Transactional Analysis Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Introduction: This paper presents a range of concepts from transactional analysis, an approach which shares many of the values of experiential psychotherapy. A short glossary is included at the end of the paper-terms are explained and... more

Introduction: This paper presents a range of concepts from transactional analysis, an approach which shares many of the values of experiential psychotherapy. A short glossary is included at the end of the paper-terms are explained and referenced as they are described, and they are illustrated with practical examples. Objectives: The article is provided to share useful TA concepts with those engaged in experiential psychotherapy, in a way that can be applied to consideration of therapeutic style, client diagnosis, contracting with clients, dealing with self, diversity, planning and making interventions, and dealing with ruptures to the relationship. Methods: Hermeneutic, phenomenological reflections based on the professional experiences and theoretical learning of the author. Results: Consideration of the application of a number of transactional analysis concepts within elements of case studies. Conclusions: The paper demonstrates potential applications of various transactional analysis concepts in ways that align with the values of experiential psychotherapy; the author aims to stimulate further interest and possible application. Comprehensive referencing is included for those who wish to explore further.

The degree of continuity and distinctiveness in social competence and antisocial behavior was examined in a longitudinal structural equation model. Participants were 391 typically developing Norwegian middle school students (51% boys),... more

The degree of continuity and distinctiveness in social competence and antisocial behavior was examined in a longitudinal structural equation model. Participants were 391 typically developing Norwegian middle school students (51% boys), their parents, and teachers and were assessed when they were approximately 13 years of age (a school cohort in 8th grade) and again 17 months later, when they were about 15 years old (in 10th grade). Social competence showed considerable stability across middle school, more than did antisocial behavior. Low social competence at age 13 predicted antisocial behavior at age 15, over and above the variance explained by the earlier assessment of antisocial behavior. While social competence and antisocial behavior both showed a relatively strong negative association concurrently and demonstrated considerable overlap, results suggested that the two constructs should be considered separate dimensions. Findings are presented within a transactional framework and implications for prevention efforts and directions for future research are discussed.

In this paper we primarily report on the practical outcomes of Software Studio undergraduate course, but also on a graduate Software Engineering for Internet Applications course, both of which are taught collaboratively by IT and non-IT... more

In this paper we primarily report on the practical outcomes of Software Studio undergraduate course, but also on a graduate Software Engineering for Internet Applications course, both of which are taught collaboratively by IT and non-IT faculty members. In the latter, students are assigned to projects proposed by actual customers and work together in teams to deliver quality results under time and resource constraints. We are interested in the learning results, such as skills acquired, e.g. by analysing the interaction between students and customers to determine how and to what degree the students transform through project based collaborative learning. As for the former course, we intend to determine the added value of collaborative teaching, aiming at equipping the participants with both technical and non-technical skills required for their prospective jobs. The primary goal is, therefore, to allow students to manage a relatively large number of tools with little prior knowledge an...

The interaction of occupation and space has long been studied in occupational science. Increasingly, occupational scientists take a transactional approach to examine the spatial nature of occupation. Drawing from Lefebvre's (1991) theory... more

The interaction of occupation and space has long been studied in occupational science. Increasingly, occupational scientists take a transactional approach to examine the spatial nature of occupation. Drawing from Lefebvre's (1991) theory of 'the production of space', this paper emphasizes that occupations are inherently spatial, but also that space is produced through occupation. We contend that Lefebvre's "spatial triad"conceived, perceived, and lived space as the three components of space productionand his dynamic conceptualization of space challenges a space/place dichotomy. An occupational reading of the spatial triad serves to demonstrate the prominent role of occupation in the production of space and draws attention to its intentionality. Our analysis shows that occupational scientists can contribute to a comprehensive, dynamic, and critical conceptualization of space. Such approaches are useful to critique theories that support and maintain regulatory power dynamics over space and bring novel insights on the spatiality of occupation. While occupation is the visible element of the production of space, Lefebvre's theory invites us to look beyond, to other elements that are in constant interaction with occupation.

