelato unfrozen liquid phase in order to indirectly evaluate its rheological properties by FT-NIR spectroscopy applied on gelato powders. The calibration set was composed by samples obtained from different recipes having increasing percentage of thickeners, maintaining the proportions of the others compounds constant. After the NIR acquisitions the powders were mixed with warm milk, blended and than settled in order to obtain the unfrozen liquid phase needed for the rheological measurements. For each of the 60 tested recipes three batches with the same thickeners concentration were prepared. The flow curves were obtained with a rotational viscosimeter and were evaluated by using the Ostwald de Waele's equation and the goodness of fit was evaluated by the R 2 , which was above 0.95. Predictive models of rheological parameters were set up by means of PLS regressions in order to predict the apparent viscosity (g), the consistency coefficient (K) and the flow behaviour index (n) from spectral acquisitions. A high correlation of calibration was found between NIR spectra and apparent viscosity with R 2 of 0.943. A good correlation was also found between the NIR spectra and the consistency coefficient (K) and flow behaviour index (n), with a determination coefficient (R 2 ) of 0.895 and 0.874, respectively.

- by Angelo Fabbri
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- Chemical Engineering, Food, Goodness of Fit, NIR spectroscopy

In this paper, we propose a novel method of optimizing texture primitives description and segmentation using variography. Indeed, successful textural analysis relies on !he careful selection of the adapred windaw size. The variogram is essentially a "variance of di#erences '' in the values as a function of the separation distance. This variance therefare changes as the separation distance increases where repetitive structures are described as hole-effects. We used the local minima (hale-effects) to find size, shape an orientation of unii pattern of image textures and thus to determine the optimal structuring element which will be used in mathematical morphological texture analysis. Some of Brodatz's natural texture images huve been used for evaluating the performance of this method The structuring elements found are well adapted for the characterization and discrimination of the texture aspects of images. Furthermore, we performed o textural segmentation using the variogram characteristics. Promising results are obtained andpresenied.

- by Assia KOURGLI
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- Image segmentation, Mathematical Morphology, Optimization, Variance

A new optical font recognition technique is proposed in this work. The new approach is based on global texture analysis, where statistical methods are used to identify and classify font features. The font recognition is performed by taking the document as a simple image, where one or several types of fonts are present. The identification is not performed letter by letter as with conventional approaches. In the proposed method a window analysis is employed to obtain the features of the document, using fourth and third order moments. The new technique does not involve a study of local typography; therefore, it is content independent. A detailed study was performed with 8 types of fonts commonly used in the Spanish language. Each type of font can have four styles that lead, to 32 font combinations. The font recognition with clean images is 100% accurate. Also, the new method was tested by adding Gaussian noise to clean images, so as to study the impact of image degradation on font recognition. The robustness of the algorithm is also examined in terms of varying resolution.

This paper presents an overview of the methodologies and algorithms for statistical texture analysis of 2D images. Methods for digital-image texture analysis are reviewed based on available literature and research work either carried out... more

- by Elmira Mani
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- Image Processing, Fractals, Wavelet Transforms, Gabor filters

In this paper, a set of complementary techniques was used to characterize surface and bulk structures of an anisotropic Soy Protein Isolate (SPI)–vital wheat gluten blend after it was subjected to heat and simple shear flow in a Couette Cell. The structured biopolymer blend can form a basis for a meat replacer. Light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy provided a detailed view of structure formation over the visible surfaces of the SPI–gluten blend. Protein orientation in the direction of the flow was evident and fibrous formation appeared to exist on the macro- and micro-scale. Furthermore, according to texture analysis, the structured biopolymer obtained from the Couette Cell after processing at 95 °C and 30 RPM for 15 min has high tensile stress and strain anisotropy indices (∼2 and ∼1.8, respectively), comparable to those of raw meat (beef). The novel element in this work is the use of the neutron refraction method, utilizing spin-echo small angle neutron scattering (SESANS), to provide a look inside the anisotropic biopolymer blend complementing the characterization provided by the standard techniques above. With SESANS, it is possible to quantify the number of fibre layers and the orientation distribution of fibres. For a specimen thickness of 5 mm, the obtained number of fibre layers was 36 ± 4 and the standard deviation of the orientation distribution was 0.66 ± 0.04 radians. The calculated thickness of one layer of fibres was 138 μm, in line with SEM inspection.

