Timber Harvesting Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

The ecosystem model FORECAST was used to simulate the yield potential in Saskatchewan mixedwoods of the two-pass harvesting system. The simulated two-pass stand consisted of an overstory population of pure trembling aspen (Populus tremuloides Michx.) with a white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss) understory. The aspen was removed at year 60, and yields of the understory spruce and resprouting aspen were simulated for 80 years thereafter. The two-pass simulations were compared with two simulated conventional harvesting systems. The first system consisted of a single final harvest at year 140. In the second system, a clearcut was conducted at year 60. White spruce was then planted in the subsequent year at 400, 600, or 800 stems/ha, and aspen also permitted to resprout. Growth was then simulated for a further 80 years. FORECAST projections indicated that the two-pass system might be effective for releasing the white spruce understory, achieving at least a twofold gain in spruce volu...

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- Earth Sciences, Forestry, Evaluation, Ecosystem Modeling
- by R. Atyi and +1
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- Social Sciences, Ecosystem Services, Natural Resource Management, Carbon Sequestration

Timber production is an important ecosystem service of European mountain forests. This paper aimed to assess the current practices in logging operations and to identify the efficiency gaps in timber production. The study was located in seven case study areas from representative European mountain ranges, where 632 logging operations were analysed. The focus was on road infrastructure, transport systems, harvesting methods and extraction technologies. Often inappropriate technology was used in steep terrain; there was no correlation between the average slope and the selection of harvesting systems. Skidding was the most common extraction method (75%), while cable yarding and forwarding had shares of 15% and 8%. The mean road density was 18.5 m ha-1. The mean extraction distance was 501 m. The mean harvesting and extraction productivity were 9.0 m³ h-1 and 10.2 m³ h-1; the mean costs were 11.1 € m-³ and 11.7 € m-³, respectively. Non-mechanized and obsolete harvesting systems reported the lowest efficiency and the highest environmental footprint, while fully mechanized systems reported the highest efficiency, the lowest number of accidents and the lowest stand damage. Cable yarders are the appropriate extraction technology in steep terrain, but they require a well-developed road network. Higher mechanization degree, improved quality of the road networks, knowledge transfer to practice and training of forest workers are some of the necessary measures to overcome the efficiency gaps in timber production in European mountain forests.

- by Adrian Enache
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- Forestry, Forest Ecology And Management, Forest Ecology, Forest Engineering

In one of the longest time series available, we present a comparison between forest inventories of 1924, 1964 and 1999 of an 800km2 forest-harvesting area in Central Guyana. Harvesting mainly targeted one species Chlorocardium rodiei (Greenheart), of which the population declined by 63% over the 75 years of harvesting. The decline of the population was not only detectable in the

- by Roderick Zagt
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- Conservation, Time Series, Environmental Management, Forest Ecology And Management

"Forests keep growing—and potentially increasing their value— even when inflation surges or the market swoons."
Since the 1930s, Congress has slowly encouraged companies engaged primarily in the business of real estate to follow certain rules in order to qualify as " real estate investment trusts " (REITs), entities that receive preferential tax treatment under the Internal Revenue Code. Over the last two decades, many large timberland companies have restructured themselves as REITs, changing the dynamics of the timberland industry by leaps and bounds. In addition to the normal benefits of qualifying as a REIT, Congress has offered certain additional benefits to those engaged in the timber business. This article explores how this came to be and whether there is any merit to offering such benefits.

- by Thomas Hunt
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- Real Estate, Tax Law, Timber, REITS

The koala (Phascolarctos cinereus) is a charismatic, high-profile species whose conservation needs are commonly perceived to be incompatible with logging. However, koala biology and the results of chronosequence studies elsewhere suggest that this species may tolerate a degree of habitat alteration caused by logging. In this study, 30 koalas, five in each of six areas available for logging within a mixed white cypress pine (Callitris glaucophylla)–Eucalyptus forest in north-western New South Wales, were radio-tracked for one year during 1997–1998 to determine their movements, home-range sizes and tree preferences. Five months after the study began, three of these areas were logged selectively for sawlogs and thinnings of the white cypress pine, a tree that is important to koalas for daytime shelter. This removed about one-quarter of the stand basal area, but the eucalypt component was unaffected. The remaining three areas were left undisturbed as controls. Radio-tracking continued in all six areas for another seven months. Koalas continued to occupy all or part of their previous home-ranges after selective logging, and home-range sizes remained similar between logged and unlogged areas. Home-ranges for both sexes overlapped and were ~12 ha for males and 9 ha for females. Koala survival and the proportions of breeding females were similar in logged and unlogged areas. The principal food trees of the koala were red gums, mainly Eucalyptus blakelyi and E. chloroclada, and the pilliga box (E. pilligaensis), none of which were logged in this study. These results suggest that selective logging for white cypress pine does not appear to adversely affect koala populations and that koalas may not be as sensitive to logging as previously thought. Further work is required to determine thresholds in the level of retention of koala food trees in logging operations.