Transactional analysis (TA) is the theory of human personality and communication authored by Eric Berne, which has been present in psychology for more than sixty years. Even though it had initially been regarded as a psychotherapeutic... more

Transactional analysis (TA) is the theory of human personality and communication authored by Eric Berne, which has been present in psychology for more than sixty years. Even though it had initially been regarded as a psychotherapeutic conception, nevertheless, over the years, it acquired the status of a scientific theory. Simultaneously, the peculiarly universal character of it in terms of the interpretation of human behaviors, and also the possibility of combining it with different scientific theories, brought about it evoking the interest of the representatives of various social sciences, who noticed the possibility of the practical application of the findings of transactional analysis. In this manner, the so-called fields of application of transactional analysis started to become differentiated: in psychotherapy (the clinical one), in the development of organizational culture and management (the organizational one), and also in consulting. The fourth field of application is education because transactional analysis is being applied more and more broadly in educational research as well. Educational transactional analysis is experiencing the period of vigorous development in Poland, which may be referred to as ’travelling towards the yet unknown continents of education’. For that very reason, it will be the objective of my presentation to describe the possibilities of taking advantage of this scientific theory in research into educational reality, and also to discuss the already implemented Polish research projects in which the theory of transactional analysis has been applied.

The article describes a new assessment instrument for measuring the activities of an integrative psychotherapist. The first part of the instrument is concerned with establishing and maintaining a therapeutic alliance, and includes the... more

The article describes a new assessment instrument for measuring the activities of an integrative psychotherapist. The first part of the instrument is concerned with establishing and maintaining a therapeutic alliance, and includes the competencies of forming an effective empathic bond, contracting and dealing with ruptures in the alliance. The second part focuses on the methods of integrative psychotherapy, and includes competencies of effective Inquiry, Attunement, Involvement and the use of therapeutic interventions. The scale also includes scales which inform about the philosophy of the therapist and his dealing with transference / countertransference. The scale is currently in the preliminary phase of development and further research is needed to examine the usefulness, validity and reliability of the scale.

—Despite all attempts to prevent fraud, it continues to be a major threat to industry and government. In this paper, we present a fraud detection method which detects irregular frequency of transaction usage in an Enterprise Resource... more

—Despite all attempts to prevent fraud, it continues to be a major threat to industry and government. In this paper, we present a fraud detection method which detects irregular frequency of transaction usage in an Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) system. We discuss the design, development and empirical evaluation of outlier detection and distance measuring techniques to detect frequency-based anomalies within an individual user's profile, relative to other similar users. Primarily, we propose three automated techniques: a univariate method, called Boxplot which is based on the sample's median; and two multivariate methods which use Euclidean distance, for detecting transaction frequency anomalies within each transaction profile. The two multivariate approaches detect potentially fraudulent activities by identifying: (1) users where the Euclidean distance between their transaction-type set is above a certain threshold and (2) users/data points that lie far apart from other users/clusters or represent a small cluster size, using k-means clustering. The proposed methodology allows an auditor to investigate the transaction frequency anomalies and adjust the different parameters, such as the outlier threshold and the Euclidean distance threshold values to tune the number of alerts. The novelty of the proposed technique lies in its ability to automatically trigger alerts from transaction profiles, based on transaction usage performed over a period of time. Experiments were conducted using a real dataset obtained from the production client of a large organization using SAP R/3 (presently the most predominant ERP system), to run its business. The results of this empirical research demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach.

This lecture deals with the profound influence that yoga can have in the fields of behavioral transformation, upgrading mental strength, management of time, controlling of flow of emotions and reactions and choice of decision. The literal... more

This lecture deals with the profound influence that yoga can have in the fields of behavioral transformation, upgrading mental strength, management of time, controlling of flow of emotions and reactions and choice of decision. The literal translation of yoga means " integration " or " union " have come to see yoga as the science which aims to harmonize or unite virtually all aspects of life – the physical, mental, social and spiritual. The most direct and abiding way to achieve this is to integrate yoga into sequential dealings of personal or professional relations to self actualization systems. Our ultimate goal is to see yoga as an inherent part of every curriculum all over the world in the 21st century. I believe that such " integration " would result in populations of students, employees, housewives and entrepreneurs who are more empathetic, self confident and mindful of themselves and one another. The anecdotal and empirical evidence is that those incorporate yoga into their curricula, find that the self management is enhanced through reduced level of stress, improved focus and increased attention span, gained enormous patience and become kind and vegetarian. In many parts of the world people have found that integrating yoga into the personal and professional dealings and transactions has had these profound and abiding effects. However, we find ourselves at a point where yoga is not an integral part of a significant number of educational curricula or day to day activities. More to the point, it could not even realistically be seen as part of a serious agenda on educational reform. Our task is therefore a daunting and formidable one. The first step towards this goal is for the educational, business and yogic community to come together in unity of purpose and clarity of voice to put forth value and relevance of scientific adaptation of yoga in the 21st century.

The aim of the research was the development of a new scale for measuring the satisfaction of relational needs. In the first study, we developed 269 items based on Erskine's description of eight relational needs. Five experts evaluated the... more

The aim of the research was the development of a new scale for measuring the satisfaction of relational needs. In the first study, we developed 269 items based on Erskine's description of eight relational needs. Five experts evaluated the items, and then they were pilot-tested on a sample of 221 participants. Using principal component analysis, we found five components related to five relational needs: authenticity, support and protection, having an impact, shared experience, and initiative from the other. In the second study, the Relational Needs Satisfaction Scale was tested on a sample of 255 participants and further refined with the help of factor analysis. The final version of the scale consists of 20 items and measures overall relational needs satisfaction and the five dimensions of relational needs. The reliability of the overall score was excellent, while subscales had acceptable to good reliability. The relational needs satisfaction positively and significantly correlates with the secure attachment style, self-compassion, higher satisfaction with life, and better well-being. In the third study, we confirmed both the five-factor model and the hierarchical model on the sample of 354 participants. We proposed that the hierarchical model is more congruent with the theoretical model, as all five dimensions of relational needs are aspects of one general dimension of relational needs satisfaction. The scale can be used in both psychotherapy and counseling and research related to different fields of psychology.

Eric Bern, the prominent psychologist divides human personality in to three basic structural aspects, namely Parent, Adult, and Child in his transactional analysis. He believes when each aspect plays its own role on a just time, in... more

Eric Bern, the prominent psychologist divides human personality in to three basic structural aspects, namely Parent, Adult, and Child in his transactional analysis. He believes when each aspect plays its own role on a just time, in compliance with the balance and interaction, one's mental health would be shown and a noble healthy man can, in this situation, provide proportion with the help of reasoning and deduction (Adult) between his instinct (Child) and education and training (Parent). Balance disruption of clues between child and parent is a sign of imbalance in the psyche and human behavior; if the adult creates balance between the child and the parent, the image of Perfect Human will be appeared, but if the rough, arrogant and caviler parent dominates the child the one will use the social masks and will seek others' love narcissistically and incompetently and will follow the profit and loss worldly and otherworldly. Masnavi Ma'navi contains several human groups, from every spectrum of behavior and belief that their different psychological and behavioral features have been reflected and scrutinized. So the researcher can accomplish a transactional analysis on heroes of his stories psychoanalytically. The authors, in present essay, analyze the aspects of "Parent" and "Adult" in Masnavi's characters and make their clues highlighted in Mowlavi's description of his characters' behavior.

A review of the concept of the unconscious as it is dealt with in transactional analysis literature together with material on frames of reference is followed by the development of a three-dimensional metaphorical iceberg to represent... more

A review of the concept of the unconscious as it is dealt with in transactional analysis literature together with material on frames of reference is followed by the development of a three-dimensional metaphorical iceberg to represent levels of consciousness and unconsciousness. The metaphor is extended to include the impact of where the ‘iceberg’ was formed and has floated since, and these processes are linked to TA concepts of protocol, episcript, generational scripting, script, miniscript and autonomy. The metaphor concludes with suggestions for melting through the provision of targeted warm water for clients or opportunities to float within a warmer sea.

This is a paper about the invention of ideas-and the protection of those ideas, including examples of Berne's original five rules of invention, and how they were successfully utilised by his followers, and the international organisation... more

This is a paper about the invention of ideas-and the protection of those ideas, including examples of Berne's original five rules of invention, and how they were successfully utilised by his followers, and the international organisation he set up to protect these ideas.