During the mining operation, ore sorting and directing different grade ores to different processing circuits is a manual task in most of working mines, but this work puts a step forward toward automation of this process. The radical development in the area of image and data processing allows speedy processing of the full color digital images for the preferred investigations. In this paper, an approach has been proposed to classify the ores for blast furnace feed, based on the visual texture of the ore particles. The visual texture of ore particles vary with the mineral contents, for example, blue dust, hard ore, soft ore, etc. This information can be quantified by using image processing technique in red, green, and blue color space and first- and second-order statistical analysis. Commonly used Hartlics textural features were calculated along with red, green, and blue color values for 5 × 5-pixel size windowpanes extracted from five separate images. Results obtained show encouraging accuracy to apply the approach to develop an expert system for online ore quality monitoring to control the ore blending in the feed ore circuits as well as separating gangue minerals present in the feed ores. Matlab 6.5 was used for visual textural analysis and classification. أثناء عملية التعدين ، وخام الفرز وتوجيه الصف خامات مختلفة لمعالجة مختلف الدوائر المهمة هو دليل في معظم المناجم العاملة. ولكن هذا العمل يضع خطوة إلى الأمام نحو أتمتة هذه العملية. تطوير جذري في مجال معالجة الصور والبيانات يسمح للمعالجة السريعة لون الصور الرقمية الكاملة لتحقيقات المفضل. في هذه الورقة نهجا وقد اقترحت لتصنيف خامات تغذية لالفرن العالي ، على أساس الملمس البصرية للجسيمات الخام. نسيج البصرية للجسيمات خام تختلف مع محتويات المعدنية مثلا الغبار الأزرق ، وخام الثابت ، يمكن أن كمية خام الناعمة الخ هذه المعلومات باستخدام تقنية معالجة الصور في RGB لون الفضاء ، والأول والثاني من أجل التحليل الإحصائي. يشيع استخدامها Hartlics السمات التكوينية حسبت مع الأحمر والأخضر والأزرق قيم اللون لمدة 5 × 5 بكسل وحجم النوافذ المستخرج من خمس صور منفصلة. النتائج المشجعة التي تم الحصول عليها تظهر دقة لتطبيق نهج لتطوير نظام خبير لخام على الخط لرصد نوعية للسيطرة على مزج خام في دوائر خام تغذية ، وكذلك فصل الغث المعادن الموجودة في خامات تغذية. ماتلاب 6.5 كانت تستخدم لتحليل التكوينية البصرية والتصنيف.

- by Veerendra Singh
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- Geology, Image Processing, expert System, Texture Analysis

Featured Application: The proposed method is a new tool to characterize colored textures and may be applied in various applications such as content image retrieval, characterization of rock samples, biometrics, classification of fabrics, and in non-destructive inspection in wood, steel, ceramic, fruit, and aircraft surfaces. Abstract: Many applications in image analysis require the accurate classification of complex patterns including both color and texture, e.g., in content image retrieval, biometrics, and the inspection of fabrics, wood, steel, ceramics, and fruits, among others. A new method for pattern classification using both color and texture information is proposed in this paper. The proposed method includes the following steps: division of each image into global and local samples, texture and color feature extraction from samples using a Haralick statistics and binary quaternion-moment-preserving method, a classification stage using support vector machine, and a final stage of post-processing employing a bagging ensemble. One of the main contributions of this method is the image partition, allowing image representation into global and local features. This partition captures most of the information present in the image for colored texture classification allowing improved results. The proposed method was tested on four databases extensively used in color-texture classification: the Brodatz, VisTex, Outex, and KTH-TIPS2b databases, yielding correct classification rates of 97.63%, 97.13%, 90.78%, and 92.90%, respectively. The use of the post-processing stage improved those results to 99.88%, 100%, 98.97%, and 95.75%, respectively. We compared our results to the best previously published results on the same databases finding significant improvements in all cases.

