Wars of Religion Research Papers (original) (raw)

Cette communication, rédigée pour un colloque virtuel à Nantes en novembre 2020 au sujet de la "Diplomatie rebelle au XVIe siècle" par Fabrice Micallef et Matthieu Gellard, analyse les agents diplomatiques et politiques du jeune prince Henri I de Condé. La communication sera publiée dans les actes du colloque par les Presses universitaires de Rennes.

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- Wars of Religion, French Wars of Religion, French Huguenots, Henri III de France
- by Mark Charles Fissel
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- Arms and Armor Studies, Wars of Religion, Swiss History, Medieval Archaeology

This is an excerpt from a draft version of my book A God of Our Invention: How Religion Shaped the Western World (Apocryphile Press, 2023). I've extracted just a few sections here so as to present some of my ideas on how the idea of God has driven war, and how, even when God is supposedly not involved, other ideologies replace him. The key to reducing war, I submit, lies only partly in removing God; the true solution requires minimizing all ideologies. While I cite sources and scholarly works, the book this note is extracted from is intended for a general audience, not an academic one. Comments welcome, especially on whether I've accurately reported the historical details.

- by Dan Kohanski
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- History of Religion, French Revolution, Wars of Religion, Religious Pluralism

The conflict between ethics and realism in politics is as topical today as it ever was. Lipsius accesses it through ancient Greek and Roman literature, searching for a middle road between 'Machiavellian deviousness and impractical morality. The edition includes newly discovered source material which explains Lipsius' struggle with the Vatican religious authorities over his ideas.

- by Jan Waszink
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- History, Intellectual History, Ethics, Wars of Religion

This book examines John Calvin’s sense of vocation. 1) It begins with an analysis of thinking on prophecy in early, medieval, and Reformation theology. 2) It finds Calvin within a non-mystical, non-apocalyptic prophetic tradition... more

- by Jon Balserak
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- Religion, Christianity, History, European History
- by Liesbeth Corens and +5
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- Information Systems, History, Cultural History, Archival Studies
- by David Trim
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- Military History, Reformation History, Reformation Studies, Wars of Religion
- by stefano Tabacchi
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- Early Modern History, Reformation Studies, Wars of Religion, 16th Century France

According to Giorgio Agamben, a “state of exception” is established by the sovereign's decision to suspend the law, and the archetypical state of exception is the Nazi concentration camp. At the same time, Agamben notes that boundaries have become blurred since then, such that even spaces like refugee camps can be thought of as states of exception because they are both inside and outside the law. This article draws on the notion of the state of exception in order to examine the Syrian refugee camp cum shrine town of Sayyida Zaynab as well as to analyze questions of religious authority, ritual practice, and pious devotion to Sayyida Zaynab. Though Sayyida Zaynab and many of her Twelver Shiʿi devotees resemble Agamben's figure of homo sacer, who marked the origin of the state of exception, they also defy Agamben's theory that humans necessarily become animal-like, leading nothing more than “bare lives” (or zoē) in states of exception.

- by Edith Szanto
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- Critical Theory, Religion, Sociology of Religion, Anthropology

This edited volume examines how transregional elites were pivotal actors during the Wars of Religion. It centers around the figure of Antoine de Croÿ, the Prince of Porcien, serving Condé and the Calvinist cause, but stemming from a transregional house with landed patrimony on the French-Habsburg border with the Low Countries. Hence, the volume brings an entangled history of the French and Dutch Wars of Religion

- by Violet Soen and +2
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- Wars of Religion, Landed Nobility, Medieval Nobility, French Wars of Religion
- by Alberto Clerici
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- Early Modern History, Legal History, Revolutions, Wars of Religion
- by John Weisweiler
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- Roman Historiography, Wars of Religion, Byzantine Studies, Ancient Historiography

The purpose of this article is to analyse works connected to the death of Charles IX Valois. In particular, we will focus on the image of the blood of the dead king. Analysis of Charles’ autopsy, as well as the account of the court intrigue characterizing the last months of his life, provides the context in which this flow of propaganda took place. Catholic sources, especially funeral sermons by court preacher Arnaud Sorbin, cast light on the image of the blood of Charles IX as the blood of a ‘saint’ and a ‘martyr’ king. We will also show how Sorbin’s sermons related to Henri III’s succession to the throne given the tense situation at court. Finally, analysis of Reformed sources, both contemporary to Charles’ death and later, outline how Calvinists tried to dishonour the ‘tyrant’ through references to his blood and by characterizing his death as divine justice.

