First Sino-Japanese War (original) (raw)

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První čínsko-japonská válka (1894–1895) byla válka mezi čínskou říší Čching a Japonskem o nadvládu nad územím Korejského poloostrova a přilehlých oblastí. Střetnutí skončilo drtivou porážkou Číny, která ztratila nejen svůj vliv v Koreji, ale též ostrov Tchaj-wan a postavení první asijské velmoci, které převzalo Japonsko. Válka nepřímo položila základ pozdější rusko-japonské války. Ruské impérium totiž nejenže využilo oslabení Číny a čínsko-japonské války k ovládnutí části Mandžuska, ale dokonce i k tomu, aby s podporou Francie a Německa přinutilo Japonsko, aby mu předalo Port Arthur, který mu Čína v Šimonosecké mírové smlouvě také postoupila.

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dbo:abstract La Primera Guerra sino-japonesa (xinès: 中日甲午战争; pinyin: Zhōngrì Jiǎwǔ Zhànzhēng; japonès: 日清戦争; romaji: Nisshin Sensō) (1 d'agost del 1894 – 17 d'abril de 1895) va enfrontar el Japó de l'Era Meiji i la Xina de la dinastia Qing pel control de Corea. En xinès, per a distingir-la de la Segona Guerra sino-japonesa, se la coneix com a Guerra Jiawu (Jiǎwǔ), ja que va ocórrer l'any xinès que porta aquest nom. Ambdós països es disputaven el control de Corea i va arribar a simbolitzar la degeneració i el debilitament de la dinastia Qing. Va posar de manifest l'èxit de la modernització duta a terme al Japó des de la Restauració Meiji en comparació amb la de la Xina. El Japó temia l'expansió de l'Imperi Rus a Manxúria i Corea, i tractava d'aconseguir conquestes a l'estranger seguint la ideologia nacionalista Meiji. La (Yi) de Corea tractava de preservar el seu tradicional aïllament i la relació tributària amb la Xina que, al seu torn, s'esforçava per protegir el seu principal vassall. (ca) الحرب الصينية اليابانية الأولى (25 يوليو 1894 – 17 أبريل 1895) هي نزاع قام بين سلالة تشينغ الحاكمة للصين من جهة وإمبراطورية اليابان من جهة أخرى من أجل النفوذ في مملكة جوسون الكورية. بعدما تجاوز ستة أشهر من النجاحات التي أحرزتها القوات اليابانية البرية والبحرية بلا انقطاع وخسارة ميناء ويهاي، جنحت حكومة تشينغ للسلم في فبراير 1895. برهنت الحرب على إخفاق مساعي سلالة تشينغ إلى عصرنة جيشها والدفاع عن نفسها ضد التهديدات التي تنال من سيادتها، ولا سيما عند مقارنة ذلك بفترة استعراش مييجي الناجحة في اليابان. للمرة الأولى، انتقلت السيطرة الإقليمية في شرق آسيا من الصين إلى اليابان؛ فتعرضت هيبة سلالة تشينغ الحاكمة، ومعها تراث الصين الكلاسيكي، لضربة قاصمة. قدحت الخسارة الصينية المحرجة لكوريا باعتبارها دولة خاضعة زنادَ احتجاج عام لم يسبق له نظير. ففي داخل الصين، كانت الهزيمة فتيلًا أشعل سلسلة من الانتفاضات التي قادها كل من صن يات سن وكانج يووي، وبلغت أوجها في ثورة شينهاي عام 1911. تُعرف الحرب في الصين باسم شائع هو حرب جياوو (بالصينية المبسطة: 甲午戰爭، بنظام بينيين: Jiǎwǔ Zhànzhēng)، الذي يشير إلى العام (1894) كما يسمى وفق نظام الدورة الستينية لحساب السنوات. وفي اليابان، تسمى الحرب حرب اليابان-تشينغ (باليابانية: 日清戦争، بكتابة هيبورن: Nisshin sensō). أما في كوريا، حيث حدث قسم كبير من وقائع الحرب، فهي تسمى حرب تشينغ-اليابان (بالكورية: 청일전쟁، بالهانجا: 淸日戰爭). اندلعت بعض الاشتباكات بين الجيشين الياباني والصيني، إلا أنها سرعان ما تحولت إلى حرب حقيقية «الحرب الصينية-اليابانية»، رجحت أحداث هذه الحرب كفة اليابان وأكدت تفوقها العسكري، فكان أن طالبت الحكومة الصينية بإعلان الهدنة في شهر يناير من عام 1895. أفضت المحادثات إلى التوقيع على معاهدة شيمونوسيكي يوم 17 أبريل 1895 م والتي كرست انتصار اليابان. ضمت الأخيرة على إثرها جزيرة فورموزا (تايوان اليوم)، أرخبيل البيسكادوريس (بنتشو اليوم) وشبه جزيرة «لياودونغ». إلا أنه وأمام تدخل القوى الغربية (روسيا وألمانيا وفرنسا) استعادت الصين هذه الأخيرة. (ar) První čínsko-japonská válka (1894–1895) byla válka mezi čínskou říší Čching a Japonskem o nadvládu nad územím Korejského poloostrova a přilehlých oblastí. Střetnutí skončilo drtivou porážkou Číny, která ztratila nejen svůj vliv v Koreji, ale též ostrov Tchaj-wan a postavení první asijské velmoci, které převzalo Japonsko. Válka nepřímo položila základ pozdější rusko-japonské války. Ruské impérium totiž nejenže využilo oslabení Číny a čínsko-japonské války k ovládnutí části Mandžuska, ale dokonce i k tomu, aby s podporou Francie a Německa přinutilo Japonsko, aby mu předalo Port Arthur, který mu Čína v Šimonosecké mírové smlouvě také postoupila. (cs) Ο Α΄ Σινοϊαπωνικός πόλεμος (1 Αυγούστου 1894 – 17 Απριλίου 1895) ήταν πολεμική σύγκρουση ανάμεσα στην Ιαπωνική Αυτοκρατορία Μεΐτζι και την Κίνα των Τσινγκ, κυρίως για τον έλεγχο της Κορέας. Η ήττα των Κινέζων μετά από έξι μήνες, εξέπληξε τον κόσμο και αποκάλυψε τη δύναμη του ιαπωνικού στρατού, ο οποίος έδρασε με θαυμαστή ταχύτητα και αποτελεσματικότητα. Η Ιαπωνία αποκόμισε σημαντικά εδαφικά οφέλη, αλλά η παρέμβαση της Ρωσίας, της Γερμανίας και της Γαλλίας την ανάγκασαν να παραιτηθεί από ορισμένα. Η ταπείνωση που ένιωσαν οι Ιάπωνες γέννησε ένα αίσθημα εθνικισμού που κατέκλυσε ολόκληρη τη χώρα και που ήταν πρωτεύων παράγοντας για την ιμπεριαλιστική πολιτική της Ιαπωνίας κατά τον 19ο και 20ό αιώνα. (el) La unua japana-ĉina milito (ĉine: 甲午战争, 甲午戰爭, jiǎwǔ zhànzhēng, "-milito"; japane: 日清戦争, nisshin sensō, "milito inter Japanujo kaj Qing-Ĉinujo") okazis de la 1-a de aŭgusto 1894 ĝis aprilo 1895. Tiam Ĉinujo estis Dinastio Qing kaj Japanujo estis Erao Meiji. En 1895 la du registaroj faris , kaj Japanujo atingis Tajvanon, , kaj . (eo) Der Erste Japanisch-Chinesische Krieg (chinesisch 甲午戰爭 / 甲午战争, Pinyin jiǎwǔ zhànzhēng – „Jiawu-Krieg“, jap. 日清戦争 nisshin sensō) oder Erste Sino-Japanische Krieg war ein Krieg zwischen Japan und dem China der Qing-Dynastie, der zwischen August 1894 und April 1895 ausgetragen wurde. Auslöser waren Streitigkeiten um den politischen Status Koreas. Die offizielle Kriegserklärung des Japanischen Kaiserreiches an das Kaiserreich China erfolgte am 1. August 1894, nachdem Japan den Königspalast in Seoul in seine Gewalt gebracht hatte. Die modern ausgerüstete und gut ausgebildete Kaiserlich Japanische Armee besiegte die Chinesen in einer Serie von Kämpfen rund um Seoul und Pjöngjang. Ein Großteil der chinesischen Flotte wurde zerstört, und die japanischen Truppen drängten weiter in die Mandschurei. Nach diesen anhaltenden Niederlagen unterzeichnete das Kaiserreich China im April 1895 den Vertrag von Shimonoseki. Die Niederlage Chinas zeigte deutlich die Schwächen der veralteten kaiserlich chinesischen Armee auf. Daraufhin wurden in China die Stimmen nach einer Beschleunigung des Modernisierungsprozesses immer lauter. Nach Kriegsende wurde Taiwan eine Kolonie Japans und Korea ein offiziell unabhängiger Staat. (de) The First Sino-Japanese War (25 July 1894 – 17 April 1895) was a conflict between China and Japan primarily over influence in Korea. After more than six months of unbroken successes by Japanese land and naval forces and the loss of the port of Weihaiwei, the Qing government sued for peace in February 1895. The war demonstrated the failure of the Qing dynasty's attempts to modernize its military and fend off threats to its sovereignty, especially when compared with Japan's successful Meiji Restoration. For the first time, regional dominance in East Asia shifted from China to Japan; the prestige of the Qing dynasty, along with the classical tradition in China, suffered a major blow. The humiliating loss of Korea as a tributary state sparked an unprecedented public outcry. Within China, the defeat was a catalyst for a series of political upheavals led by Sun Yat-sen and Kang Youwei, culminating in the 1911 Xinhai Revolution. The war is commonly known in China as the War of Jiawu (Chinese: 甲午戰爭; pinyin: Jiǎwǔ Zhànzhēng), referring to the year (1894) as named under the traditional sexagenary system of years. In Japan, it is called the Japan–Qing War (Japanese: 日清戦争, Hepburn: Nisshin sensō). In Korea, where much of the war took place, it is called the Qing–Japan War (Korean: 청일전쟁; Hanja: 淸日戰爭). (en) Lehen Txina-Japonia Gerra (1894-1895), Txina eta Japoniaren arteko gerra bat izan zen, nagusiki Korearen kontrola lortzeko. Txineraz, Bigarren Txina-Japonia Gerratik bereizteko, Jiawu Gerra (甲午戰爭) izenaz da ezaguna, izen hori daraman txinatar urtean gertatu baitzen. 