- by Carlos Navarro
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- Image Processing, Digital Image Processing, Texture Analysis, Bagging
- by Yulia Kreinin
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- Compositional process, Texture Analysis, György Ligeti, Witold Lutoslawski

Considering the economic and industrial relevance of ␣-amylases used in food and starch industries, a raw starch digesting ␣-amylase gene (amyBS-I) from Bacillus subtilis strain AS01a was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 cells. The gene also includes its signal peptide sequence (SPS) for facilitating the efficient extracellular expression of recombinant ␣-amylase (AmyBS-I) in correctly folded (enzymatically active) form. The native AmyBS-I consists of 659 amino acids with a molecular mass and pI of 72,387 Da and 5.8, respectively. The extracellular secretion of AmyBS-I after response surface optimization of culture conditions was found to be 7-fold higher as compared to its production under non-optimized conditions. Purified AmyBS-I demonstrated optimum activity at 70 • C and pH 6.0. It shows K m and V max values toward soluble starch as 2.7 mg/ml and 454 U/ml, respectively. Further, it does not require Ca 2+ ion for its ␣-amylase activity/thermo-stability, which is an added advantage for its use in the starch industry. The AmyBS-I also hydrolyzed a wide variety of raw starches and produced maltose and glucose as main hydrolyzed products. The bread dough supplemented with AmyBS-I showed better amelioration of the bread quality as compared to the bread supplemented with commercial ␣-amylase.

- by Anjan Borah and +1
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- Texture Analysis, α-Amylase, Biochemistry and cell biology

The Italian Neutron Experimental Station INES, located at the pulsed neutron source ISIS (UK), is equipped with a general-purpose neutron diffractometer that was built with a special care aiming to focus its use on archaeometric measurements. In fact, the large sample volume allows to accommodate non standard samples in the neutron beam, the diffraction banks cover an angle of almost 180, allowing to detect the presence of texture, and the high instrument resolution enables a detailed analysis of the peak shape, to obtain information ...

- by Laura Bartoli
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- Neutron Diffraction, Compositional Analysis, Texture Analysis, Phase Analysis

Cellular automata are algorithms that describe the discrete spatial and temporal evolution of complex systems by applying local (or sometimes longrange) deterministic or probabilistic transformation rules to the cells of a regular (or non-regular) lattice. The space variable in cellular automata usually stands for real space, but orientation space, momentum space, or wave vector space can be used as well. Cellular automata can have arbitrary dimensions.

- by Dierk Raabe
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- Complex Systems, Cellular Automata, Grain Boundary Mechanics, Grain Boundaries

Esters of fatty acids, derived from vegetable oils or animal fats, and known as biodiesel, are a promising alternative diesel fuel regarding the limited resources of fossil fuels and the environmental concerns. In this work, methanolysis of soybean oil was investigated using Mg–Al hydrotalcites as heterogeneous catalyst, evaluating the effect of Mg/Al ratio on the basicity and catalytic activity for

- by Mariana Souza
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- Chemical Engineering, Chemistry, Biomass, Biodiesel

High-resolution X-ray computed tomography (CT) is a novel technology ideally suited to a wide range of geological investigations. It is a quick and nondestructive method to produce images that correspond closely to serial sections through an object. Sequential contiguous images are compiled to create three-dimensional representations that can be manipulated digitally to perform efficiently a large array of measurement and visualization tasks. Optimal data acquisition and interpretation require proper selection of scanning configuration, use of suitable X-ray sources and detectors, careful calibration, and attention to origins and modes of artifact suppression. Visualization of CT data typically profits from the ability to view arbitrarily oriented sections through the three-dimensional volume represented by the data, and from the capability to extract features of interest selectively and display perspective views of them using methods of isocontouring or volume rendering. Geological applications include interior examination of one-of-a-kind fossils or meteorites; textural analysis of igneous and metamorphic rocks; geometric description and quantification of porosity and permeability in rocks and soils; and any other application demanding three-dimensional data that formerly required physical serial sectioning. #

- by ahmad ja'fari
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- Engineering, Earth Sciences, Visualization, Interpretation

Classification of gender from fingerprints is one of the important steps in forensic anthropology. This forensic anthropology is used to identify the gender of a criminal in order to minimize the suspects list of search. A very few researcher have worked on gender classification using fingerprints and have gain the competitive results. In this work we are trying to fuse the fingerprint and age biometrics for gender classification. The real fingerprints were collected from different age groups such as 15-20 years and 20-60 years of the rural and urban people. According to this experimental observation soft biometric information can be used significantly to improve the recognition performance of biometric system. The overall performance of the proposed method is found to be satisfactory and more competitive.

