Military Revolution Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Engravings Depicting the Polotsk Campaign in 1579 as a Homogeneous Cartographic Composition Th e paper presents seven plans of fortresses (Polotsk, Sokil, Kazyany, Krasne, Turovla, Susza and Sitno) and a map of the principality of Polotsk by Stanisław Pachołowiecki. Th e analysis indicates that plans of fortifi cations and hydrogeologic conditions were integrated into a previously existing operational map of the principality of Polotsk. Th erefore, eight printed maps and plans constitute a joint work that was uniformly fi nished by one author (Stanisław Pachołowiecki or Giovanni Battista Cavalieri). Th e map of the principality of Polotsk features Russian fortifi ca-tions in the form of two-dimensional projections. Th e strongholds were depicted in a reliable manner, both in terms of shape and the number of towers. Such a representation of settlement symbols was an innovative solution in Renaissance carto g-raphy. Not until the 17 th century were such means known and they did not appear on a broader scale until the 1730s.

The present paper will investigate pardon letters or “lettres de rémission” granted to soldiers by the Valois dukes of Burgundy from 1386 to 1482. During this period, the chancery records contain 885 remission letters by which the prince granted his pardon to individuals who committed a crime and petitioned for mercy. This large amount of documents includes more than 15 percent of pardons granted to petitioners who served or had served the dukes in their armies. In the narrative parts of their letters, these soldiers insisted on their military pasts as a good reason to be pardoned. The purpose of this paper is to study the contents of these military pardons to underline how they contributed to shape a collective military identity in the Burgundian State. Following the works of Christopher Allmand, according to whom fifteenth-century leaders undertook to transform their soldiers into professional State agents, I will argue that military pardons were used by the dukes of Burgundy as a tool of social disciplining. Because they granted a large amount of pardons to their soldiers who affirmed their military identity in their petitions, the dukes promoted the military service as a motive to be forgiven. And because they only forgave simple homicides and refused to pardon typical war crimes such as pillage, rape, or even desertion, they indicated which kind of behaviour was worthy for the good Burgundian soldier, and which one was not.

- by Quentin Verreycken
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- History, Strategy (Military Science), Self and Identity, Medieval History

Lewis and Maslin explore geological markers for the beginning of the "Anthropocene"-beginning, in their periodization, in either 1492 (naming the birth of capitalism as the cause of planetary crisis) or 1945 (naming elitedriven militarization as its cause). In this essay, I argue for a synthesis of these two dynamics, locating both the birth of capitalism and a transformation of elite-driven militarization in the conquest of the New World during the Long Sixteenth Century. As such, I propose narrating planetary history through a "capitalocene as polemocene," "the age of capital as an age of war" framework.

- by Mark Charles Fissel
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- Arms and Armor Studies, Tudor England, Military Revolution, Gun Control
- by Martin Solte
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- Global History, Military Revolution, Private military contractors, Thirty Years War
- by Jeremy Murray
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- Military History, Historiography, Military Revolution, Sweden
- by James O'Neill
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- Early Modern History, Gaelic Ireland, Irish History, Military Revolution

The aim of the article is to show the way of adaptation of the military potential of the Crown to the Tatar threat, which first emerged in 1468. In connection with the particular geopolitical situation we present the dissimilarity of military reforms from those in Western Europe. In order to prevent Tatar raids, a standing frontier army (obrona potoczna or Permanent Defense) was formed. In the 1520s, an innovative strategy was developed which involved creating two defense lines with a very deep reconnaissance, 500 kilometers east of Lviv, already on the territory of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. The consequence of applying the new model of defense was a new type of armed forces developed approximately two decades later, the cossack cavalry. The article presents a phenomenon of the creation a unified, in terms of weaponry, light cavalry, the process of which took place in the 1540s and 50s. Earlier the troops had consisted of soldiers differently equipped and armored and using various horses. Out of this chaos there emerged more unified units, which was the result of experiences of south-east borderline defense. The article emphasizes it was neither commanders-in-chief nor political and governmental factors that played a key role in the tactical innovation was mid-level commanders (starosts, rotmistrzes). It was their experiments with different types of arms that brought about a revolution in the rearmament and uniformity of the cavalry. The paper indicates that the main originator of the transformations was the starost of Bar and Trembowla Bernard Pretwicz. A clear influence of political decisions and strategic concepts on the final
transformations in the warfare tactics should be noted.