Produced originally as the content for an opening speech and associated workshop at the ITAA/SAATA Conference in Kochi, India in August 2018, the following contains a review of theoretical contributions from authors based in India between... more

Produced originally as the content for an opening speech and associated workshop at the ITAA/SAATA Conference in Kochi, India in August 2018, the following contains a review of theoretical contributions from authors based in India between 1993 and 2018. In particular, the wide-ranging contributions of Os Summerton and Pearl Drego are described, along with a review of the activities of Father George Kandathil and of others on the subjects of the guru, ethics, universal consciousness and conflict strategies. Two themes are extracted: practical ideas and models, and the cultural and spiritual nature of Indian society, with an expansion of Berne's concept of autonomy into five components that are linked to Indian philosophy.

The articles on transference from the 1990 Brussels Conference Roundtable on "Transference and Transactions" are reviewed, and theoretical comparisons are made between classical psychoanalytic and transactional analytic viewpoints. Many... more

The articles on transference from the 1990 Brussels Conference Roundtable on "Transference and Transactions" are reviewed, and theoretical comparisons are made between classical psychoanalytic and transactional analytic viewpoints. Many popular concepts in TA practice are reviewed in illustrating the active use of transference and counter transference in setting up social level transactions, games, and scripts. Case examples illustrate the use of transference as a game, transference of family pairings in group therapy, and Berne's concept of the family Coat of Arms.

The interaction of occupation and space has long been studied in occupational science. Increasingly, occupational scientists take a transactional approach to examine the spatial nature of occupation. Drawing from Lefebvre's (1991) theory... more

The interaction of occupation and space has long been studied in occupational science. Increasingly, occupational scientists take a transactional approach to examine the spatial nature of occupation. Drawing from Lefebvre's (1991) theory of 'the production of space', this paper emphasizes that occupations are inherently spatial, but also that space is produced through occupation. We contend that Lefebvre's "spatial triad"conceived, perceived, and lived space as the three components of space productionand his dynamic conceptualization of space challenges a space/place dichotomy. An occupational reading of the spatial triad serves to demonstrate the prominent role of occupation in the production of space and draws attention to its intentionality. Our analysis shows that occupational scientists can contribute to a comprehensive, dynamic, and critical conceptualization of space. Such approaches are useful to critique theories that support and maintain regulatory power dynamics over space and bring novel insights on the spatiality of occupation. While occupation is the visible element of the production of space, Lefebvre's theory invites us to look beyond, to other elements that are in constant interaction with occupation.

Julie Hay has been updating her material about the metaphor she uses to describe an organisation, partly in order to include it in one of the workbooks that she provides to participants on her workshops and webinars, partly in advance of... more

Julie Hay has been updating her material about the metaphor she uses to describe an organisation, partly in order to include it in one of the workbooks that she provides to participants on her workshops and webinars, partly in advance of writing a book about TA for consultants, and partly because she is expecting to refer to the model when she submits her DProf thesis about the dynamics of professional associations.

I was pleased to be invited to provide this article because it gives me the opportunity to share with my NLP colleagues how useful transactional analysis can be when the two approaches are combined. I often think of it as the Enneagram... more

I was pleased to be invited to provide this article because it gives me the opportunity to share with my NLP colleagues how useful transactional analysis can be when the two approaches are combined. I often think of it as the Enneagram model of nine personality types lets us know the nature of our real essence, transactional analysis helps us understand how we lost touch with that, and NLP helps us make changes to get back to our real selves. All three approaches are of course comprehensive in their own right so all I can hope to do here is share a few ideas about the links I see between some of the TA and NLP concepts.

Purpose Communication in medical imaging is a neglected area of research, despite the necessity for good communication if optimum diagnostic images are to be achieved. Methods The present study has investigated the styles of communication... more

Purpose Communication in medical imaging is a neglected area of research, despite the necessity for good communication if optimum diagnostic images are to be achieved. Methods The present study has investigated the styles of communication used in medical imaging, using an approach known as Transactional Analysis. This approach has been demonstrated previously as having reliability and validity, using observations and supporting interviews with medical imaging staff, along with inter-rater observations of radiographerepatient interactions.