1895eko martxoan, bi herrialdeek, Shimonosekiko hitzarmena sinatu zuten, eta Txinak, Taiwan, Penghu uhartedia eta Liaodong penintsula Japoniari ematea onartzen du. Baina, urte horretan bertan, Errusiak, Japoniaren hedapenak gune hartako bere interes geopolitikoak arriskuan jartzen zituela ikusita, Frantzia eta Britainia Handiaren laguntzarekin, japoniar gobernua presionatu zuten modu "adiskidetsuan", Shimonosekiko hitzarmenaren bidez lortutako abantailak berrikus zitzan. Japoniak, une horretan, bere burua, Errusiari aurre egiteko gai ikusten ez zuela, batez ere azken herrialde honek frantziarren eta britainiarren laguntza zuela jakinda, etsi egin zuen, eta, Errusiaren mesedetan, lortutako Liaodong penintsularen gaineko eta bertako gune estrategikoaren gaineko eskubideei uko egin behar izan zien. Gertaera honek, Japoniak, Shimonosekiko hitzarmenaren bidez lortutako gainontzeko lurraldeak mantentzen zituen arren, japoniarrengan mendeku nahi bizia sortu zuen. Hamar urte beranduago, ez zuten mendeku hori hartzeko aukera alferrik galduko Errusia-Japonia Gerraren bidez. (eu) La première guerre sino-japonaise ou sino-nippone (1er août 1894 - 17 avril 1895) oppose la Chine à l’empire du Japon, à l’origine pour le contrôle de la Corée. Après plus de six mois de succès continus des forces navales et terrestres japonaises, ajoutés à la perte du port de Weihai, les Qing demandent la paix en février 1895. La guerre trahit l’échec du mouvement d'auto-renforcement visant à moderniser l’armée impériale chinoise et à repousser les menaces pesant sur sa souveraineté, surtout comparé au succès du Japon après la restauration de Meiji. Pour la première fois, la domination régionale de l’Asie orientale passe de la Chine au Japon. Le prestige de la dynastie Qing, tout comme la tradition classique en Chine, subissent un revers considérable. La perte humiliante de la Corée comme État vassal suscite une importante vague de protestation. En Chine, la défaite précipite une série de changements politiques (réforme des Cent Jours de juin à septembre 1898) de Kang Youwei, finalement arrêté par l'impératrice douairière Cixi, et révolutions, avec notamment le soulèvement de Wuchang (1911), par Sun Yat-sen. Le conflit est appelé en Chine guerre de Jiawu (chinois traditionnel : 甲午戰爭 ; chinois simplifié : 甲午战争 ; pinyin : Jiǎwǔ Zhànzhēng), en référence à l’année 1894 nommée d’après le calendrier traditionnel. Au Japon, elle est appelée guerre Japon-Qing (日清戦争, Nisshin sensō). En Corée, où une grande partie du conflit a eu lieu, elle est appelée guerre Qing-Japon (coréen : 청일전쟁, hanja : 淸日戰爭). (fr) La primera guerra sino-japonesa o chino-japonesa​ (en chino, 甲午战争; en japonés, 日清戦争) (1 de agosto de 1894-17 de abril de 1895) se libró entre la dinastía Qing de China y el naciente Imperio del Japón, principalmente por el control de Corea. Después de más de seis meses de victorias ininterrumpidas del Ejército imperial y la Armada japonesa, así como de la toma del puerto chino de Weihai, China solicitó la paz en febrero de 1895. La guerra fue un claro indicio del fracaso del intento de la dinastía Qing de modernizar sus fuerzas armadas y defenderse de las amenazas a su soberanía, sobre todo en comparación con el éxito de Japón posterior a la Restauración Meiji. Por primera vez, el dominio regional en el este de Asia pasó de China a Japón, y el prestigio de la dinastía Qing, junto con la tradición clásica en China, sufrieron un duro golpe. La humillante pérdida de Corea como Estado vasallo de la dinastía Qing provocó una protesta pública sin precedentes. En China, la derrota fue un catalizador para una serie de revoluciones y cambios políticos dirigidos por Sun Yat-Sen y . Estas tendencias se manifestarían más tarde