En el presente trabajo de investigación focalizamos la atención en el género del guion cinematográfico. Desde el nacimiento del cine moderno el guion cinematográfico jugó un rol de importancia fundamental en el desarrollo de esta forma de arte. Con el tiempo el guion cinematográfico se ha adaptado a las exigencias y necesidades del guionista y de la misma audiencia hasta llegar al actual: un conjunto de informaciones y diálogos que tiene que ser leído e interpretado por un director, el cual tiene que visualizar en su mente una escena confiando solo en el texto y unos actores que pueden conocer los personajes que interpretarán gracias a breves descripciones y basándose solo en los diálogos. La motivación de la siguiente investigación universitaria nace de la escasez de fuentes y de trabajos sobre este asunto y la necesidad de organizar las informaciones disponibles y crear una base desde la cual se pueda seguir investigando.
Los objetivos principales de la investigación son: definir el género del guion cinematográfico, identificar las características del guion en cuanto género discursivo; justificar su pertenencia o no a la categoría de los géneros literarios, hacer el análisis discursivo de un texto concreto que es la primera parte (las primeras trece páginas) del guion cinematográfico de la película “el laberinto del fauno” de Guillermo del Toro y proponer una traducción al italiano.
Desde un punto de vista teórico y metodológico, seguimos de cerca para el análisis del texto en examen a Austin 1962, Halliday 1970-1976, Adam 1992, Van Dijk 1977- 1980, De Obregón 1944 y Greimas y Courtés 1982. Se ha puesto particular atención en el análisis de la superestructura que “es la representación [...] de la estructura global que caracteriza un tipo de texto independientemente de su contenido temático. Es una especie de esquema o silueta textual” (Dijk, 1983: 55) y de la macroestructura que “es la representación abstracta de la estructura global del significado de un texto” (Dijk, 5 1983: 55). Estos aspectos son, sin duda, lo que más caracterizan el género del guion cinematográfico. Para identificar si la estructura del guion cinematográfico puede ser incluida entre los nuevos géneros literarios, nos apoyamos en Vera Méndez, 2006.
La exposición se estructura en cuatro capítulos. En el primero, se hará una introducción al género junto con unas nociones introductoras del componente cultural e histórica del guion cinematográfico, se analizarán las propiedades esenciales y características del guion y se abordará la cuestión, no libre de polémica, de su condición de género literario. En el segundo capítulo, se dará una visión general sobre el guionista y director Guillermo del Toro, la crítica y la trama de la película “El laberinto del Fauno” hablando también de los aspectos peculiares de su carrera como guionista y de las películas que más caracterizaron su historia profesional. Posteriormente, se analizarán las tres dimensiones del texto: semántica, pragmática y discursiva con particular atención a la cohesión, la coherencia y la adecuación del texto a su contexto. Sucesivamente se introducirán los presupuestos teóricos y metodológicos para la actividad de traducción y se propondrá una traducción original de una parte del guion cinematográfico al italiano; se dedicará también atención a un breve comentario a la traducción. Se terminará con un apartado de conclusiones y la página de referencias bibliográficas y recursos electrónicos utilizados durante la investigación y el análisis.

- by Andrea Tolomio
- •
- Spanish, Spanish Grammar, Spanish as a Foreign Language, Traducción

This paper provides an algorithm for partitioning grayscale images into disjoint regions of coherent brightness and texture. Natural images contain both textured and untextured regions, so the cues of contour and texture differences are exploited simultaneously. Contours are treated in the intervening contour framework, while texture is analyzed using textons. Each of these cues has a domain of applicability, so to facilitate cue combination we introduce a gating operator based on the texturedness of the neighborhood at a pixel. Having obtained a local measure of how likely two nearby pixels are to belong to the same region, we use the spectral graph theoretic framework of normalized cuts to find partitions of the image into regions of coherent texture and brightness. Experimental results on a wide range of images are shown.