This article summarizes data on the prevalence and diagnosis of depression as well as findings from research regarding recovery and relapse from depression. It also offers a summary of models of understanding depression from a range of... more

This article summarizes data on the prevalence and diagnosis of depression as well as findings from research regarding recovery and relapse from depression. It also offers a summary of models of understanding depression from a range of psychotherapies that are empirically supported for the treatment of depression. Links are made between these models and transactional analysis theory.

The concept of " principled negotiation " , developed by Fisher and Ury in " Getting to Yes " , is one of the most influential approaches in current negotiation theory. However, it is important to recognize three critical academic issues... more

The concept of " principled negotiation " , developed by Fisher and Ury in " Getting to Yes " , is one of the most influential approaches in current negotiation theory. However, it is important to recognize three critical academic issues about principled negotiation. (1) Why principled negotiation and positional bargaining (the method of principled negotiation is contrasted with hard and soft positional bargaining.) emerge, (2) how to deal with principled negotiation in reality and（3）how to make a principled negotiation with theoretical support. This paper is written to study those problems by applying psychological theory of Transactional Analysis (TA). According to negotiation mechanism analysis based on TA, this paper is set up a new SESCO model (Situation-Ego-Strokes strategy –Complementary transaction-Objective) on negotiation. Firstly, identify the ego state both oneself and others in a specific negotiation situation. Secondly, meet needs with each other by exchange of strokes. Thirdly, adopt complementary transaction to get win-win objective.

TARTIŞMA İletişim: Eda Keser eda.keser@yandex.com 1)Duygusal Bağlılık • Duygusal yakınlık ve örgütle özdeşleşme sonucu oluşan bağlılık • En yarar sağlayan bağlılık türü 2) Devam Bağlılığı • Örgüte yapılan yatırımların riske atılmaması... more

TARTIŞMA İletişim: Eda Keser eda.keser@yandex.com 1)Duygusal Bağlılık • Duygusal yakınlık ve örgütle özdeşleşme sonucu oluşan bağlılık • En yarar sağlayan bağlılık türü 2) Devam Bağlılığı • Örgüte yapılan yatırımların riske atılmaması için geliştirilen bağlılık 3) Normatif Bağlılık • Doğru olan davranışı sergileme gereği nedeniyle duyulan bağlılık • Kolektif toplumlarda yaygın olarak rastlanır. • Anne figürü • Yalnız kalma korkusu • Çaresiz çocuk figürü • Merkez figür • Baba figürü • Güçsüzlük korkusu YÖNTEM 1) Karpman Drama Üçgeni Ölçeği için pilot çalışma gerçekleştirmek. 2) Çalışanların yöneticilerini algıladıkları drama üçgeni rolü ile örgütsel bağlılık türleri arasındaki ilişkiyi incelemek. GİRİŞ Katılımcılar • 101 özel hastane çalışanı (76 kadın, 25 erkek) • Yaş aralığı 19-60 (ort =39,5) • Eğitim durumu; % 7'si ilkokul mezunu, % 44'ü ortaokul veya lise mezunu ve % 49'u üniversite mezunu

This article describes research that investigates the relationship between life positions (Berne, 1962) and the attachment prototypes of Bartholomew and Horowitz (1991). These two constructs were perceived by the authors to have a... more

This article describes research that investigates the relationship between life positions (Berne, 1962) and the attachment prototypes of Bartholomew and Horowitz (1991). These two constructs were perceived by the authors to have a one-to-one correspondence. “I'm OK, You're OK” (I+U+) was hypothesized to be correlated with secure attachment; “I'm Not OK, You're OK” (I-U+) with preoccupied attachment; “I'm OK, You're Not OK” (I+U-) with the dismissing attachment prototype; and “I'm Not OK, You're Not OK” (I-U-) with fearful attachment. The results of a canonical correlation analysis yielded R = .59, χ2 = 92.92 (df = 16), p < .01, showing a reliable relationship between the two major constructs under investigation. The squared canonical R was .348. This indicates that almost 35% of the variation is shared by life positions and attachment. At a specific level, secure attachment positively correlated with I+U+, r = .44, p < .05. Dismissing attachment...