en la Revolución de 1911, que acabó con la monarquía. En marzo de 1895, se firmó el Tratado de Shimonoseki entre Japón y China por el cual esta cedía Taiwán, las islas Pescadores y Liaodong al Imperio del Japón. Este conflicto se conoce comúnmente en China como la guerra de Jiawu (chino simplificado: 甲午战争, chino tradicional: 甲午战争; pinyin: Jiǎwǔ Zhànzhēng), refiriéndose al año (1894) como el nombre bajo el sistema tradicional sexagenario de nomenclatura. En Japón, se le conoce comúnmente como guerra de Japón-Qing (Nisshin Sensō, 日清戦争). (es) Perang Tiongkok-Jepang Pertama (中日甲午战争/中日甲午戰爭 - Zhōngrì Jiǎwǔ Zhànzhēng); (日清戦争 Romaji: Nisshin Sensō) (1 Agustus 1894–17 April 1895) adalah sebuah perang antara Dinasti Qing Tiongkok dan Meiji Jepang dalam perebutan kendali atas Korea. Perang Tiongkok-Jepang merupakan simbol kemerosotan Dinasti Qing dan juga menunjukkan kesuksesan modernisasi Jepang sejak Restorasi Meiji dibandingkan dengan Gerakan Penguatan Diri di Tiongkok. Peperangan ini berakhir dengan kekalahan Dinasti Qing dan penandatanganan Perjanjian Shimonoseki pada tahun 1895 yang berakibat pada ganti rugi 30 juta tael kepada Jepang. Pengaruh selanjutnya dari perang ini adalah pergantian dominansi regional Asia dari Tiongkok kepada Jepang dan merupakan pukulan telak untuk Dinasti Qing dan tradisi Tiongkok kuno. Kehilangan yang memalukan atas lepasnya Korea sebagai Negara pembayar upeti yang terhadap Tiongkok, memicu terjadinya kemarahan publik yang belum pernah terjadi sebelumnya. Didalam negeri sendiri, kekalahan Tiongkok mendorong terjadinya beberapa pergolakan politik yang dipimpin oleh Sun Yat-Sen dan Kang Youwei. Revolusi Xinhai menjadi puncaknya pada tahun 1911. (in) 日清戦争（にっしんせんそう）は、1894年（明治27年）7月25日から1895年（明治28年）4月17日にかけて日本と清国の間で行われた戦争である。なお、正式に宣戦布告されたのは1894年8月1日であり、完全な終戦は台湾の平定を終えた1895年11月30日とする見方もある。李氏朝鮮の地位確認と朝鮮半島の権益を巡る争いが原因となって引き起こされ、主に朝鮮半島と遼東半島および黄海で両国は交戦し、日本側の勝利と見なせる日清講和条約（下関条約）の調印によって終結した。 壬午軍乱以後、閔妃によって清国は李氏朝鮮に対する宗主権を一方的に主張していたため、講和条約の中で日本帝国は、李氏朝鮮に対する清国の一方的な宗主権の放棄を承認させた他、清国から台湾、澎湖諸島、遼東半島を割譲され、また巨額の賠償金も獲得した。しかし、講和直後の三国干渉により遼東半島は手放すことになった。戦争に勝利した日本は、アジアの近代国家と認められて国際的地位が向上し、支払われた賠償金の大部分は軍備拡張費用、軍事費となった。[1][2] 以下「和暦を含む西暦（中国暦）」という形式で年月日を表記する。特に断りがなければグレゴリオ暦である。 (ja) 청일 전쟁(淸日戰爭)은 임오군란 때부터 민비(명성황후)의 요청으로 일방적으로 조선의 종주를 주장하는 청나라에 대해 일본 제국이 일으킨 1894년 7월 25일부터 1895년 4월까지 전쟁이다. 중국에서는 갑오년에 일어났다고 하여 갑오전쟁(중국어 간체자: 甲午战争, 정체자: 甲午戰爭, 병음: Jiǎwǔ Zhànzhēng 자우잔정[*]), 일본에서는 일청전쟁(일본어: 日清戦争 닛신센소[*]), 서양에서는 제1차 중일 전쟁(First Sino-Japanese War)이라고도 불린다. (ko) La prima guerra sino-giapponese (in cinese 中日甲午戰爭T, 中日甲午战争S, Zhōngrì Jiǎwǔ ZhànzhēngP; in giapponese: 日清戦争, Nisshin Sensou) venne combattuta dal 1º agosto 1894 al 17 aprile 1895 tra l'impero Qing e l'Impero giapponese del periodo Meiji per il controllo della Corea. La guerra sino-giapponese sarebbe diventata il simbolo della degenerazione e dell'indebolimento della dinastia Qing e la dimostrazione del successo dell'occidentalizzazione e modernizzazione del Giappone ad opera del Rinnovamento Meiji rispetto all'Autorafforzamento cinese. La principale conseguenza fu lo spostamento del dominio regionale in Asia dalla Cina al Giappone e una perdita di legittimità sia della dinastia Qing, sia della tradizione cinese classica. Ciò avrebbe portato più tardi alla rivoluzione del 1911. (it) A Primeira Guerra Sino-Japonesa (1894-1895) foi um conflito entre o Japão e a China, fundamentalmente pelo controle da Coreia. Em chinês, para distingui-la da Segunda Guerra Sino-Japonesa, é conhecida como "Guerra Jiawu" (甲午戰爭), já que ocorreu no ano chinês que leva esse nome. Em Março de 1895, os dois países assinaram o tratado de Shimonoseki e a China aceitou a cessão de Taiwan, das Ilhas Pescadores e de Liaodong ao Japão. No entanto, nesse mesmo ano, a Rússia, que via a expansão de Japão como um perigo aos seus interesses geopolíticos na zona, apoiada pela França e o Reino Unido, pressionaram o governo japonês para que amistosamente reconsiderasse as vantagens