- by Karol Łopatecki
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- Military History, Tactics (Military Science), Modernization, Military Revolution
- by Eduardo De Mesa Gallego
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- Military History, Military Science, Early Modern History, Spanish History

The arrival in Ireland of Charles Blount, Lord Mountjoy at the start of 1600, and his subsequent reforms are often seen as a dividing line between Irish success and eventual defeat during the Nine Years War. Yes, he did establish Sir Henry Docwra’s garrison in Derry, which was crucial in trammelling Irish operations, and he did reform the English army into an instrument fit to take on Tyrone. Nevertheless, even the finest officers fielded by Elizabethan England came perilously close to failure when fighting Tyrone in his own backyard; the Moyry Pass.

- by James O'Neill
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- Early Modern History, Gaelic Ireland, Battlefield Archaeology, Military Revolution

Scientific methods and concepts have been exerting a powerful influence on the exercising of armed force since the Scientific Revolution and the dawn of the modern era. In association with the respective technologies of the clock, engine and computer, the scientific theories of mechanism, thermodynamics, and cybernetics have all in turn been recruited to shape distinct approaches to the challenges of imposing order on the chaos of the battlefield. Today, it is on the basis of the new sciences of chaos and complexity that the latest regime of the scientific way of warfare is being erected. Chaoplexic warfare draws on the study of nonlinear phenomena of self-organization to propose a radical decentralization of armed forces through the adoption of the network form. For all its present flaws, network-centric warfare and its operational concepts of self-synchronization and swarming mark an important step on the path to chaoplexic warfare.

"Una battaglia europea" lo fu veramente quella combattuta il 20 giugno 1719 a Francavilla di Sicilia. Si affrontarono Austriaci e Spagnoli, ma insieme a loro soldati di varie nazionalità, non esclusi i Siciliani. Il volume raccoglie gli interventi di studiosi italiani ed europei al Convegno internazionale di studi storici, che affrontò in occasione del Tricentenario l'impegno di colmare la carenza di studi sulla guerra di Sicilia (1718-1720) nel quadro della Quadruplice Alleanza. Sotto l'egida della Società Italiana di Storia Militare, i saggi offrono un contributo solidamente ancorato alla "new military history".

- by Elina Gugliuzzo and +6
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- Military History, Historiography, Spanish History, Military Revolution

The ‘Nine Years War’ in Ireland saw violence and upheaval which brought the authority of the English crown to the point of collapse, but also resulted in the completion of the Tudor conquest and the eradication of native Irish laws and social order. This thesis examines the conduct and impact of the Nine Years War in the context of military transformations occurring in continental Europe. The effects of the modernising influences of the ‘military revolution’ on the native Irish military are explored, and also the reciprocal development and response of the forces of the English crown. This is achieved by studying the war at strategic, operational and tactical levels, the role of combat, the methodology and equipment used and development of doctrine. Furthermore the increased intensity of war precipitated higher levels of brutality and civilian victimisation. Therefore this study examines the role and extent of atrocity and aggression against civilians in Ireland and compares this with the experience of war in contemporary Europe.
Key issues engaged with are the strategy behind both Irish and English campaigns, the degree to which the war can be considered a guerrilla war, the use of fortifications by the Irish, and the fatal weaknesses in the forces raised by O’Neill and his confederates. In addition non-combat characteristics of the war are examined such as the native economy, manufacturing, the command and control of military forces, and Irish military logistics. Detailed examination of the course and key moments of the war provides significant insight into attitudes in early modern Ireland with regards to modernisation, innovation and the social relationships between the native Irish, and the Old English and New English.

- by James O'Neill
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- Tudor History, Early Modern Ireland, Gaelic Ireland, Irish History

This paper examines the nature of massacres in England and Wales between 1642 and 1646 during the First English Civil War. Historians have generally argued the war in England was civilised and conducted with little brutality and outrage, in contrast to wars in Ireland and the Continent. This paper argues that there were several massacres in the wars and that they resulted from religious tension and varied interpretations of the laws of war and that the situation was remarkably similar to conflict elsewhere in Europe in the period.

Mariano Taccola’s eques scoppiectarius: an armoured knight who uses a hand-cannonon horseback.
This drawing was probably inspired by the vivacious construction of firearms in Siena, making
this city one of the main centers for the best master craftsman of hand-cannons and casters.
Taccola integrated his sketch with ample tag-lines which clarify mechanisms and inner workings
of hand-firearms of the mid fifteenth century, and also the relationship between architects and
military engineers. However, presently it is unknown whether this expedient was ever employed.
The earliest evidence of firearms being used on horseback is of the 1510, but their use can be traced
back to the years of Taccola idea.

The transformation of war is a major problem in the study of Early Modern military history. This history dissertation addresses the pace and nature of military transformation in a war between Sweden and Denmark in 1643-1645. The focus of this investigation is on insurgency and small war between soldiers, armed peasants, and hybrid contingents of both in Scania, Norway, Jutland, and Holstein during the final years of the Thirty Years War.

