First-past-the-post voting (original) (raw)
- Systém relativní většiny či systém prvního v cíli (FPTP či FPP z anglického „first past the post“) je většinový volební systém používaný v jednomandátových volebních obvodech, kde pro zisk mandátu postačuje relativní většina odevzdaných hlasů. Kandidát, který získal největší počet hlasů, tak získává mandát. Tento volební systém je typický pro volby do Dolní sněmovny Spojeného království. V roce 2011 byl poprvé využit ve volbách do polského Senátu. Negativem tohoto systému je možnost velmi vysokého počtu propadlých hlasů: v případě, že kandiduje 10 politických stran, může stačit k vítězství získat jen o trochu víc než 10 % hlasů. V takovém případě téměř 90 % hlasů propadne a proto téměř 90 % voličů nemusí být spokojeno se zvoleným kandidátem. (cs)
- الفوز للأكثر أصواتاً هو أحد نظم التصويت الانتخابي حيث يستخدم في العديد من الدول لانتخاب حكوماتها. في هذا النظام يتم تقسيم الدولة إلى دوائر انتخابية وفي كل من هذه الدوائر يوجد مرشحين عن أحزاب سياسية مختلفة تتنافس فيما بينها على مقاعد برلمان هذه الدولة، وفي كل دائرة على حدة المرشح الحائز على أكبر عدد من الأصوات يفوز بالانتخابات. من الدول التي تستخدم هذا النظام: المملكة المتحدة، كندا، الهند وجزئياً في الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية. (ar)
- Eine Mehrheitswahl, schweizerisch Majorzwahl, ist ein Repräsentationsprinzip mit dem Ziel, eine parlamentarische Regierungsmehrheit für eine Partei herbeizuführen. Es bezeichnet ein Wahlverfahren zur Auswahl eines Vorschlages aus einer Reihe vorgegebener Alternativen durch die Mehrheit einer Gruppe von Wählern. Auf diese Weise zeichnet sich die Mehrheitswahl als ein Verfahren zur direkten, personenbezogenen Wahl von Repräsentanten aus. Seltener werden so auch Exekutiven gewählt (z. B. in Kantonen). Die Mehrheitswahl ist insbesondere von der Verhältniswahl abzugrenzen und in der Regel als Persönlichkeitswahl ausgestaltet. (de)
- Το απλό πλειοψηφικό σύστημα (αγγλικά: first-past-the-post) είναι ένα εκλογικό σύστημα στο οποίο τα μέλη του εκλογικού σώματος ψηφίζουν έναν υποψήφιο της επιλογής τους, και ο υποψήφιος που συγκεντρώνει τις περισσότερες ψήφους κερδίζει. Με εφαρμογή του απλού πλειοψηφικού συστήματος σε μία μονοεδρική εκλογική περιφέρεια αναδεικνύεται ένας μοναδικός νικητής. Γι' αυτό το σύστημα χαρακτηρίζεται ως «ο πρώτος παίρνει τη θέση» και «ο νικητής τα παίρνει όλα». Το απλό πλειοψηφικό σύστημα χρησιμοποιείται στο ένα τρίτο των χωρών του κόσμου ( Ηνωμένες Πολιτείες, Ηνωμένο Βασίλειο, Ινδία, Πακιστάν, Καναδά και άλλες χώρες της Βρετανικής Κοινοπολιτείας) . (el)
- El sistema electoral de escrutinio mayoritario uninominal (también conocido por su nombre inglés, first-past-the-post) es un sistema electoral en el que el votante puede elegir un único candidato de entre los que se presentan, proclamándose ganador aquel que recibe el mayor número de votos, es decir, una mayoría simple o pluralidad. El sistema uninominal mayoritario se utiliza para elegir a los miembros del parlamento en sistemas parlamentarios como el Reino Unido y Canadá. (es)
- In a first-past-the-post electoral system (FPTP or FPP) formally called single-member plurality voting (SMP) when used in single-member districts, or (informally) choose-one voting in contrast to ranked voting or score voting), voters cast their vote for a candidate of their choice, and the candidate who receives the most votes wins (even if the top candidate gets less than 50%, which can happen when there are more than two popular candidates). As a winner-take-all method, FPTP often produces disproportional results (when electing members of an assembly, such as a parliament) in the sense that political parties do not get representation according to their share of the popular vote. This usually favours the largest party and parties with strong regional support to the detriment of smaller parties without a geographically concentrated base. Supporters of electoral reform are generally highly critical of FPTP because of this and point out other flaws, such as FPTP's vulnerability to gerrymandering, the high amount of wasted votes