obtidas pelo Tratado de Shimonoseki. O Japão, que era incapaz de enfrentar-se com a Rússia, cedeu e teve de renunciar aos direitos adquiridos sobre a península de Liaodong e a sua cobiçada praça estratégica de Port Arthur. Este fato, pese a conservação do resto dos ganhos territoriais e a influência sobre a Coreia fez com que os japoneses pensassem duas vezes antes de agir por conta própria. (pt) De Eerste Chinees-Japanse Oorlog (ook wel Eerste Sino-Japanse oorlog) was een oorlog die gevochten werd door Japan en China, die ontbrandde vanwege een onenigheid over keizerrijk Korea. Deze oorlog duurde van 1894 tot 1895 en liep uit op een overwinning van Japan, waarmee het de wereld verraste en China vernederde. (nl) Японо-китайская война 1894—1895 — война Японии против маньчжурской империи Цин с целью установления господства в Корее (номинально являвшейся вассальной страной по отношению к империи Цин) и проникновения в Маньчжурию и Китай. (ru) Wojna chińsko-japońska (1894–1895), w Chinach nazywana wojną jiawu, upr: 甲午战争; trad. 甲午戰爭 (jiǎwǔ zhànzhēng)), a w Japonii wojną Japonia–Qing (日清戦争; nisshin-sensō) – wojna podjęta przez Japonię w celu uzyskania koncesji terytorialnych i gospodarczych od Chin. (pl) Första kinesisk-japanska kriget, även känt som första sino-japanska kriget, (kinesiska: 中日甲午戰爭; pinyin: Zhōngrì Jiǎwǔzhànzhēng; japanska: 日清戦争 rōmaji: Nisshin Sensō) var en väpnad konflikt mellan Qingdynastins Kina och Japanska imperiet, som varade från den 1 augusti 1894 till den 17 april 1895. Kriget gällde i huvudsak kontrollen över Koreahalvön och resulterade i en förskjutning av makten i området till Japans fördel. På svenska benämns kriget omväxlande sino-japanska kriget och kinesisk-japanska kriget. För att skilja detta från det andra sino-japanska kriget så kallas kriget "Jiawukriget" (甲午戦争) på kinesiska, eftersom det inträffade under det kinesiska året med samma namn. Den japanska benämningen "Nisshin Sensō" betyder bokstavligt "Japan-Qing-kriget". (sv) 甲午戰爭，亦称中日甲午戰爭，是一場中國清朝和大日本帝國之間的近代戰爭，兩國圍繞著朝鮮半島的宗主權展開了全面的軍事衝突，國際社會在此前一直看好清朝，但實際上卻是日本方面輕鬆獲勝，而清朝則慘敗得歸，最終以1895年簽訂的《馬關條約》收尾。 甲午戰爭以丰岛海战為戰爭爆發的標誌，陸戰的主戰場位於朝鲜半岛、辽东半島和山東半島，海軍的主戰場位於黃海和渤海。中日兩國在開戰之前均接受了不同程度的西化，也都採取了西洋式戰艦和陸軍裝備，但由於日本的大獲全勝，西方列強在此一戰後就以平等的姿態面對日本；而清朝的國際聲望則一落千丈，被認為是“東亞病夫”，西方列強看穿了清朝的西方化只是徒有虛名之後就不再手軟，開啟了瓜分中國的狂潮。此戰也深遠的影響了東亞的外交格局，朝鮮半島正式擺脫了兩千多年來對中國的藩屬國地位，以中國為中心的冊封體制在此時解體，但朝鮮並沒有獲得真正的獨立，其政府在之後慢慢地淪為日本的傀儡；而台灣島則被割讓給日本，成為日本的第一個殖民地。 (zh) Японсько-цінська війна (яп. 日清戦争, にっしんせんそう, МФА: [ɲiɕ̚.ɕiɴ sensoː]; кит. 甲午戦争) — збройний конфлікт у 1894-1895 роках між Японією та маньчжурською династією Цін, що правила Китаєм, за вплив над Корейським півостровом. Поразка Цінської імперії показала занепад китайської цивілізації та продемонструвала зростаючу потугу модернізованої на західний зразок Японської імперії. Перемога останньої у конфлікті сприяла ліквідації китайської політичної гегемонії у Східній Азії та розвалу династичної системи правління у Китаї. (uk)
dbo:causalties 35,000 dead and wounded
dbo:date 1894-07-25 (xsd:date) 1895-04-17 (xsd:date)
dbo:isPartOfMilitaryConflict dbr:Century_of_Humiliation
dbo:place dbr:Qing_dynasty dbr:Joseon dbr:Manchuria dbr:Taiwan_(island) dbr:Yellow_Sea
dbo:result Japanese victory * Assassination ofQueen Min * Significant loss of prestige for theQing dynasty *Korearemoved from Chinesesuzerainty *Treaty of Shimonoseki *Korean Peninsulatransferred to Japanesesphere of influence
dbo:strength 240,616 men 630,000 men
dbo:territory dbr:Penghu_islands
dbo:thumbnail wiki-commons:Special:FilePath/Battle_of_Phungdo.jpg?width=300
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dbp:1a Kim (en) Jansen (en) Olender (en)
dbp:1p 56 (xsd:integer) 289 (xsd:integer) 439 (xsd:integer)
dbp:1y 2002 (xsd:integer) 2012 (xsd:integer) 2014 (xsd:integer)
dbp:2a Evans (en) Keene (en) Paine (en) Jowett (en) Peattie (en)
dbp:2p 30 (xsd:integer) 65 (xsd:integer) 373 (xsd:integer)
dbp:2y 1997 (xsd:integer) 2002 (xsd:integer) 2003 (xsd:integer) 2013 (xsd:integer)