Codependence as a relational problem that often, but not necessarily always, occurs in conjunction with familial alcoholism. Previous research has shown that various etiological factors resulting from recurring stressful circumstances... more

Codependence as a relational problem that often, but not necessarily always, occurs in conjunction with familial alcoholism. Previous research has shown that various etiological factors resulting from recurring stressful circumstances experienced in childhood or adulthood may contribute to this relation. Another factor arises out of the "submission script" that may be assumed by women living within a culture that typically promotes unequal power between women and men. To examine the prevalence of codependence and its predictors, a cross-sectional study was conducted among a population of 845 young women seeking primary health care in Mexico City. Odds ratio prevalence (ORP) was used to estimate the strength of possible association between codependence and exposure to several factors. A prevalence of 25% of codependence was found. Multivariate analysis revealed that women with a submissive cultural script were nearly eight times more likely to develop codependence than those without this programming. Other relevant factors were having a partner with probable alcohol dependence, a father with alcohol problems, physical and sexual mistreatment by a partner, and a history of emotional mistreatment.

This article presents metacommunicative transactions as a collaborative relational therapeutic method for exploring the unfolding of the therapeutic relationship in the here and now. The theoretical basis of metacommunicative transactions... more

This article presents metacommunicative transactions as a collaborative relational therapeutic method for exploring the unfolding of the therapeutic relationship in the here and now. The theoretical basis of metacommunicative transactions and their similarity to and difference from empathic transactions (Clark, 1991; Hargaden & Sills, 2002) is discussed. Metacommunicative transactions are firmly located within a framework of transactional analysis psychotherapy, and the article describes how they relate to Woollams and Brown's (1979) four rules of therapy. The use of metacommunicative transactions to promote insight into ego states, transactions, games, scripts, and impasses is illustrated along with ways they can be used to invite both client and therapist into autonomous relating. The article concludes with practical guidance for therapists in design and use of metacommunicative transactions in therapeutic practice. ______ Background to This Concept Metacommunicative transactions are not new: Many therapists already use them to great effect in their work. What is new in this article is categorizing such transactions as a specific intervention and providing a systematic framework for using them within transactional analysis psychotherapy. I began exploring metacommunicative transactions after reading Yalom's (2001) excellent book The Gift of Therapy. In it he offers numerous examples of how he uses the here and now of the therapy encounter to productive ends. Safran and Muran (2001) discuss metacommunication in their book Negotiating the Therapeutic Alliance, and it is from their work-which is, in itself, developed from the work of Kiesler (1996)-that I draw the term "metacommunication." I also draw on the work of Maroda (1994/2004) and, from within a trans-actional analysis framework, on the work of Ohlsson (1998), Hargaden and Sills (2002), and Little (2005, 2006). This article is also based on my experience as a trainer and supervisor following numerous discussions with trainees and more experienced practitioners who are interested in working relationally and who struggle to translate theory into practice. It is my hope that this article offers a way to explain a practical method of working relationally, one that is firmly grounded in transactional analysis theory.

Organizational Transactional Analysis (OTA) offers systemic approach to growth and change, both at personal level and at the level of groups and whole organizations. As a theory in the field of social psychology, it promotes and improves... more

Organizational Transactional Analysis (OTA) offers systemic approach to growth and change, both at personal level and at the level of groups and whole organizations. As a theory in the field of social psychology, it promotes and improves communication, enhances relations in the organization and organizational climate, which contributes to increased productivity.
It is a powerful combination of deep philosophy and practices, which provides a simple insight into how improved interpersonal relationships and effective communication lead to improved performance and productivity of the organization. It brings about increased awareness of how interpersonal relationships, organizational processes and productivity are related.
All this makes OTA an especially useful tool for consultants, managers of human resources at anyone working on improving processes and relations within the organization. The present paper aims to identify the opportunities and benefits that those who use and integrate this approach in their work with the people in the organization have.