- by Gianmarco Braghi
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- History of Medicine, Renaissance Studies, Wars of Religion, Political History
- by Jérémie Foa
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- French History, French Studies, Wars of Religion, Controversies

From the back cover:
Jean Rou (1638-1711), was a Huguenot scholar, educator and civil servant. Despite having an established career as a lawyer at the Parlement de Paris, he chose instead to dedicate himself to scholarly publications. After being accused of offending the Catholic Church in his Tables de l’histoire universelle moderne (1675) and consequently imprisoned in the Bastille, Rou had to leave France. Initially, he went to England, where he was employed as a tutor. After a short return to his motherland, where he taught local nobles, he was invited to The Hague, in the United Provinces, to teach the sons of Cornelis van Aerssen van Sommelsdijk, the future governor of Suriname. Finally, in 1689, Jean Rou was appointed as translator of the States-General of the United Provinces.
Based on his memoirs and extensive archival sources, this book offers a biographical study on Jean Rou. It focuses on the means by which he established and managed his career in France and abroad. It also presents a comparative examination of the educational ideas and practices of Jean Rou and his position as a man of letters. Although Jean Rou is in the centre of this book, it offers a fascinating insight into intellectual and social practices of Huguenots at his time from two angles that have been rarely discussed before.

- by Michael Green
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- Religion, History, Intellectual History, Cultural History
- by Jérémie Foa
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- French History, Peace and Conflict Studies, Violence, Early Modern History

The defence in the Politica of the application of certain forms of fraus by princes, under specific conditions, and Lipsius' secular religious policy, based on reason of state, represent a crucial step in the 'emancipation' of reason of state as an accepted category of political thought, and in the rise of realist discourse as a competitor to moralism in politics. However, the realist and politique doctrines which the Politica promotes were controversial in Lipsius' own time and met with serious resistance, especially from religious readers. Lipsius openly confronts the problem of the gap between biblical commandments and the 'realpolitische' approach he defended. However he does not present a real solution, but simply elevates the political perspective over the religious one, and implies that the political duties of a prince towards society do not allow him to refuse necessary but immoral measures for fear for his own salvation: and that in the end the Lord will judge a prince from within the context of his difficult and responsible task.
The objections formulated by the various consultores of the Vatican Index, and the threat of a ban on the Politica, are a clear example of the objections that existed against reason of state argumentation. Although Lipsius undertook a revision of the Politica, the revised edition, as published from 1596 onwards, did not realign the Politica with the generally accepted political ethics of its time. In fact, one may find it surprising that the Politica ultimately disappeared from the Index. Although several of Lipsius' views and innovations met with tenacious resistance within the Catholic Church, the inconsistent stance of the Church as a whole towards the views in question meant that the parts of the Church charged with that task, did not, or did not succeed in, imposing a ban on Lipsius' political work.

- by Jan Waszink
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- History, Intellectual History, Ethics, Wars of Religion

The chapter considers the distinctive, and radical, nature of the religious pacification known as the Peace of Monsieur (May, 1576). It analyzes it in the context of the military and political situation in which the crown found itself,... more

This course examines European attitudes to religious pluralism from the Reformation to the French Revolution. The great schism within medieval Christendom opened the door to a proliferation of new denominations, and introduced new and often radical beliefs and ideas that we take for granted today. Religious cohabitation became one of the most debated issues of the early modern period and generally resulted in wars, persecution, peaceful coexistence or exile. Looking at both national case studies and controversies from France, Britain, Germany, Switzerland, the Dutch Republic, and transnational communities like the Huguenot diaspora, the course will take a comparative approach to religious tolerance to shed light on the origins of our multi-confessional societies.

- by Lionel Laborie
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- Early Modern History, French Revolution, Reformation History, Radical Reformation
- by Monica Preti and +1
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- Art History, Urban History, Renaissance Art, Reformation Studies
- by Sylvio Hermann De Franceschi
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- French History, Wars of Religion

Une analyse de l'héritage matériel et familial de Louis I de Condé, essentiellement dans les années 1569-1576, préparée pour un colloque sur Louis de Condé, organisé par Hugues Daussy à Chantilly en 2019, dont les actes seront publiés... more

- by Mark Greengrass
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- Wars of Religion, Early Modern France, French Wars of Religion, French Huguenots

This is a translation, originally for the use of students studying French history, of the journal of a priest of Bourges who made the transition from minor Catholic cleric to Protestant. His journal illustrates the secular and religious life of the city in terms of, to him, unusual events. It culminates in the siege of Bourges by the royal army in 1562.