dbp:3a Jowett (en)
dbp:3p 30 (xsd:integer)
dbp:3y 2013 (xsd:integer)
dbp:author Makio Okabe (en) Proclamation of the Chinese Guangxu Emperor (en) Proclamation of the Japanese Meiji Emperor (en)
dbp:casualties 35000 (xsd:integer) Total: 17,069 casualties (en)
dbp:conflict First Sino-Japanese War (en)
dbp:date 1894 (xsd:integer) 0001-07-25 (xsd:gMonthDay) (en) April 2022 (en)
dbp:hangul 청일전쟁 (en)
dbp:hanja 淸日戰爭 (en)
dbp:iboxOrder zh, ja, ko1 (en)
dbp:imageSize 400 (xsd:integer)
dbp:kanji 日清戦争 (en)
dbp:kyujitai 日清戰爭 (en)
dbp:l War of Jiawu – referring to the year 1894 under the traditional sexagenary system (en)
dbp:lja Japan–Qing War (en)
dbp:lk Qing–Japan War (en)
dbp:mr ch'ŏngil chŏnjaeng (en)
dbp:name Imperial Japanese Army composition (en)
dbp:p 159 (xsd:integer) Cháoxiǎn cèlüè (en) Jiǎwǔ Zhànzhēng (en)
dbp:parent dbr:Imperial_General_Headquarters
dbp:partof the Century of Humiliation (en)
dbp:pic 16126 (xsd:integer)
dbp:place China, Korea, Manchuria, Taiwan, Yellow Sea (en)
dbp:reason author? ISBN? (en)
dbp:result Japanese victory * Significant loss of prestige for the Qing dynasty * Korea removed from Chinese suzerainty * Korean Peninsula transferred to Japanese sphere of influence * Assassination of Queen Min * Treaty of Shimonoseki (en)
dbp:romaji Nisshin sensō (en)
dbp:rr cheongil jeonjaeng (en)
dbp:s 甲午战争 (en) 甲午戰爭 (en)
dbp:source diary (en)
dbp:strength 240616 (xsd:integer) 630000 (xsd:integer) (en)
dbp:subordinate * First Army ** 3rd Provincial Division ** 5th Provincial Division * Second Army ** 1st Provincial Division ** 2nd Provincial Division ** 6th Provincial Division * In reserve ** 4th Provincial Division * Invasion of Formosa ** Imperial Guards Division (en)
dbp:t 朝鮮策略 (en)
dbp:territory The cession of Taiwan and Penghu islands by Qing China to Japan. The Liaodong Peninsula was initially ceded but forced to return to China due to Triple Intervention (en)
dbp:text We, by the grace of Heaven, Emperor of Japan, seated on a Throne occupied by the same dynasty from time immemorial, do hereby make proclamation to all our loyal and brave subjects, as follows: We hereby declare war against China, and we command each and all of our competent authorities, in obedience to our wish and with a view to the attainment of the national aim, to carry on hostilities by sea and by land against China, with all the means at their disposal, consistently with the Law of Nations. During the past three decades of our reign our constant aim has been to further the peaceful progress of the country in civilisation; and, being sensible of the evils inseparable from complications with foreign states, it has always been our pleasure to instruct our Minister of State to labour for the promotion of friendly relations with our Treaty Powers. We are gratified to know that the relations of our Empire with those Powers have yearly increased in good will and in friendship. Under the circumstances, we were unprepared for such a conspicuous want of amity and of good faith as has been manifested by China in her conduct towards this country in connexion with the Korean affair. Korea is an independent state. She was first introduced into the family of nations by the advice and guidance of Japan. It has, however, been China's habit to designate Korea as her dependency, and both openly and secretly to interfere with her domestic affairs. At the time of the recent insurrection in Korea, China despatched troops thither, alleging that her purpose was to afford a succour to her dependent state. We, in virtue of the treaty concluded with Korea in 1882, and looking to possible emergencies, caused a military force to be sent to that country. Wishing to procure for Korea freedom from the calamity of perpetual disturbance, and thereby to maintain the peace of the East in general, Japan invited China's cooperation for the accomplishment of the object. But China, advancing various pretexts, declined