archaeology of Sardinia in phoenician age Research Papers (original) (raw)

Interpretation of symbols and glyphs found on 1st Dynasty BCE to 18th Century CE artifacts, are a means of tracing the transformational journeys of Bes, the Egypto-Nubian deity. The wanderings, which began in Nubia and Upper Egypt, continued north up the Nile into teeming markets and inns of port cities connected to the sea routes of the Mediterranean and Aegean and by land migrations west to Benin.
Beliefs based upon ancient Pygmy philosophy and tenets were incorporated into Bes as a divine representative. These views were spread by means of reciprocal gift systems, trade, migration and wars. The growing need for an accessible protector, healer and divine intermediary, spanning the distance from the Levant to the western Mediterranean was met by Bes, binding diverse communities into a common front against the external forces of disease and death.
As successive wanderings took place mostly in times of transition and upheaval, cultural contact between dissimilar populations malleably transformed images, names and myths associated with Bes and Pygmy ancestors. These complex results are comprehensively examined in this paper to help us successfully transition into a new era.

A recent excavation in the Phoenician-Punic necropolis of Mount Sirai, located in the southwestern part of Sardinia, Italy, has brought to light a number of tombs contextually attributed to a period from the early 6 th to early 5 th century BC, which is simultaneous with the beginning of the Carthago influence in Sardinia. Among the interred burials recently brought to light, the skeletal remains, sometimes of two superposed bodies, are found in a primary position and with fine anatomic connection. Some of the bones were visually stained, suggesting they were possibly subjected to fire treatment. In order to ascertain more objectively whether the bodies were subjected to burning, the bones from all the tombs were investigated by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier Transform infra-red (FT-IR) spectroscopy techniques. After excluding the role of important diagenetic effects, from line broadening/sharpening analysis of hydroxylapatite in the bones according to the Rietveld method, it was evaluated that the bodies were probably subjected to a temperature regime from 300 to 7008C. These data were supplemented and confirmed by an analysis of the splitting factor (SF) of apatite phosphate peaks in the infra-red spectrum of the bones. Our results indicate the existence of a rite intermediate between incineration and inhumation. This sort of 'semi-combustion', perhaps limited to the period of the early 5 th century BC, appears to be peculiar just to this site.

- by Assumpció Malgosa
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- Archaeology, Geology, Sardinia (Archaeology), Funerary Archaeology
- by Laura Zanazzo
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- Geography, Phoenicians, Sardinia (Archaeology), Settlement Patterns

Esta publicación se ha beneficiado de las siguientes ayudas para su financiación:

- by Valentina Melchiorri
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- Cultural Studies, Archaeology, Phonology, Phoenicians

The text on this large stone stele is a defense of Phoenician temple activity.

- by David Olmsted
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- Phoenicians, Pagan Studies, Akkadian, Etruscan language
- by Joan Ramon
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- Phoenicians, Urbanism (Archaeology), Phoenician, Phoenician Punic Archaeology

I recenti scavi della Missione archeologica a Mozia della Sapienza nella Zona C hanno individuato il primo stanziamento fenicio, con una serie di pozzi e l'Edificio C8, i cui resti fotografano i momenti iniziali di vita della colonia... more

- by Kewin Peche-Quilichini and +1
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- Archaeology, Prehistoric Archaeology, Prehistoric Archaeology, Environmental Archaeology
- by Kewin Peche-Quilichini and +4
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- Archaeology, Maritime Archaeology, Pottery (Archaeology), Ceramic Technology

La vita in Sardegna tra l’VIII e il III secolo a.C., un periodo fondante per la cultura isolana. Quest’epoca straordinaria – che ha visto i Sardi protagonisti nell’ampio scenario mediterraneo – rivive sulle pagine del libro attraverso i manufatti preziosi e gli oggetti quotidiani, le città e le rotte di navigazione, i rapporti con le altre popolazioni, la politica e la religiosità.

- by Raimondo Secci
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- Ancient History, Phoenicians, Mediterranean Studies, Phoenician

The earliest Phoenician settlement in the 8th century BC on the island of Motya is thoroughly illustrated with new discoveries by Sapienza University Expedition: the earliest temples of Baal (Shrine C14 and Temple C5) and Astarte (Shrine C12), the Tophet, the earliest necropolis and the 'Funduq' (Building C8) in Area C. Ceramic materials and other finds are also published.