Critically evaluate how key concepts from TA and Gestalt can throw light on the process of personal development. Refer to at least 3 concepts from TA and Gestalt respectively, (6 in all) in your discussion. With reference to the... more

Critically evaluate how key concepts from TA and Gestalt can throw light on the process of personal development. Refer to at least 3 concepts from TA and Gestalt respectively, (6 in all) in your discussion. With reference to the therapeutic use of the arts, include at least two personal experiences of working with imagery, metaphor and the arts to illustrate your theoretical analysis.

ABSTRACT Drawing from contemporary research on social-cognitive processes and schemas, Pio Scilligo introduced a social-cognitive perspective into his theory and practice of transactional analysis. His distinctive model and understanding... more

ABSTRACT Drawing from contemporary research on social-cognitive processes and schemas, Pio Scilligo introduced a social-cognitive perspective into his theory and practice of transactional analysis. His distinctive model and understanding of ego states represents a significant development of Berne&#39;s original ego states theory, useful both clinically and in research.

This article describes the track record of U.S. acquirors over the past 12 years and the factors that have differentiated successful transactions by equity investors. A key issue in any M&A transaction is that stock market reacts... more

This article describes the track record of U.S. acquirors over the past 12 years and the factors that have differentiated successful transactions by equity investors. A key issue in any M&A transaction is that stock market reacts positively to the transaction in the short run whether the acquiror's stock outperforms its peers in the long run. Several studies found that most acquisitions fail to create value for acquirors. Further, there is huge variation in acquisition outcomes, from very positive to very negative, which suggests that acquisition execution can play a significant role in creating value.

This paper focuses on the risks that the parties may face when applying Standby Letter of credit and how to overcome these risks. In international payments, standby letter of credit is a popular form of guarantee for contract performance,... more

This paper focuses on the risks that the parties may face when applying Standby Letter of credit and how to overcome these risks. In international payments, standby letter of credit is a popular form of guarantee for contract performance, partly because it provides protection for both importer and exporter of a transaction. However, it has also revealed carried risks for the applicant, the beneficiary and the issuer of a Standby Letter of credit. This research will go deeper to clarify the risks and draw the corresponding solutions to better application of this method.
Our research paper includes 3 major contents: The first is “Overview of Standby Letter of credit”. In this part, we provide information about the definition and the main types of a Standby Letter of credit, which parties participates in the transaction and how a Standby Letter of credit performs. Secondly, it is “The risks that the parties which involves in may face”, including the risks for applicant, beneficiary and the issuer (usually the bank). The last part is “Solutions that disentangle these risks”.
We hope to offer useful information to help you learn more about Standby Letter of credit as well as how it has operated in international trade.

8 się w manierę maskowania intelektualnej niepewności dłużyznami, niejasnością wywodów, czy pseudonaukowymi dywagacjami. Przeświadczenie Berne'a było zatem zgodne z tym, o czym pisał swego czasu -jakże trafnie -Artur Schopenhauer,... more

8 się w manierę maskowania intelektualnej niepewności dłużyznami, niejasnością wywodów, czy pseudonaukowymi dywagacjami. Przeświadczenie Berne'a było zatem zgodne z tym, o czym pisał swego czasu -jakże trafnie -Artur Schopenhauer, charakteryzując styl niektórych naukowców: "Aby ukryć niedostatek rzeczywistych myśli, budują sobie niektórzy imponujący aparat długich, złożonych słów, zawikłanych banałów, niekończących się okresów, nowych i niesłyszanych wcześniej wyrażeń, z czego powstaje możliwie trudny i uczenie brzmiący żargon. Jednakowoż niczego nam to wszystko nie mówi: człowiek nie chwyta żadnej myśli, nie czuje, żeby przybyło mu choćby odrobinę wiedzy; można jedynie westchnąć: klekot m³yna s³yszê doskonale, tylko m¹ki nie widzê; albo też nie dostrzegam nazbyt wyraźnie, jakie ubogie, pospolite, płaskie i prostackie poglądy kryją się za tym bombastycznym stylem" 6 . Wartość prostoty języka AT dobitnie ujął Thomas Harris -jeden z uczniów Berne'a -stwierdzając: "Słownictwo analizy transakcyjnej jest precyzyjnym narzędziem terapii, ponieważ za pomocą języka, który każdy może zrozumieć, opisuje sprawy, które rzeczywiście istnieją, mówi o realnych doświadczeniach, które naprawdę zdarzyły się w życiu rzeczywiście istniejących ludzi," 7 . Można powiedzieć, że częste kolokwializmy języka AT zostały wykorzystane w służbie klientów i ich terapeutów. Mają służyć temu, aby każdy był zdolny do własnej analizy oraz analizy swoich transakcji z innymi ludźmi. Zabieg ten stworzył jednak wiele dodatkowych trudności zarówno translatorskich, jak i nastręczył wielu kłopotów osobom poznającym dopiero wspomnianą teorię, dla których może stanowić ona prawdziwie leksykalną dżunglę, pełną hermetycznych zwrotów, czy egzotycznych lub dziwacznych określeń.