Japan's proposal. Thereupon Japan advised Korea to reform her administration so that order and tranquillity might be preserved at home, and so that the country might be able to discharge the responsibilities and duties of an independent state abroad. Korea has already consented to undertake the task. But China has secretly and insidiously endeavoured to circumvent and to thwart Japan's purpose. She has further procrastinated and endeavoured to make warlike preparations both on land and at sea. When those preparations were completed she not only sent large reinforcements to Korea, with a view to the forcible attainment of her ambitious designs, but even carried her arbitrariness and insolence to the extent of opening fire upon our ships in Korean waters. China's plain object is to make it uncertain where the responsibility resides of preserving peace and order in Korea, and not only to weaken the position of that state in the family of nations - a position obtained for Korea through Japan's efforts - but also to obscure the significance of the treaties recognising and confirming that position. Such conduct on the part of China is not only a direct injury to the rights and interests of this Empire, but also a menace to the permanent peace and tranquillity of the Orient. Judging from her actions, it must be concluded that China from the beginning has been bent upon sacrificing peace to the attainment of her sinister object. In this situation, ardent as our wish is to promote the prestige of the country abroad by strictly peaceful methods, we find it impossible to avoid a formal declaration of war against China. It is our earnest wish that, by the loyalty and valour of our faithful subjects, peace may soon be permanently restored and the glory of the Empire be augmented and completed. Given this 1st day of the eighth month of the 27th year of Meiji... (en) As we entered the town of Port Arthur, we saw the head of a Japanese soldier displayed on a wooden stake. This filled us with rage and a desire to crush any Chinese soldier. Anyone we saw in the town, we killed. The streets were filled with corpses, so many they blocked our way. We killed people in their homes; by and large, there wasn't a single house without from three to six dead. Blood was flowing and the smell was awful. We sent out search parties. We shot some, hacked at others. The Chinese troops just dropped their arms and fled. Firing and slashing, it was unbounded joy. At this time, our artillery troops were at the rear, giving three cheers [[[Ten thousand years|banzai]]] for the emperor. (en) Korea has been our tributary for the past two hundred odd years. She has given us tribute all this time, which is a matter known to the world. For the past dozen years or so Korea has been troubled by repeated insurrections and we, in sympathy with our small tributary, have as repeatedly sent succour to her aid, eventually placing a Resident in her capital to protect Korea's interests. In the fourth moon of this year another rebellion was begun in Korea, and the King repeatedly asked again for aid from us to put down the rebellion. We then ordered Li Hongzhang to send troops to Korea; and they having barely reached Yashan the rebels immediately scattered. But the Wojen, without any cause whatever, suddenly sent their troops to Korea, and entered Seoul, the capital of Korea, reinforcing them constantly until they have exceeded ten thousand men. In the meantime the Japanese forced the Korean king to change his system of government, showing a disposition every way of bullying the Koreans. It was found a difficult matter to reason with the Wojen. Although we have been in the habit of assisting our tributaries, we have never interfered with their internal government. Japan's treaty with Korea was as one country with another; there is no law for sending large armies to bully a country in this way, and compel it to change its system