- by David Potter
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- French Reformation, Wars of Religion, City Life, French Catholic clergy
- by Gabriel Guarino
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- History, European History, Military History, European Studies

The notion of religious war emerged for the first time at the end of the 16th century. The use of this term increased immensely during the time of the Thirty Years’ War via printed media. Yet, a widespread discussion of the phenomenon only started towards the end of the 17th century. War of religion became a constant political keyword. The idea gained its historiographical importance through its usage in the actual political debate. The aim of this research is to question the development of the concept of religious war, the underlying perception of history and the labelling of an era with this term. The thesis will confine itself to three territories where in the late 17th and early 18th century examples of confessional conflicts were intertwined with the debate on religious wars: France, England and the Holy Roman Empire. The scope of the study is, nevertheless, widened to the European arena by examining the decisive influence the last wars of Louis XIV had on the perception of religious wars. In fact, both the Nine Years’ War and the War of the Spanish Succession were perceived by contemporaries as wars of religion. The printed propaganda of Louis XIV as well as that of his allied enemies contributed largely to this perception by legitimising their respective politics. Thus, France and the wars of Louis XIV had a shaping role of the discussion on religious wars. In sum, the connection of confessional conflicts, international politics and the personality of the French king led to the Europeanisation of the debate on religious war.

About the Italian illustrator Sergio Toppi (1932-2012). Published in Dal realismo magico al fumetto. Laboratorio per lo studio letterario del fumetto, a cura di Alessandro Scarsella e Giuseppina Turano, Venezia, Granviale Editori, 2012... more

About the Italian illustrator Sergio Toppi (1932-2012).
Published in Dal realismo magico al fumetto. Laboratorio per lo studio letterario del fumetto, a cura di Alessandro Scarsella e Giuseppina Turano, Venezia, Granviale Editori, 2012 [ISBN 978-88-95991-14-6], pp. 103-110

- by Stefano Trovato
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- Comics Studies, African History, Africa, Wars of Religion

The fall of the Taifa of Granada marked an end to an era for the Islamic world. Since Muhammad’s first conquest of Mecca in 629, the Islamic world had enjoyed periods of great success in their military conquests; barely 125 years since the death of Muhammad, Muslims had control over all of Persia, Arabia, the North African coastline, and parts of Asia Minor and the Spanish Peninsula. Having come so far and achieved so much in an astonishingly short time, there is little doubt why many believed that Allah truly did favor the Muslim cause. History is not stagnant however and this worldview did not last forever. In the events of Radwa Ashour’s Granada, the Muslim population underwent a tumultuous reversal of fortune and adaptations to a new regime, one that has prohibited all association with their previous way of life. While the family of Abu Jaafar did experience varying degrees of resistance against the Spanish conquerors, they nevertheless were forced to find some way to reconcile their spiritual conflicts and live under a new Christian sovereign, or face deportation, execution, or worse.

Among the worst cases of villainous distortion and hateful misinformation as regards Turkey’s secular identity and secularized Islam is the paranoid and pathetic composition of the Indian, masqueraded American, Fareed Zakaria. Dangerous more than Ossama bin Laden, the purported Muslim emigrant from Bombay pursues an unprecedented and sophisticated policy of subversion that should bring forth disastrous results and far reaching ramifications.
The disguised as moderate Muslim, Indian-born, American represents one of the most serious threats against the United States’ role in the world, against Western Democracy, and against the possibility of de-barbarizing and humanizing today’s deviate, erratic and terrorist Islam. He does so because he got this sort of lectures from his illustrious professor: Samuel Huntington. Fareed Zakaria knows his professor’s plan and acts accordingly.
Published in the American Chronicle, Buzzle, and AfroArticles on 25th May 2007
Republished in Aram Nahrin on the same day

- by Shamsaddin Megalommatis
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- History, Cultural History, Cultural Studies, International Relations