- by Lorenzo Nigro and +1
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- Archaeology, Near Eastern Archaeology, Prehistoric Archaeology, Architecture

A few hypotheses about the origin of the so-called “Libyan” alphabets are presented. Attested in more than a thousand inscriptions from Libya to the Canary Islands in northern Africa, these alphabets are probably the forebears of the current ones used by the Tuareg. The only inscription that has been dated (139 BCE) with a reasonable degree of certainty is bilingual, Libyco-Punic, from Dougga in Tunisia. The “Libyan” alphabets apparently already existed, several centuries earlier. Their creators borrowed a few — at least four — letters from the Phoenician/Punic alphabets; and apparently used simple geometric procedures, which are reconstituted herein, for the other letters.
The matter of this paper has been incorporated into a book published in 2015 (https://www.academia.edu/8492723)

This issue of Rivista di Stui Fenici inaugurates a new section called “lost in translation” where the English translation of some articles whose diffusion is considered important for the studies of the Mediterranean history of the first millennium BC will be published. The title refers to the many important books and articles written in Italian, Spanish, French, German and other languages that almost seem lost when one scrolls through the bibliography of the many studies devoted to the Phoenicians and written in English today. However, these books and articles often constitute the basis of the Phoenician studies that were born and have grown continuously from the seventies to the present day

This update of 4.6.22, is an interpretation of symbols and glyphs found on 1st Dynasty BCE to 18th Century CE artifacts, are a means of tracing the transformational journeys of Bes, the Egypto-Nubian deity. The wanderings, which began in Nubia and Upper Egypt, continued north up the Nile into teeming markets and inns of port cities connected to the sea routes of the Mediterranean and Aegean.

15 Per la definizione di una prima e di una seconda ondata coloniale: BONDÌ et alii 2009, pp. 99-101.

- by Michele Guirguis
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- Archaeology, Phoenicians, Sardinia (Archaeology), Mediterranean archaeology

Il presente intervento ha lo scopo di offrire un quadro aggiornato sulle modalità d'incontro sorte tra i Fenici e gli indigeni nell'attuale regione di Oristano, ubicata sul versante centro-occidentale della Sardegna. La scelta di focalizzare la nostra attenzione su una particolare area geografica dell'isola nasce dalla convinzione di una concreta specificità delle strategie insediative messe in atto dalla componente levantina in Occidente, fortemente influenzata dal contesto ambientale e dalle diverse comunità indigene con cui si dovette relazionare. Appare sempre più chiaro, infatti, come le forme di interrelazione e di integrazione sorte tra i Fenici e le civiltà autoctone presenti nel Mediterraneo antico dovettero seguire percorsi affatto lineari, bensì scanditi da processi microstorici distinti ed esclusivi anche all'interno di una stessa regione.

During the Iron Age, Phoenician and Levantine merchants arrived in Sardinia and relate to local populations. In the history of studies, various models to interpret the ways of the meeting between Phoenicians and Nuragics have been developed, based on colonial or paracolonial phenomena, or on the concepts of hybridization, mixed race. In particular, southern Sardinia and Sulcis region has been studied, where the Phoenician and Punic presence is more evident. In central-eastern Sardinia, where the early birth of cities is not known, the situation is very different. The recent excavations at S'Arcu 'e is forros, which have highlighted an original tiered structure to be connected to collective events, offer a reading key to the Iron Age of this part of Sardinia that can be applied to the area.

In this paper I will summarize the results of a chronological analysis of the late Nuragic phases.
The research is based upon a general revision of Nuragic contexts and a definition of a detailed
internal sequence, which in turn can be related to the Italian mainland on the basis of several crossdating
elements. I will focus on the contextual analysis of the transition from the Final Bronze Age
to the Early Iron Age and subsequently discuss the cross-dating elements that relate the Sardinian
sequence to the Italian mainland. Equally important in this regard is the Nuragic pottery from the
so-called Ausonio II destruction layers in the Lipari acropolis (Final Bronze Age).