- by Olli Bäckström
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- Military Revolution, Swedish History, Danish History, Thirty Years' War

This Thesis is about Sebastian Le Preste de Vauban, a French Military engineer and Architect who fought with the French army, under King Louis XIV throughout the seventeenth century. His ideas on fortification and siege warfare changed the scale for future engineers to adopt his methods. The thesis is structured into three chapters that focus on Vauban’s innovations and his legacy after his death in 1707. The first chapter is an overview of the Military Revolution that occurred in the Seventeenth century and how new innovations on weaponry, fortification and siege warfare inspired Vauban to create his own methods. The second chapter follows onto Vauban himself and discusses in depth his ideas on siege warfare and fortification. The introduction of the parallel trenches and using geometry for his fortification designs were just some of Vauban’s ideas he brought to the table. The third chapter concludes on Vauban’s legacy in the eighteenth century. This chapter looks at Vauban’s influences on other cities such as Vienna in a series of maps and comparing them to his own work in France. Vauban was the centre of literature historical and fictional writers who used his work to create their own stories and analysis. The chapter concludes on French engineers Marc Réne de Montalembert and Michel Chartier de Lotbiniere who studied Vauban’s techniques in order to create their own work.
Note: This was a bachelor thesis I undertook and the research methods and/or source may be useful for others, who are researching in a related field

- by James Reidy
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- Military History, French History, Military Revolution, 17th century Europe

Boosted by superior firearms and competent riverine transportation, Cossack explorers of the Muscovite empire encountered little resistance in their eastward expansion across Siberia until they reached the Amur frontiers. The Cossacks arrived in 1643 and gained notoriety as Buddhist demons (luocha 羅剎) for plundering the Mongol-Tungusic tribes of the region during the latter half of the seventeenth century. There ensued an effective military counterthrust by continental East Asians, including the Manchus, a new rising power in North China; Amurian natives such as the Daurs, Juchers, and Nanais; and Korean musketeers hailing from the Chosŏn dynasty. During the battles of 1654 and 1658, disciplined Korean musketeers known as Big Heads (taeduin 大頭人) outgunned the Russians and helped repulse their incursions into the inner reaches of the Amur region. These marksmen were products of the Korean Musketry Revolution during the seventeenth century, which revamped the Chosŏn army around en masse infantry tactics and firearms units. These tactical changes sparked broader institutional changes within and beyond the Korean military apparatus, triggering a drastic growth in army size and challenging existing practices of commerce, conscription, census taking, and taxation. These reforms, though decelerated around the mid-eighteenth century, attest to the capabilities of seventeenth-century Chosŏn to successfully adapt to the challenges of early modern warfare, which increasingly harnessed the power of firearms and disciplined soldiers. This narrative of the Big Heads and Buddhist Demons explores new ground in understanding transcultural trends of musket-based warfare and joins Korea to the burgeoning field of global military history.

- by Hyeok Hweon "H. H." Kang
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- Korean History, Military Revolution, Cossacks, Manchuria

Motivi della ricerca, fonti e breve quadro storico pag.5

- by Nicola Guerra
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- Religion, History, European History, Military History

En este trabajo hacemos una revisión bibliográfica sobre las guerras que tuvieron lugar en Italia desde finales del S. XV hasta mediados del S. XVI. Atenderemos a los principales protagonistas de los hechos, analizando los motivos que... more

This article provides an alternative view for examining Revolutions in Military Affairs (RMAs), perceiving them both as sociopolitical institutions and as war-fighting models. The weaknesses in the ways in which the RMA theory has been approached are analyzed, resulting in the formation of three different, but parallel, paradigms of the RMA phenomenon (the Social Wave, the Radical Transformation, and the Continuity and Evolution). Two historical case studies, the Napoleonic RMA and the First World War RMA, are used in order to draw out the lessons learned regarding past revolutions and to examine the validity of the paradigms.

- by Andrew N Liaropoulos
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- Military History, Strategy (Military Science), War Studies, Napoleonic Wars
- by James O'Neill
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- Military History, Irish History, Military Revolution, Nine Years War (1594-1603)

Quisiera agradecer en primer lugar la ayuda y el apoyo prestado por el profesor Bernardo García y la Fundación Carlos de Amberes, sin las cuales esta investigación no hubiera sido posible, muchas gracias de todo corazón. Al profesor Fernando Andrés le doy las gracias por todos los desvelos que ha tenido por mí en la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid. A los profesores Antonio Álvarez-Ossorio, Declan Downey, Alicia Esteban Estríngana, Enrique García Hernán y Brian Jackson, director del John Hume Institute for Global Irish Studies, University College of Dublin, les agradezco su constante aliento y auxilio. También a los doctores Benjamin Hazard y Antonio Rodríguez.