Le but de cette étude est de répondre à la question de savoir comment s’est établie une conception, comment est née une représentation historique, comment enfin a été délimitée l’époque de la « guerre de religion ». Le terme de « guerre de religion » apparaît déjà sporadiquement à la fin du XVIe siècle. Il se trouve plus fréquemment dans les imprimés de l’époque de la guerre de Trente Ans. Cependant, une discussion élargie de ce phénomène ne s’établit qu’au seuil du XVIIIe siècle. Aussi bien la guerre de Neuf Ans que la guerre de Succession d’Espagne sont perçues comme des guerres de religion. La propagande de Louis XIV et des Alliés, ses ennemis, y a contribué largement en cherchant à rendre légitimes leurs politiques respectives. Ainsi la France et les guerres du Très Chrétien ont joué un rôle déterminant dans la discussion sur la guerre de religion – qui paraît impensable sans la personne et sans la politique du roi. La guerre de religion ne devient qu’à cette époque-là un mot-clé politique. L’idée de guerre de religion ne gagne son statut historiographique que dans le débat politique du siècle de Louis XIV.

- by Christian Mühling
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- European History, International Relations, French History, History of Religion
- by Christian Guerra
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- Wars of Religion, Political History, Protestantism, 16th Century (History)

There is no comprehensive definition of a civil war that all scholars agree upon. The simplest definition is that of a violent conflict in which organized groups within a country fight against each other for political control (of the center, a region, or over a separatist state) or to change government policies. According to the fuller definition developed largely by J. David Singer and Melvin Small, a civil war is an armed conflict that has: (1) challenged the sovereignty of an internationally recognized state; (2) occurred within the recognized boundaries of that state; (3) involved the state as one of the principal combatants; (4) included rebels with the ability to mount an organized opposition; (5) involved parties concerned with the prospect of living together in the same political unit after the end of the war; and (6) caused more than one thousand deaths.

- by Johanna Granville
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- Geopolitics, Sovereignty, Wars of Religion, Ideology
- by Jérémie Foa
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- Intellectual History, French History, Peace and Conflict Studies, Violence

L’article s’interroge sur la contribution pratique – et non théorique ni théologique – des guerres de Religion à l’émergence d’un espace privé. Car répéter, après Claudel, que « le protestant prie seul », en inférant cette solitude de lectures théologiques, revient à naturaliser un processus historique, à négliger les luttes et les stratégies qui, dans un cadre historique et législatif très contraignant, ont poussé la maison protestante à s’éloigner de la rue. Or, oublier à la fois la dimension spatiale des guerres de Religion et l’étiologie conflictuelle des catégories de perception de l’espace, c’est contribuer à rebours à une forme d’amnésie collective dont il faut au contraire écrire l’histoire.

- by Jérémie Foa
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- History, Human Geography, Peace and Conflict Studies, Violence

In 1569, Pius v dispatched an expeditionary force to assist the royal armies in the Third War of Religion in France. This was the background against which the Jesuit Antonio Possevino, commissioned by Superior General Francisco de Borja and the militant pope himself, published Il soldato christiano, a short book that outlined a spiritual model of the disciplined soldier, far from previous heroic and aristocratic archetypes. Copies of the catechism were distributed to the officers and chaplains who accompanied the contingent. This essay aims to analyze the conditions in which the papal military intervention in France was conceived and the effects of Jesuit catechesis on the men who made up the papal army, as well as their reactions to this encroachment of “confessionalization” into the profession of arms.

- by Gianclaudio Civale
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- French History, Tridentine Catholicism, Calvinism, Wars of Religion
- by Martino Laurenti
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- Wars of Religion

L’article se propose de montrer comment, au travers des épreuves d’identification auxquelles les réformés sont soumis tandis qu’ils espèrent rentrer chez eux, se jouent non seulement une (re)définition de l’appartenance et de l’identité municipales comme nationales, mais surtout des critères et des agents aptes à déterminer cette appartenance : être « Français », s’avouer sujet du roi suffit-il à s’installer partout, comme le prétendent de nombreux réformés ? Faut-il au contraire être natif ou connu pour aspirer à rentrer ? Le roi peut-il forcer des villes à accueillir des hommes qu’elles ne reconnaissent pas ? Ce faisant, c’est non seulement la définition de l’appartenance urbaine qui est ébranlée mais aussi l’articulation des appartenances locales et nationales qui est réinterrogée à la faveur des paix de religion.

- by Jérémie Foa
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- History, Early Modern History, Reformation History, Wars of Religion
- by Eric Durot
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- Wars of Religion, Transnational History, Early Modern France, Early Modern Scotland
- by Bertrand Haan
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- Wars of Religion, French Wars of Religion, War and Religion, Guerres de religion