La straordinaria concentrazione di insediamenti nuragici e fenici rendono il Golfo di Oristano (Sardegna centro-occidentale) un luogo ideale per affrontare il tema dei cambiamenti avvenuti con l'insediarsi delle prime comunità fenicie in un ambiente nuragico. Particolare riferimento viene fatto al contesto del complesso nuragico di s'Urachi (San Vero Milis) uno dei più promettenti per questo tipo di analisi.

- by alfonso stiglitz
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- Archaeology, Iron Age, archaeology of Sardinia in phoenician age, Scarabs

Vengono presentati i frammenti di tre statue fittili di medie dimensioni e di una di piccole dimensioni raffiguranti Bes e rinvenute durante gli scavi del complesso nuragico di s'Urachi a San Vero Milis (Oristano – Sardegna). I frammenti cronologicamente riportabili a epoca punica vengono riportati a un giacimento votivo, collocato sopra il nuraghe e che ha restituito frammenti di matrici fittili (c.d. pani votivi) e thymiateria. Il lavoro è l'occasione per fare il punto sulla diffusione dell'immagine di Bes nella statuaria di grandi e piccole dimensioni in Sardegna e sulla problemati dell'identificazione delle figure divine di riferimento.

The paper deals with textile production during the Phoenician and Early Punic period in Sardinia. The linen remains recently found in the necropolis of Monte Sirai (Carbonia, Italy) and the analysis of textile tools from other Nuragic and Phoenician sites, allow us to reflect about traditions and innovations in the textile production in Sardinia, that continues to be one of the least known aspects of the societies that inhabited the island between the 9th and the 5th century BC.

- by Rosana Pla Orquín and +1
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- Phoenicians, Sardinia (Archaeology), Phoenician Punic Archaeology, archaeology of Sardinia in phoenician age
- by Raimondo Secci
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- Ancient History, Phoenicians, Carthage (Archaeology), Mediterranean archaeology

Le indagini archeologiche nell"area detta del "Cronicario" di Sant"Antioco di Sulci, svolte annualmente dall"Università di Sassari con la direzione scientifica di Piero Bartoloni 2 , costituiscono un campo di indagine fondamentale per ricostruire la storia della colonia fenicia e punica di Sulky. Trattandosi del più antico insediamento coloniale della Sardegna, fornisce un contributo determinante per l"analisi delle modalità insediative che dalla fondazione hanno consentito ai Fenici di ottenere, in tempi relativamente contenuti, una presenza strutturata nella regione del Sulcis 3 .

- by Michele Guirguis
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- Archaeology, Iconography, Sardinia (Archaeology), Phoenician

The scholarly debate concerning when and how the Carthaginian expansion in the Mediterranean took place revolves around two different lines of interpretation that can be reconciled only partially: one interpretation places this phenomenon in the second half of the 6th century BC in connection with military expeditions testified by
literary sources and with the change from cremation to inhumation in funerary rites; a second interpretation puts its origin already in the 8th century BC, within a gradual involvement of the “New town” in the dynamics of the Phoenician colonization.
Starting from a critical survey of previous studies this paper offers some considerations pointing to Carthaginian enterprises beyond the sea already in the Early archaic period (8th-7th century BC), when the colonial settlements of the central Mediterranean area show a growing influence of the cultural and urban Carthaginian model.

P. Sferrazza -Cattivi presagi: analisi della raffigurazione della Stanza 132 del Palazzo Reale di Mari 29 I. Melandri -A new reconstruction of the anklets of Princess Khnumit 41 G. Ripepi -Gli edifici su podio in Palestina durante l'Età del Ferro II 55 F. Spagnoli -Un altare bruciaprofumi punico dalla "Casa del sacello domestico" a Mozia 71 M. Guirguis -Monte Sirai 2005-2010. Bilanci e prospettive 97 V. Tusa -Le armi dei corredi tombali della necropoli arcaica di Mozia 131 C. Benvenuto -F. Pompeo -Il sincretismo di genitivo e dativo in persiano antico 151 A. Caltabiano -Temples et sanctuaires urbains du littoral syrien à l'âge du fer: continuité et transformation culturelles 245 M. Sala -Egyptian and Egyptianizing objects from EB I-III Tell es-Sultan/ancient Jericho 275 NOTE F. Spagnoli -Un'anforetta dipinta dalla Tomba T.177 di Mozia 303 [Vicino Oriente XVI (2012), pp. 97-129] MONTE SIRAI 2005-2010. BILANCI E PROSPETTIVE Michele Guirguis -Università degli Studi di Sassari *