The popular image of the zenith of Irish martial vigour has tended to be the romanticised Celtic warrior with spear, sword and shield. This image was not just the preserve of the Celtic revival’s artistic interpretation of Irish mythology, but was also seen in the deliberately archaised writings of Lughaidh Ó Clérigh in the early seventeenth century, whose description of the Battle of the Yellow Ford in 1598 resembled a clash between the Iron Age heroes of myth and the modern forces of the English invaders, but Ó Clérigh’s version was also a myth. The armies of Hugh O’Neill did not reflect their primitive antecedents, but indicated the wholesale adoption of new methods and technology, which were dominating the battlefields of Europe. Moreover the speed of the change and the abandonment of traditional military practice, demonstrated that in military terms the Irish were not rooted in the past but were eager to align themselves with the dynamism of contemporary European martial culture. Indeed this willingness to embrace modernity played a significant role in their eventual defeat by Lord Deputy Mountjoy in 1603.

- by James O'Neill
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- Gaelic Ireland, Military Revolution, Nine Years War (1594-1603)

Bu doktora tezi İstanbul Üniversitesi Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Birimi tarafından 3316 nolu proje kapsamında desteklenmiştir. ii iii XVII. Yüzyıl Askerî Gelişimi ve Osmanlılar: 1660-64 Osmanlı-Avusturya Savaşları Özgür KOLÇAK ÖZ 20. yüzyılın ikinci yarısından itibaren Avrupa askeri tarihi ile ilgilenen araştırıcılar, 16.-18. yüzyıllar arasında bir dönemde Avrupa kıtasını derinden etkileyen ve modern devlet aygıtının oluşmasında öncülük rolü üstlenen bir "askeri devrim" yaşandığını iddia etmektedirler. Günümüzde yaygın biçimde "askeri devrim tezi" olarak adlandırılan bu anlayışa göre, batılı güçlerin dünyanın geri kalanı üzerinde kurdukları siyasî ve askerî tahakkümün kökenleri bizatihi bu dönüşümde aranmalıdır. Bu noktada, dünya askerî tarihinin önemli bir parçası olan Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'nun tartışmalara dâhil edilmesi gerekmektedir. Bu doktora tez çalışması, "askeri devrim" tartışmasında Osmanlılara bir yer açma amacını taşımaktadır. 16. yüzyılın sonu ve 17. yüzyılın başında ilk örnekleri görülmeye başlayan askeri yeniliklerin olgunlaşmış ve standart uygulamalar haline gelmiş biçimlerini inceleyebilmek için 1660-64 savaşları vazgeçilmez bir sınama sahası sağlayacaktır. iv The 17th Century Military Development and the Ottomans: The Ottoman-Habsburg Wars of 1660-64 Özgür KOLÇAK ABSTRACT In the second half of the 20th century, European military historians has elaborated the scholarly view of a "military revolution" that changed the European continent in the 16-18 th centuries and paved the way to the formation of the modern state. According to the military revolution thesis, the global dominance of western powers over the world owed much to military changes in the early modern period. At this point, it seems important to bring in the Ottoman early modern military experience into the debate. This study aims to place the Ottoman military structure within the early modern military revolution debate. In this respect, the Ottoman-Habsburg wars of 1660-64 appear to be an indispensible example to check the supposedly overwhelming effects of the so-called military revolution since it has been asserted that the vital changes had taken place towards the end of the 16 th and in the beginning of the 17 th century.

The handgunners were a portuguese military squad whose emergence is noted during the second quarter of the fifteenth century. They obtained a considerable representation in the king’s army becoming one of the military corps that composed it. This evolution was coinciding with the widespread use of firearms in Europe. The handgunners used portable firearms (like the colobreta or the matchlock) that were, unlike the artillery, loaded and fired by only one person.
The internal organization of the squad was very similar to the one that is observed in the besteiros do conto (crossbowmen), specially in aspects concerning the geographical origin, social group of recruitment and the chain of command. Nonetheless, there were substancial diferences in the recruitment, provided, that the king reinforced the local militias of handgunners with professionalized members that received a considerable anual payment (tença). As for the privileges to which these members were entitled, it is reinforced that they have the exemption of the jugada (an important tax over the agricultural production), except in the cereal production, a concession lost by the besteiros do conto, still in the reign of D. John I.
The reign of King John II (1482-1495) was an important moment for the definition of the legal components of the squad and for the increase of the number of hangunnners. We registered 416 letters of privilege, distributed by 64 centers of recruitment, in Portuguese territory. Nevertheless, more than the immediate substitution of the besteiros do conto for the handgunners, the royal administration sought throughout the fifteenth century to converge the contributions of the two squads. The military action of handgunners is reported for a considerable part of the Portuguese campaigns in this century (Tangier (1437), Alfarrobeira (1449), Alcácer-Ceguer (1458), Arzila (1471), Toro (1476) and Graciosa (1489)), being, however, only in the Battle of Toro that their participation proved decisive for the outcome of the conflict.