- by Matthew Stanton and +1
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- Forestry, Environmental Education, Science Communication, Conservation Biology
- by Betsie Rothermel
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- Forestry, Migration, Ecology, Applied Ecology
- by Damian Walsh and +1
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- Forestry, Timber Harvesting, Forestry Sciences, Modulus of Elasticity

The search for decreasing in production costs led forestry companies to seek ever cheaper lands to implement their activities. The use of areas with steep slopes comes with this demand. Among the forestry operations in mountainous terrain, forest harvesting is one of those that offer more risks to human health and that are enhanced by the relief factor. Light of the lack of studies and risk prevention in the forest crop, this study aims to analyze the risks of forest harvesting by overhead cables, tree length system in mountainous terrain for all partial movements and occupations involved in the cut (chainsaw) and forest extraction (cable car). An analysis of all movements of partial harvesting and occupations involved, based on the guidelines of the Brazilian regulation number 9 was performed. Were quantitatively measured noise and temperature, and the ergonomic factors were analyzed with the aid of photographs and Ergolândia 5.0 software for OWAS (Ovako Working Posture Analysis System) and RULA (Rapid Upper Limb Assessment) methods analisis. The other types of risks were determined based on the literature and information collected in the study area. This study concluded that the risk analysis by means of the partial motions for each class of occupation were sufficient to determine the risks involved in cutting and mountain forest extraction activities. The chainsaw operator was the occupation that offered greater risks in quantity and severity for these conditions. Among the evaluated partial movements, showed the highest risks were: tree cutting, cutting and rising carrier-car. Finally, the condition of mountainous terrain increased the amount and severity of the risks involved in this activity, which demonstrates the need for further risk analysis of forest harvesting for various conditions.

- by Brett Butler
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- RECREATION, Timber Harvesting
- by Paul Ellefson
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- Timber Harvesting

One of the essential elements of work technology assessment is task performance time. In the working day structure , production times are crucial; however, under certain conditions, complementary work times can have a share of up to 30%. Accurate determination of the time structure of a work shift is very time consuming and requires time measurements using the methods of cumulative timing or snapshot observations. For this reason, the overall share of complementary work times in a work shift is usually estimated roughly, equally for all timber harvesting conditions. The aim of this study was to determine the impact of selected working environment factors on the share of complementary work times in a work shift, in technologies on the manual-machine and the machine levels. The analyses were carried out in 33 forest districts of the Regional Directorate of State Forests in Wrocław. Among forest contractors, surveys were carried out to analyse the time structure of a working day. For each forest district, analyses of environmental factors potentially relevant to the share of complementary work times in a work shift were carried out; these included field features, dispersion of stands, features of timber, area accessibility. The total share of complementary work times in the machine-level technology variant amounted to approx. 40% and was higher than the manual-machine technological variant, where this share amounted to approx. 35%. The models developed for standardization of the share of variability of complementary work times, in the case of the manual-machine technology level, took into account the share of timber assortments with the length of over 2.5 m as well as the share of upland and mountain sites. In the case of timber harvesting at the machine technology level, the standardization model included as significant the factors such as the share of coniferous forest sites, the number of forest complexes with an area of over 100 hectares, and the total length of roads. Therefore, the above features could be selected as decisive for the share of the complementary work time category out of the full set of environmental variables taken into consideration in the estimation of the time-consumption of timber harvesting processes.

- by Folia Forestalia Polonica , Series A - Forestry
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- Botany, Economics, Forestry, Working Time
- by Murat Demir
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- Forestry, Urban And Regional Planning, Timber Harvesting, Trees
- by Alma Gottlieb
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- Mythology And Folklore, Economic Geography, Anthropology, Plant Ecology
- by Longru Jin
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- History, Forestry, Ecosystems, Timber Harvesting

Timber harvesting guidelines formulated for north Queensland rainforests allowed economically viable harvests with minimal ecological impact. Harvesting procedures sought to minimize soil erosion, silting and turbidity in steams, destruction of trees in the residual stand, and disruption of natural habitats and processes. Forest officers selected the trees to be harvested, indicated the direction of felling, and supervised the design, construction and drainage of roads. The long term impacts of harvesting are not certain, so it is desirable to ...