Hegemonies, Connections and Contextual Specificities. Towards the Phoenician West (5th-2nd Centuries BCE) " 151 Bruno D'Andrea, The Tophets of North Africa between the 4th and the 1st Centuries BCE: Practices of Belonging, Phenomena of Innovation and Strategies of Appropriation " 167 Imed Ben Jerbania, Funerary Practices and Material Culture of the Two Punic Necropoleis in the Bizerte Region: Cap Zbib and Beni Nafa " 189 Meritxell Ferrer, Reshaping Identities in "Times of Crisis": A View from Sicilian Punic Cemeteries, 6th-4th Centuries BCE " 213 Anna Chiara Fariselli, Tharros, the Coastal Cities of Punic Sardinia and the Carthaginian Geopolitics from the 5th to the 3rd Century BCE " 231

- by Giuseppe Garbati
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- Phoenicians, Levantine Archaeology, Egyptian Archaeology, Carthage (Archaeology)

With fine harbours, central location and life sustaining provisions, the Maltese Archipelago may have played a significant role in the settlement of the western Mediterranean as a safe port of call. Stages in the
colonisation process of the islands can be traced in the first three phases of funerary evidence that suggested different places of origin over time and an elite social element. No less significant were the impact of wine consumption and changing dining practices on the islands’ evolving pottery repertoire and funerary practice — aspects that can be identified in the insular environment of Malta

- by Michele Guirguis and +1
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- Archaeology, Phoenicians, Sardinia (Archaeology), Phoenician Punic Archaeology

The terracotta “grinning” masks are certainly among the most typical artefacts of western Phoenician coroplastic
production. They have been the subject of important studies and research, which have elaborated the classification and cataloguing
of the products, providing the basis for an analysis of the social and economic background, and for an understanding of their
function, iconography and meaning. Nevertheless, several grey areas continue to characterize the role of these artefacts within the
framework of Phoenician culture, especially with regard to interpreting their symbology and, particularly, one of their essential
features, namely the concealment of the wearer’s “identity” and the subsequent process of reconstructing another identity (in front
of the community). Therefore, examining some recent scholarly contributions and archaeological discoveries and according to an
'identitarian' perspective, the present study aims to retrace some of the main problems and to suggest new or updated lines of
interpretation.

This book, which was awarded with the prize Georges Dumezil 2016 by the French Academy and the prize Robert Cornevin 2015 by the Académie des Sciences d'Outre-mer, provides an overview of the origin and history of the old alphabets used until nowadays by the Tuaregs and describes the way there are used.
These alphabets derived from much older ones, which are usually said to be “Libyan” or “Libyco-Berber”. Libyco-Berber inscriptions are found throughout a region stretching from Libya to Morocco and even the Canary Islands — sometimes along with Punic or Latin engravings. Owing to the discovery in Dougga (Tunisia) of two bilingual Libyco-Punic inscriptions dating from the 2nd century BC (one of them dedicated to the Numidic king Massinissa), one of the variants of the Libyco-Berber alphabet has been partly deciphered. But the “Libyan” alphabets apparently already existed, several centuries earlier.
The book argues that their creators borrowed a few — at least four — letters from the Phoenician/Punic alphabets; and apparently used simple geometric procedures, which are reconstituted herein, for the other letters. It then proposes some hypotheses on the subsequent history of these alphabets, et concludes in evoking the current innovations.

The Nuraghic well of Santa Cristina, Sardinia has been regarded as a ritual monument built to receive moonlight on its water mirror at the time of the meridian passage of the moon when it reaches its highest point in the sky during and around the major northern lunistice. In this paper we investigate the precision that could have been achieved and conclude that the well could indeed have served as an instrument for measuring the lunar declination during half of the draconic cycle of 18.61 years.

- by Arnold Lebeuf
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- Archaeology, Phoenician Punic Archaeology, Ancient Astronomy, Nuragic Archaeology