and the chance of a majority reversal (when the party that wins the most votes gets fewer seats than the second largest party, and so loses the election). For these reasons, many countries have abandoned FPTP in favour of other electoral systems, but FPTP is used as the primary form of allocating seats for legislative elections in about a third of the world's countries, mostly in the English-speaking world. Some countries use FPTP alongside proportional representation in a parallel voting system, the PR element not compensating for but added to the disproportionality of FPTP. Others use it in so-called compensatory mixed systems, such as part of mixed-member proportional representation or mixed single vote systems, which aim to counterbalance these. In some countries that elect their legislatures by proportional representation, FPTP is used to elect their head of state. (en)
- Sistem pemilihan pemenang undi terbanyak (Bahasa Inggris: first-past-the-post, FPTP) adalah suatu sistem pemungutan suara kemajemukan dimana calon yang mendapat undi paling banyak dinyatakan sebagai pemenang. FPTP merupakan sistem pemungutan suara yang diterapkan pada , dan dilakukan oleh hampir sepertiga negara-negara di seluruh dunia. Beberapa yang menerapkan sistem ini antara lain Kanada, India, Inggris, dan Amerika serta negara-negara bekas jajahan dan protektoratnya. Sistem pemenang undi terbanyak dapat digunakan pada distrik anggota tunggal dan . Pada pemungutan suara distrik anggota tunggal, kandidat dengan jumlah undi terbanyak (meskipun bukan mayoritas) dinyatakan sebagai pemenang. Pada pemungutan suara distrik anggota majemuk, setiap pemilih dapat menentukan pilihan sejumlah posisi yang tersedia, dan pemenangnya adalah para kandidat dengan undi tertinggi sesuai dengan jumlah posisi itu. Contohnya, apabila ada tiga posisi tersedia, maka tiga kandidat dengan jumlah undi terbanyak adalah pemenangnya. (in)
- Le scrutin uninominal majoritaire à un tour est le système électoral pour lequel il est le plus simple de déterminer l'option gagnante à partir des votes. L'électeur doit choisir un candidat parmi plusieurs. On compte alors le nombre de voix obtenues par chaque candidat. Celui qui recueille le plus de voix (majorité relative) remporte les élections. (fr)
- 単純小選挙区制(たんじゅんしょうせんきょくせい)は、小選挙区制のうち、選挙方法に単記非移譲式投票を用いたものである。 (ja)
- Il first-past-the-post (indicato anche con l'abbreviazione FPTP), in italiano sistema uninominale secco o semplicemente uninominale secca, è un sistema elettorale a maggioranza relativa in collegi uninominali a turno unico. L'espressione "first-past-the-post" significa letteralmente "il primo oltre il palo" ed è stata coniata in analogia al mondo dell'ippica, nelle cui corse il vincitore è il primo cavallo che oltrepassa un particolare punto della pista, mentre tutti gli altri cavalli perdono. Il sistema è conosciuto anche come the winner takes all, ovvero "il vincitore prende tutto". (it)
- Een meerderheidsstelsel is een kiesstelsel, waarbij een partij in een gebied (district) een meerderheid moet behalen om zetels te veroveren. Er zijn hierbij twee mogelijkheden: een stelsel waarbij een absolute meerderheid (meer dan de helft van de stemmen) moet worden gehaald of een stelsel waarbij een of pluraliteit volstaat: de partij die de grootste is in een district krijgt de zetel(s). Bij dit stelsel wordt ervan uitgegaan dat de gekozene meer een behartiger is van lokale belangen in de landelijke politiek, dan vertegenwoordiger van een landelijke politieke partij. In onder meer de Verenigde Staten en het Verenigd Koninkrijk is gekozen voor het meerderheidsstelsel terwijl in België en Nederland de evenredige vertegenwoordiging geldt. (nl)