Drawing on field theory and social constructivism, the authors present a dynamic, cocreative approach to transactional analysis. This approach emphasizes the presentcentered nature of the therapeutic relationship-or therapeutic... more

Drawing on field theory and social constructivism, the authors present a dynamic, cocreative approach to transactional analysis. This approach emphasizes the presentcentered nature of the therapeutic relationship-or therapeutic relatineand the cocreative nature of transactions, scripts, ego states, and games. The authors frame this

A review of early TA material on autonomy up to 1997, followed by a revision of the script matrix diagram into an autonomy matrix, together with a description of five elements of autonomy.

The Challenge of Growth» was not only the theme of the 2011 World TA Conference in Bilbao, Spain, this past July, it was also the reality faced by our group of colleagues as we worked for more than a year to realize the aims of the four... more

The Challenge of Growth» was not only the theme of the 2011 World TA Conference in Bilbao, Spain, this past July, it was also the reality faced by our group of colleagues as we worked for more than a year to realize the aims of the four sponsoring associations: EATA, ITAA, ATAA, and APPHAT. As the conference organizers, we had to keep in mind that we were not only a group of individuals who trusted each other but also representatives of those organizations. We were given the task of creating a space in which transactional analysis practitioners from around the world could come together to talk and present about the ways TA can contribute to growth in many fields of application.

Prinsloo, G.J. (2014). Automatic positioner and control system for a motorized parabolic solar reflector. MSc Thesis, Stellenbosch University. p 1-142. DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.1.1130.3522 This project deals with the CAD design and construction... more

Prinsloo, G.J. (2014). Automatic positioner and control system for a motorized parabolic solar reflector. MSc Thesis, Stellenbosch University. p 1-142. DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.1.1130.3522
This project deals with the CAD design and construction of an automatic Solar Tracking system for Sun Tracking and Sun Following based upon the sun vector and the sun's position at any given time and the position of the sun for any GPS location on the earth. It drives hybrid solar Stirling technology for thermal and electricity generation and finds application in smart microgrid development for power and energy distribution an dispatch in off-grid and grid-tied applications. Automatic sun tracker positioner and control system for a motorized parabolic dish solar reflector and mechatronic solar tracking control system project describes the development and CAD design in a dual-axis sun tracker application for a stand-alone off-grid 3 kW solar electrical self-tracking concentrating solar power system. This autonomous power stand-alone solar tracking application and parabolic collector harness sunlight in a dish Stirling system or concentrated photovoltaic system by implementing a dynamic mechatronic platform and digital electronic control system for an autonomous concentrating solar power for CSP and CPV. The same sun tracker can also be used in solar PV photovoltaic where the solar panels follow the sun throughout the day. Design specifications required a high-precision automatic positioning and solar tracking control system for a self-tracking motorized parabolic solar collector with an optical solar harnessing capacity of 12 kW solar thermal. The solar receiver is a point-focussing parabolic dish that pinpoints towards the sun to collect sun energy, but may also be a line-focussing solar trough. Stand alone off-grid concentrated solar and solar tracking system require intelligent digital control approaches to ensure optimal energy efficiency and management of the power budget. In co-generation systems, this is especially true for digitally controlled solar micro combined heat and power (mCHP or CHP), solar micro combined cooling heating and power (mCCHP or CCHP) trigeneration and polygeneration type systems that feed into microgrid and smartgrid systems in district power systems, remote areas, island power, rural villages, eco-estate housing schemes and industrial process heating systems.