- by J. Malik
- •
- Computer Vision, Image segmentation, Texture Analysis, Theoretical Framework

Many people do not have refrigeration or frozen storage to inhibit mould growth and keep the Arabic bread fresh for more than a few days. Therefore, shelf-life extension is necessary for this type of bread. The present study hypothesised that the addition of preservatives may be done in Arabic flat bread (AFB) to extend shelflife. Thus, objectives of this study were to evaluate selected preservatives to inhibit mould growth and to employ physical techniques, to monitor bread aging. Three preservatives, fumaric acid (0.2%, F), sodium propionate (0.3%, P), and sodium propionate-fumaric acid mixture (PF) were used. Tensile tests, and nearinfrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) were used to monitor bread ageing. The addition of PF in the AFB formula significantly increased the time of tearing at 0 day. For all treatments, the NIRS results showed high R 2 -values between the actual storage days and NIRS predictions. The NIRS and texture analysis are valuable tools to detect the effect of the preservatives on AFB shelf-life and quality.

- by Floyd Dowell and +1
- •
- Food, Food Science and Technology, SHELF LIFE, Near Infrared Spectroscopy

Texture is one of the most important visual characteristics of image. Texture classification is a process of assigning unknown texture to known texture class. Applications areas of texture classification are medical image analysis, object recognition, biometrics, content based image retrieval, remote sensing, industrial inspection, document analysis and many more. In this paper we discussed some feature extraction and classification methods used for texture classification namely, Local binary pattern, Scale invariant feature transform, Speed up robust feature, Fourier transformation, Texture spectrum, Gray level co-occurrence matrix, K-nearest neighbor, Artificial neural network and Support Vector Machine. We also discussed some popular texture datasets Brodatz, Outex, CUReT and VisTex used for texture classification.

- by Shrikant Bhosle
- •
- Texture Classification, Texture, Texture Analysis, Local Texture Analysis

W pracy przedstawiono nową metodę klasyfikacji treści zdjęć satelitarnych, opartą na wykorzystaniu granulometrycznej analizy tekstury obrazu. Opisano podstawy teoretyczne zaprezentowanej metody oraz zbadano jej dokładność, w zależności od wybranych parametrów przetworzeń granulometrycznych oraz cech obrazów źródłowych. Porównano ją także z innymi, dotychczas stosowanymi metodami klasyfikacji treści zdjęć satelitarnych.
Istotą zaproponowanej metody jest wykorzystanie, oprócz danych spektralnych, również map granulometrycznych, czyli obrazów zawierających informację na temat tekstury obrazu w otoczeniu poszczególnych pikseli, powstających w wyniku granulometrycznych przetworzeń obrazu. Ważną zaletą granulometrii obrazowej jako metody oznaczania tekstury obrazu jest, m.in., wieloskalowość, czyli możliwość określania stopnia tekstury o rożnych rozmiarach ziarna. Drugą kluczową zaletą jest prawidłowe działanie również na krawędziach obiektów na obrazie, czyli odporność na tzw. błąd krawędzi. Przedstawiona metoda klasyfikacji polegająca na złożeniu map granulometrycznych i oryginalnych obrazów wielospektralnych pozwala uwzględniać kontekstową cechę interpretacyjną
– teksturę, zwiększając możliwości klasyfikacji, a jednocześnie cechuje się dużą prostotą wykonania, podobną do klasycznej pikselowej klasyfikacji spektralnej.
Efektywność granulometrii obrazowej zbadano pod kątem kilku czynników: rozdzielczości przestrzennej i rodzaju obrazu źródłowego, rodzaju morfologicznych operacji otwarcia i domknięcia oraz rozmiaru okna granulometrii określającego przestrzenny zasięg obliczenia lokalnej granulometrii
względem poszczególnych pikseli.
W pierwszej kolejności przeanalizowano separatywność wybranych klas pokrycia lub użytkowania terenu na podstawie wyłącznie danych spektralnych, a także na podstawie map granulometrycznych.
W wybranych przypadkach, dzięki zastosowaniu analizy granulometrycznej, stwierdzono znaczny wzrost separatywności klas.
Główna część pracy koncentruje się na badaniu dokładności klasyfikacji wykonanej przy użyciu zaproponowanej metody. Uzyskane wyniki dowodzą, że wykorzystanie map granulometrycznych w procesie klasyfikacji może znacząco podnieść jej dokładność. Stwierdzono przy tym istotny wpływ rozdzielczości obrazu źródłowego na efektywność badanej metody. Określono i opisano również znaczenie pozostałych, przedstawionych wyżej parametrów przetworzeń granulometrycznych, i samej klasyfikacji. Wnioski z badań pozwoliły na przedstawienie propozycji modelu dwuetapowej
klasyfikacji wykorzystującej zarówno wyniki klasyfikacji spektralnej, jak i spektralno-teksturowej, co pozwoliło na uzyskanie optymalnej dokładności.
Zaproponowana metoda może być stosowana w procesie półautomatycznego tworzenia map pokrycia lub użytkowania terenu na podstawie zdjęć satelitarnych lub lotniczych, pozwalając uzyskiwać większa dokładność, niż klasyfikacja w podejściu spektralnym.