- Система относительного большинства (англ. first past the post) — разновидность мажоритарной избирательной системы, при которой для победы достаточно получить больше голосов, чем каждый из соперников по отдельности. Используется главным образом для выборов депутатов нижних палат парламентов в Великобритании, странах Вестминстерской системы (в том числе Канада и Австралия), других бывших британских колониях (в частности, Индии) и некоторых других странах, при выборах губернаторов штатов и депутатов обеих палат Конгресса в США (за рядом исключений), части депутатов нижней или единственной палаты в Венгрии, Венесуэле, Мексике, России, Таиланде, Южной Корее, Японии. В редких случаях (Азербайджан, Босния и Герцеговина, Венесуэла, Мексика, Туркмения, ЦАР, Южная Корея) используется и на президентских выборах. В России по системе относительного большинства избираются также многие мэры городов и главы муниципальных образований. Достоинством этой системы служит финансовая экономия из-за отсутствия второго тура выборов и возможность поддержки избирателем наиболее приемлемого для него кандидата (что невозможно во втором туре). В то же время эта система наиболее удобна для стран с устойчивой партийной системой и малым количеством политических партий, поскольку при значительном количестве кандидатов победитель может лишь незначительно опередить ближайших соперников и, во всяком случае, не представляет интересов большинства избирателей. (ru)
- Enkel relativ majoritet eller first past the post är ett majoritetsvalsystem som används i vissa länder för att välja ledamöter till parlamentariska församlingar. Systemet bygger på en enkel relativ majoritet i enmansvalkretsar, där en kandidat utses vid en första och enda valomgång. I en enmansvalkrets kan flera kandidater ställa upp till val, men endast en av dessa kandidater kan vinna platsen. Därför utgörs varje valkrets av en ledamotsplats i parlamentet. Den kandidat som får flest röster vinner platsen. (sv)
- 領先者當選(First Past the Post,FPTP),亦稱簡單多數制、先馳得點制、贏者全得制,指在單一選區中,選民只需投票一次,所有候選人中最多票者當選,不論票數多寡。约三分之一的國家使用此選舉制度。 (zh)
- http://www.idea.int
- http://citizensassembly.arts.ubc.ca/public/extra/factsheet_intro.xml.htm
- http://www.game-point.net/misc/election2005/
- http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20090521142509/http:/aceproject.org/ace%2Den/topics/es/esy/esy_in
- https://aceproject.org/epic-en/es%23ES05
- https://www.idea.int/publications/catalogue/electoral-system-design-new-international-idea-handbook
- http://www.aceproject.org/ace-en/topics/es/ese/ese01/ese01a/
- http://www.aceproject.org/main/english/es/esd01.htm
- http://www.prsa.org.au/pluralit.htm
- http://citizensassembly.arts.ubc.ca/
- https://nobcprorep.ca
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- الفوز للأكثر أصواتاً هو أحد نظم التصويت الانتخابي حيث يستخدم في العديد من الدول لانتخاب حكوماتها. في هذا النظام يتم تقسيم الدولة إلى دوائر انتخابية وفي كل من هذه الدوائر يوجد مرشحين عن أحزاب سياسية مختلفة تتنافس فيما بينها على مقاعد برلمان هذه الدولة، وفي كل دائرة على حدة المرشح الحائز على أكبر عدد من الأصوات يفوز بالانتخابات. من الدول التي تستخدم هذا النظام: المملكة المتحدة، كندا، الهند وجزئياً في الولايات المتحدة الأمريكية. (ar)
- El sistema electoral de escrutinio mayoritario uninominal (también conocido por su nombre inglés, first-past-the-post) es un sistema electoral en el que el votante puede elegir un único candidato de entre los que se presentan, proclamándose ganador aquel que recibe el mayor número de votos, es decir, una mayoría simple o pluralidad. El sistema uninominal mayoritario se utiliza para elegir a los miembros del parlamento en sistemas parlamentarios como el Reino Unido y Canadá. (es)
- Le scrutin uninominal majoritaire à un tour est le système électoral pour lequel il est le plus simple de déterminer l'option gagnante à partir des votes. L'électeur doit choisir un candidat parmi plusieurs. On compte alors le nombre de voix obtenues par chaque candidat. Celui qui recueille le plus de voix (majorité relative) remporte les élections. (fr)
- 単純小選挙区制(たんじゅんしょうせんきょくせい)は、小選挙区制のうち、選挙方法に単記非移譲式投票を用いたものである。 (ja)
- Il first-past-the-post (indicato anche con l'abbreviazione FPTP), in italiano sistema uninominale secco o semplicemente uninominale secca, è un sistema elettorale a maggioranza relativa in collegi uninominali a turno unico. L'espressione "first-past-the-post" significa letteralmente "il primo oltre il palo" ed è stata coniata in analogia al mondo dell'ippica, nelle cui corse il vincitore è il primo cavallo che oltrepassa un particolare punto della pista, mentre tutti gli altri cavalli perdono. Il sistema è conosciuto anche come the winner takes all, ovvero "il vincitore prende tutto". (it)