- by Roy Sidle
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- Geology, Geomorphology, Morphology, Geometry

Planning and management of forest resources in Papua New Guinea (PNG) has sometimes resulted in overcutting, resource depletion, unintended environmental impacts and uncertainty about the long-term capacity of forests to supply the future needs of local communities or industry. Sound inventory and planning are critical for sustainable forest management. Good systems are in place in PNG to determine forest area, forest inventory and future forest growth. However, they have not been integrated effectively for strategic forest planning. This paper describes some simple tools for integrating this information to provide more robust estimates of future timber yields and more realistic levels of annual allowable cut. It allows for assumptions relating to available forest area and harvest intensity to be explicitly presented and assessed by those approving forest operations. The system is scalable and could be applied to smaller areas under community management, larger timber-harvesting ope...

- by Martin Golman
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- Forestry, Timber Harvesting

- by C. Brack and +1
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- Forestry, Timber Harvesting

- by Jerome K Vanclay and +2
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- Forestry, Timber Harvesting

Integrating ecological concerns with the daily operations of logging crews has been an area of interest in ensuring for sustainable environmental management in forestry. Learning curves have been found to be a useful tool in scheduling harvesting operations for better performance in the sector. This study was conducted to establish learning curves and forgetting factors of two-man crosscut saw operators in tree harvesting operations in Tanzania. Experienced and inexperienced operators were studied before training, after training and after the break at an interval of three months during clear felling operations. The results for the learning rate were somewhat different between crew category and across experiments. For example, start-up operators had about 67% and 57% higher learning rate as compared to experience operator when studied for the first time and after training. Results on the forgetting function showed some levels of knowledge depreciation for both crews as could be reflected by their productivity levels. For example the experienced crew had a forgetting factor of 9.4% while the start-up crew had 19% forgetting factor. Therefore, training is imperative for the logging crews to realise high performance at reduced environmental damage such as forest soils disturbances and increased logging residues that may arise from improper logging practises.

- by Dos Santos Silayo and +2
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- Timber Harvesting, Logging operation, Learning curves

The present work is based on the study of charred remains produced by combustions happened in the archaeological site Loma Alta (province of Catamarca, Argentina), and its variability. With this purpose we identified the fragments of coal deposited in the strata of the site, whose antiquity is considered in 1400 years AP, based to the results obtained on 7 radiocarbonic dates (Scattolin, 2004). The charred material was prepared in laboratory and the three diagnostic sections were examined in Sweeping Electronic Microscope (SEM). The fragments were identified as coming from the taxa: Bulnesia, Lycium, Larrea, Bougainvillea and Prosopis. One of the analyzed fragments corresponds to a specimen of the family Cactaceae. These results are interpreted in relation to the current availability of combustible resources in the areas that surround the site, and their use in the past. RESUMEN El presente trabajo se basa en el estudio de los restos carbonizados producto de las combustiones que tuvieron lugar en el sitio arqueológico Loma Alta (Provincia de Catamarca, Argentina) y su variabilidad. Para ello se procede a la identificación de los taxones presentes entre los carbones procedentes de los estratos de dicho sitio, cuya antigüedad se estima en 1400 años AP en base a los resultados obtenidos sobre 7 muestras fechadas radiocarbónicamente (Scattolin, 2004). El material carbonizado fue preparado en laboratorio, examinándose las tres secciones diagnósticas en el microscopio de barrido electrónico. Los fragmentos fueron identificados como procedentes de los géneros Bulnesia, Lycium, Larrea, Bougainvillea, Prosopis. Uno de los ejemplares corresponde a un especímen de la familia Cactaceae. Los resultados se ponen en relación con la disponibilidad actual de recursos combustibles en las áreas vecinas al sitio, y su aprovechamiento por parte de los antiguos pobladores de Loma Alta.