MaZda, a software package for 2D and 3D image texture analysis is presented. It provides a complete path for quantitative analysis of image textures, including computation of texture features, procedures for feature selection and extraction, algorithms for data classification, various data visualization and image segmentation tools. Initially, MaZda was aimed at analysis of magnetic resonance image textures. However, it revealed its effectiveness in analysis of other types of textured images, including X-ray and camera images. The software was utilized by numerous researchers in diverse applications. It was proven to be an efficient and reliable tool for quantitative image analysis, even in more accurate and objective medical diagnosis. MaZda was also successfully used in food industry to assess food product quality. MaZda can be downloaded for public use from the Institute

- by Andrzej Materka
- •
- Algorithms, Biomedical Engineering, Image segmentation, Quantitative analysis

Happy to finally release the results of this long-time research on the Webern's Variations. My goal was to observe how Webern's orchestration interacts with serialism. The paper points to some usefull (I hope!) and unpreceded (I guess!)... more

- by Didier Guigue
- •
- Musicology, Serial Music, Webern, Music analysis

The quality of Atlantic cod from one trawl catch and one longline catch, caught at the same time and location, was assessed and compared. In addition, the effect of ice storage in 7 days on quality parameters was investigated. No differences between the cod from the two catches were observed on microbial activity and drip loss. Trawl caught cod had decreased pH and increased TMA compared to longlined cod. Catch Damage Index showed that trawling gave increased damages compared to longlining, where trawling resulted in poor bleeding and bruises, while longlining resulted in gaffing damages. Both color and sensory analyses confirmed the poor bleeding of trawl caught cod. In addition, the longline caught cod had increased overall sensory quality and increased lightness. Water holding capacity was decreased in trawled cod compared to longlined cod together with increased protein denaturation measured by differential scanning calorimetry. Texture analysis showed increased firmness in longlined cod. Cod loins stored on ice for 7 days encountered decreased quality attributes evaluated by sensory methods, firmness, water holding capacity and lightness, while microbial growth, pH and protein denaturation of the loin increased. In this study, the catch of Atlantic cod caught by longline had a better overall quality compared to the catch of cod caught by trawl.

- by Dagbjørn Skipnes
- •
- Fisheries, Ecology, Differential scanning calorimetry, Atlantic cod

COLOURS AND TEXTURES OF BRUSSELS INTERIORS: FROM
THE 19TH CENTURY TO MODERNISM. Understanding and restoring practices
Colours and textures are obviously an integral part of any architectural work, but the level of attention paid to colour has varied a lot over
the centuries. As colour is such a complex phenomenon, this article examines it only in terms of how it is perceived. The texture of the material or cladding plays a part in how the colour is perceived, as is clear with a fabric like damask, where threads of the same colour are perceived differently depending on the weave of the cloth. In conclusion the survey of various remarkable Brussels buildings presents the role of colour in the 19th century and in the first half of the 20th century. Nevertheless, the neoclassical penchant for white recurs regularly, only to be chased away yet again by a return to the use of colour and
ornamentation.

- by Wivine Wailliez
- •
- Architectural History, 19th century France, 19th Century, J.-K. Huysmans

Over the last few years research has been oriented toward developing a machine vision system for locating and identifying, automatically, defects on rails. Rail defects exhibit different properties and are divided into various categories related to the type and position of flaws on the rail. Several kinds of interrelated factors cause rail defects such as type of rail, construction conditions, and speed and/or frequency of trains using the rail. The aim of this paper is to present an experimental comparison among three filtering approaches, based on texture analysis of rail surfaces, to detect the presence/absence of a particular class of surface defects: corrugation.