- by Pedro Sebastião
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- History, European History, Military History, Artillery

Shirogorov V. V. Ukrainian War: The Armed Conflict for Eastern Europe in XVI – XVII cеnturies. Volume II: Turkish onslaught: Balkans – Black Sea – Caucasus (To the end of XVI century) M.: Molodaya Gvardiya, 2018. – 700 [4] p. ISBN... more

Shirogorov V. V. Ukrainian War: The Armed Conflict for Eastern Europe in XVI – XVII cеnturies. Volume II: Turkish onslaught: Balkans – Black Sea – Caucasus (To the end of XVI century)
M.: Molodaya Gvardiya, 2018. – 700 [4] p.
ISBN 978-5-235-04058-8

The book reconstructs in detail the development of the Croatian and Slavonian Military Border in the 16th century. Special emphasis is put on the 1570s when Habsburgs and Inner-Austrian Estates profoundly reformed their military administration and financing of military affairs which significantly impacted everyday functioning of the defensive belt on the Croatian, Slavonian and Hungarian territory in terms of overall organisation, line of command, strategy and tactics, distribution of troops, repair and maintenance of fortresses, logistics and intelligence. The defensive system that took shape in the 1570s lasted, with some revisions, until the Great Turkish War in the 1680s.

- by Nataša Štefanec
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- Military History, Balkan Studies, Administrative History, Croatian History

The Revolution of 1896 marks the birth of the Filipino nation. It was a time when propagandistas and radical advocates, both in and outside the Catholic Church, were pressing for an independent nation, separate from Spain. It was an extraordinary time, and this volume makes available to readers selected works by scholars from different pats f the world, using varied historical sources, bringing in new perspectives on the war. Topics in this volume include the influx of refugees to Cavite, which affected the rivalry between Bonifacio and Aguinaldo; the travails of the Franciscan friars; the hopes and fears of a young Spanish soldier; the restrained exasperation of an aide-de-camp to the German cruiser squadron; and the circuitous "intra-Asia" trade. These and other essays in this volume reassess questions on the Revolution and the period it covers - gender, ethnicity, the military and corruption.
A prologue where, besides introducing the topics and authors that write in the book, I explore the discourses of difference during the late Spanish period. Since those were the times of Social Darwinism and the Great Chain of Being, as well as the peak of influence of science, implying innate differences among "races", the role of Spain is specially ankward. While considered as "inferior" by Europeans, Spaniards did efforts to widen the gap in the colonies between them and the colonized as a way to solve their lack of legitimacy. It was one of the reasons of the Philippine Revolution in 1896 and their ultimate exit from the Philippine at 1898.

- by Florentino Rodao
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- Women's Studies, Race and Ethnicity, Military Revolution, Spanish-American War

The time when Charles V reigned was a time of transition, where elements of the past survive while major changes occur. One of the areas where changes were most remarkable and profound, was in the art of war: there were significant changes in the tactics and the combat following the introduction and expansion in the use of firearms both portables as of siege. The latter was forced to change the defensive systems, thereby lengthening the duration of wars and dragging them a larger number of soldiers, that had to be organized, paid and armed; responsibility assumed by the emerging modern State. All this led to the historians of the second half of the twentieth century to baptize this set of innovations and transformations as military revolution. The paper attempts to identify the existence of the most characteristic elements of that revolution in the time and monarchy of Emperor Charles V.

- by A. Jorge Aguilera-López
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- Military History, Early Modern History, War Studies, Spanish History
- by Zoltán Korpás
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- Military History, Military Revolution, Early Modern Warfare, Historia Militar

2,500 word feature article forthcoming for Medieval Warfare, completed summer 2016, for publication Fall 2016.

- by Brian R Price
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- Mechanical Engineering, Military History, Military Science, Medieval Literature

Distinguishes more limited "revolutions in military affairs" from more sweepingly significant "military revolutions" and suggests some ways to think about whether the current "RMA" complex will in historical perspective amount to a true... more

- by Erik Odegard
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- Early Modern History, Maritime History, Naval Warfare, Naval History