- Enkel relativ majoritet eller first past the post är ett majoritetsvalsystem som används i vissa länder för att välja ledamöter till parlamentariska församlingar. Systemet bygger på en enkel relativ majoritet i enmansvalkretsar, där en kandidat utses vid en första och enda valomgång. I en enmansvalkrets kan flera kandidater ställa upp till val, men endast en av dessa kandidater kan vinna platsen. Därför utgörs varje valkrets av en ledamotsplats i parlamentet. Den kandidat som får flest röster vinner platsen. (sv)
- 領先者當選(First Past the Post,FPTP),亦稱簡單多數制、先馳得點制、贏者全得制,指在單一選區中,選民只需投票一次,所有候選人中最多票者當選,不論票數多寡。约三分之一的國家使用此選舉制度。 (zh)
- Systém relativní většiny či systém prvního v cíli (FPTP či FPP z anglického „first past the post“) je většinový volební systém používaný v jednomandátových volebních obvodech, kde pro zisk mandátu postačuje relativní většina odevzdaných hlasů. Kandidát, který získal největší počet hlasů, tak získává mandát. Tento volební systém je typický pro volby do Dolní sněmovny Spojeného království. V roce 2011 byl poprvé využit ve volbách do polského Senátu. (cs)
- Το απλό πλειοψηφικό σύστημα (αγγλικά: first-past-the-post) είναι ένα εκλογικό σύστημα στο οποίο τα μέλη του εκλογικού σώματος ψηφίζουν έναν υποψήφιο της επιλογής τους, και ο υποψήφιος που συγκεντρώνει τις περισσότερες ψήφους κερδίζει. Με εφαρμογή του απλού πλειοψηφικού συστήματος σε μία μονοεδρική εκλογική περιφέρεια αναδεικνύεται ένας μοναδικός νικητής. Γι' αυτό το σύστημα χαρακτηρίζεται ως «ο πρώτος παίρνει τη θέση» και «ο νικητής τα παίρνει όλα». (el)
- Eine Mehrheitswahl, schweizerisch Majorzwahl, ist ein Repräsentationsprinzip mit dem Ziel, eine parlamentarische Regierungsmehrheit für eine Partei herbeizuführen. Es bezeichnet ein Wahlverfahren zur Auswahl eines Vorschlages aus einer Reihe vorgegebener Alternativen durch die Mehrheit einer Gruppe von Wählern. Auf diese Weise zeichnet sich die Mehrheitswahl als ein Verfahren zur direkten, personenbezogenen Wahl von Repräsentanten aus. Seltener werden so auch Exekutiven gewählt (z. B. in Kantonen). (de)
- In a first-past-the-post electoral system (FPTP or FPP) formally called single-member plurality voting (SMP) when used in single-member districts, or (informally) choose-one voting in contrast to ranked voting or score voting), voters cast their vote for a candidate of their choice, and the candidate who receives the most votes wins (even if the top candidate gets less than 50%, which can happen when there are more than two popular candidates). (en)
- Sistem pemilihan pemenang undi terbanyak (Bahasa Inggris: first-past-the-post, FPTP) adalah suatu sistem pemungutan suara kemajemukan dimana calon yang mendapat undi paling banyak dinyatakan sebagai pemenang. FPTP merupakan sistem pemungutan suara yang diterapkan pada , dan dilakukan oleh hampir sepertiga negara-negara di seluruh dunia. Beberapa yang menerapkan sistem ini antara lain Kanada, India, Inggris, dan Amerika serta negara-negara bekas jajahan dan protektoratnya. (in)
- Een meerderheidsstelsel is een kiesstelsel, waarbij een partij in een gebied (district) een meerderheid moet behalen om zetels te veroveren. Er zijn hierbij twee mogelijkheden: een stelsel waarbij een absolute meerderheid (meer dan de helft van de stemmen) moet worden gehaald of een stelsel waarbij een of pluraliteit volstaat: de partij die de grootste is in een district krijgt de zetel(s). Bij dit stelsel wordt ervan uitgegaan dat de gekozene meer een behartiger is van lokale belangen in de landelijke politiek, dan vertegenwoordiger van een landelijke politieke partij. (nl)
- Система относительного большинства (англ. first past the post) — разновидность мажоритарной избирательной системы, при которой для победы достаточно получить больше голосов, чем каждый из соперников по отдельности. (ru)
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