- by Cristina Scattolin
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- Archaeology, Prehistoric Archaeology, Ethnobotany, Archaeobotany
- by Y. Jun Xu
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- Water, Groundwater Hydrology, Evapotranspiration, Timber Harvesting
- by Beyza Sat
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- Timber Harvesting, Logging, Soil Disturbance
- by Murat Demir
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- Bioinformatics, Analytical Chemistry, Life Sciences, Sensors
- by Subhrendu Pattanayak and +1
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- Microeconomics, Applied Economics, Forest Policy, Reforestation
- by Jerome K Vanclay
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- Forestry, Assessment, Environmental Sustainability, Sustainable forestry
- by Helmer Belbo
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- Environmental Engineering, Forest Engineering, Timber Harvesting, Logging operation

The LANDIS model simulates ecological dynamics, including forest succession, disturbance, seed dispersal and establishment, fire and wind disturbance, and their interactions. We describe the addition to LANDIS of capabilities to simulate forest vegetation management, including harvest. Stands (groups of cells) are prioritized for harvest using one of four ranking algorithms that use criteria related to forest management objectives. Cells within a selected stand are harvested according to the species and age cohort removal rules specified in a prescription. These flexible removal rules allow simulation of a wide range of prescriptions such as prescribed burning, thinning, single-tree selection, and clear-cutting. We present a case study of the application of LANDIS to a managed watershed in the Missouri (U.S.A.) Ozark Mountains to illustrate the utility of this approach to simulate succession as a response to forest management and other disturbance. The different cutting practices pr...

- by Hong S. He
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- Earth Sciences, Biology, Seed Dispersal, Environmental Sciences
- by Martin Jurgensen
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- Symbiosis, Forest Ecology And Management, Forest Ecology, Biological Sciences
- by Jui-Chen Yang and +1
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- Microeconomics, Applied Economics, Forest Policy, Reforestation
- by Ender Makineci
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- Environmental Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Timber Harvesting, Oak
- by Damian Walsh and +1
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- Forestry, Timber Harvesting, Forestry Sciences, Modulus of Elasticity
- by Murat Demir
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- Bioinformatics, Analytical Chemistry, Life Sciences, Sensors

Wildlife Research provides an international forum for the publication of original and significant research and debate on the ecology and management of wild animals in natural and modified habitats. Readers can expect a broad range of high... more

- by Rodney Kavanagh and +1
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- Forestry, Environmental Education, Science Communication, Conservation Biology

This report traces the flow of California’s 2012 timber harvest through the primary wood products industry and provides a description of the structure, condition, and economic impacts of California’s forest products sector. Historical forest products industry changes are discussed, as well as trends in harvest, production, mill residue, and sales. Also examined are employment and worker earnings in the state’s primary and secondary forest products industry.

- by Chelsea Pennick McIver and +1
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- Biomass, Bioenergy, Forest Industry, Timber Supply (Forestry Economics)
- by Roderick Zagt
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- Conservation, Time Series, Environmental Management, Forest Ecology And Management
- by PAMELA EDWARDS
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- Erosion, expert System, Timber Harvesting, Sedimentation

Turkish hazel (Corylus colurna) lumber with a nominal thickness of 5 cm from the Kastamonu region, Turkey, was dried through conventional kiln drying using two different programs, a non-protective drying schedule and a protective drying schedule. The goal of the study was to obtain a kiln schedule that would maintain wood quality and also save drying time until a final moisture content of 8 ± 2% was reached. The intensity of warping (twisting, bowing, cupping, crooking), superficial, internal, and end checks, residual stresses, drying rate, and moisture gradient of the dried woods were measured, and the results were evaluated according to the classification of the European Drying Group. The results showed a more homogeneous moisture profile, fewer occurrences of superficial checks, and an absence of internal checks when using the protective drying schedule due to low warping values compared with those for the non-protective drying schedule. From the point of view of energy efficiency, by saving 60 h of drying time, the non-protective schedule reduced electricity by 960 KWh and was therefore more profitable by $105.60 in this trial. Therefore, it seems that the protective drying schedule should be recommended as the optimum program for drying Turkish hazel lumber from the Kastamonu region at the commercial scale.

- by Maderas. Ciencia y Tecnologia
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- Wood Science, Timber, Wood Engineering, Wood drying
- by Ender Makineci
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- Bioinformatics, Analytical Chemistry, Life Sciences, Sensors
- by Sudiksha Joshi
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- Applied Economics, Logistic Regression, Forest Management, Timber Harvesting
- by David Mladenoff
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- Earth Sciences, Seed Dispersal, Environmental Sciences, Forest
- by Y. Jun Xu
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- Water quality, Stream ecology, Water Quality (Engineering), Ecosystem ecology