- by Ettore Stella and +1
- •
- Cognitive Science, Machine Vision, Feature Selection, Defect Detection

This survey covers the historical development and current state of the art in image understanding for iris biometrics. Most research publications can be categorized as making their primary contribution to one of the four major modules in iris biometrics: image acquisition, iris segmentation, texture analysis and matching of texture representations. Other important research includes experimental evaluations, image databases, applications and systems, and medical conditions that may affect the iris. We also suggest a short list of recommended readings for someone new to the field to quickly grasp the big picture of iris biometrics.

Sensory and instrumental analyses were used to evaluate the texture of regular (10%), light (5%), low fat (2.5%) and fat free vanilla (0.4%) ice creams. The light, low fat and fat free ice cream were prepared using a modified pea starch as the fat replacement ingredient. Two processing trials with continuous commercial-like process conditions were undertaken. While the sensory attributes of the light sample were comparable to the regular vanilla ice cream, the trained sensory panel rated the low fat and fat free ice creams to have lower viscosity, smoothness and mouth coating properties. Instrumentally determined apparent viscosity data supported the sensory data. There was good correlation between the instrumentally determined firmness values and the sensory results for firmness. The use of modified starch as a partial fat replacer in vanilla ice cream was demonstrated.

- by Linda Malcolmson
- •
- Chemical Engineering, Food, Comparative Study, Ice Cream

Texture is an important spatial feature, useful for identifying objects or regions of interest in an image. The grey-level cooccurrence matrix (GLCM) approach is one of the most popular statistical methods used in practice to measure the textural information of images. Based on the proposed concept of texture U R Z I , this paper describes a new statistical approach to texture analysis, termed here the texture spectrum approach. In this method the "local" texture information for a given pixel and its neighborhood is characterized by the corresponding texture unit, and the global textural aspect of an image is revealed by its texture spectrum. The proposed method extracts the textural information of an image with a more complete respect of texture characteristics (simultaneously in all eight directions instead of only one displacement vector used in the GLCM approach). A preliminary evaluation study demonstates the potential usefulness of the texture spectrum method for texture analysis in remote sensing.

- by Dong-Chen He
- •
- Geophysics, Geomatic Engineering, Spectrum, Texture Analysis

Gelation properties of whole egg, white and yolk proteins were measured with and without the addition of sugar and/or salt at varying pH values (2, 5 and 8). Sodium chloride levels varied between 6% (w/w) in the absence of sucrose and 3% (w/w) in the presence of 3% (w/w) sucrose. Increasing pH and the addition of sugar and particularly salt resulted in elevated gelation temperatures. Whole egg gels exhibited higher levels of firmness as compared to yolk and white. A linear relationship between whole egg and yolk gel strength and pH was observed. Cohesion strength was higher for all egg samples at pH 5 and pH 8 than at pH 2 with white demonstrating the highest increase. Adhesiveness was highest at pH 5 for whole egg and white, whereas it remained relatively constant for yolk at all pH. The effect of sugar and salt on the cohesion strength and adhesiveness of egg gels was not pronounced. Nevertheless, significant differences of gel hardness were detected for egg yolk and white, which were attributed to the addition of sugar and/or salt. Native PAGE indicates that when heated, both yolk and white proteins unfold and interact to form high-molecular weight aggregates. r

- by Stephen Euston and +1
- •
- Protein folding/unfolding, Texture Analysis, Food Sciences, Food Hydrocolloids

Nutritional, sensory and textural characteristics of defatted mustard flour fortified biscuits were studied to optimize the mustard flour supplement in the blend for making biscuits. The wheat flour was replaced by defatted mustard flour at 5, 10, 15 and 20% incorporation levels in biscuit preparation. The protein content of mustard flour biscuit increased nearly 2.5 times as a result of mustard flour incorporation, coupled with reduction in fat and an increase in fiber content. Sensory evaluation results revealed that the sample containing 15% defatted mustard flour scored highest in most of the attributes including overall acceptability. Textural characteristics of all dough and biscuit upto 15% supplement of defatted mustard flour were similar while at 20% level, the values were significantly different. The study reveals that incorporation of 15% defatted mustard flour gave desirable results in terms of nutritional, sensory and textural attributes of mustard fortified biscuits.

- by Manikantan M.R.
- •
- Food Engineering, Sensory Evaluation, Sensory Analysis, Texture Analysis
- by Vimala Ramachandran
- •
- Cultural Studies, Research Methodology, Elementary Education, Gender Equity