of government. The various powers are united in condemning the conduct of the Japanese, and can give no reasonable name to the army she now has in Korea. Nor has Japan been amenable to reason, nor would she listen to the exhortation to withdraw her troops and confer amicably upon what should be done in Korea. On the contrary, Japan has shown herself bellicose without regard to appearances, and has been increasing her forces there. Her conduct alarmed the people of Korea as well as our merchants there, and so we sent more troops over to protect them. Judge of our surprise then when, halfway to Korea, a number of the Wojen ships suddenly appeared, and taking advantage of our unpreparedness, opened fire upon our transports at a spot on the sea-coast near Yashan, and damaged them, thus causing us to suffer from their treacherous conduct, which could not be foretold by us. As Japan has violated the treaties and not observed international laws, and is now running rampant with her false and treacherous actions commencing hostilities herself, and laying herself open to condemnation by the various powers at large, we therefore desire to make it known to the world that we have always followed the paths of philanthropy and perfect justice throughout the whole complications, while the Wojen, on the other hand, have broken all the laws of nations and treaties which it passes our patience to bear with. Hence we have commanded Li Hongzhang to give strict orders to our various armies to hasten with all speed to root the Wojen out of their lairs. He is to send successive armies of valiant men to Korea in order to save the Koreans from the dust of bondage. We also command the Manchu generals, viceroys and governors of the maritime provinces, as well as the commanders-in-chief of the various armies, to prepare for war and to make every effort to fire on the Wojen ships if they come into our ports, and utterly destroy them. We exhort our generals to refrain from the least laxity in obeying our commands in order to avoid severe punishment at our hands. Let all know this edict as if addressed to themselves individually. Respect this! (en)
dbp:title First Sino-Japanese War (en)
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rdfs:comment První čínsko-japonská válka (1894–1895) byla válka mezi čínskou říší Čching a Japonskem o nadvládu nad územím Korejského poloostrova a přilehlých oblastí. Střetnutí skončilo drtivou porážkou Číny, která ztratila nejen svůj vliv v Koreji, ale též ostrov Tchaj-wan a postavení první asijské velmoci, které převzalo Japonsko. Válka nepřímo položila základ pozdější rusko-japonské války. Ruské impérium totiž nejenže využilo oslabení Číny a čínsko-japonské války k ovládnutí části Mandžuska, ale dokonce i k tomu, aby s podporou Francie a Německa přinutilo Japonsko, aby mu předalo Port Arthur, který mu Čína v Šimonosecké mírové smlouvě také postoupila. (cs) La unua japana-ĉina milito (ĉine: 甲午战争, 甲午戰爭, jiǎwǔ zhànzhēng, "-milito"; japane: 日清戦争, nisshin sensō, "milito inter Japanujo kaj Qing-Ĉinujo") okazis de la 1-a de aŭgusto 1894 ĝis aprilo 1895. Tiam Ĉinujo estis Dinastio Qing kaj Japanujo estis Erao Meiji. En 1895 la du registaroj faris , kaj Japanujo atingis Tajvanon, , kaj . (eo) 日清戦争（にっしんせんそう）は、1894年（明治27年）7月25日から1895年（明治28年）4月17日にかけて日本と清国の間で行われた戦争である。なお、正式に宣戦布告されたのは1894年8月1日であり、完全な終戦は台湾の平定を終えた1895年11月30日とする見方もある。李氏朝鮮の地位確認と朝鮮半島の権益を巡る争いが原因となって引き起こされ、主に朝鮮半島と遼東半島および黄海で両国は交戦し、日本側の勝利と見なせる日清講和条約（下関条約）の調印によって終結した。 壬午軍乱以後、閔妃によって清国は李氏朝鮮に対する宗主権を一方的に主張していたため、講和条約の中で日本帝国は、李氏朝鮮に対する清国の一方的な宗主権の放棄を承認させた他、清国から台湾、澎湖諸島、遼東半島を割譲され、また巨額の賠償金も獲得した。しかし、講和直後の三国干渉により遼東半島は手放すことになった。戦争に勝利した日本は、アジアの近代国家と認められて国際的地位が向上し、支払われた賠償金の大部分は軍備拡張費用、軍事費となった。[1][2] 以下「和暦を含む西暦（中国暦）」という形式で年月日を表記する。特に断りがなければグレゴリオ暦である。 (ja) 청일 전쟁(淸日戰爭)은 임오군란 때부터 민비(명성황후)의 요청으로 일방적으로 조선의 종주를 주장하는 청나라에 대해 일본 제국이 일으킨 1894년 7월 25일부터 1895년 4월까지 전쟁이다. 중국에서는 갑오년에 일어났다고 하여 갑오전쟁(중국어 간체자: 甲午战争, 정체자: 甲午戰爭, 병음: Jiǎwǔ Zhànzhēng 자우잔정[*]), 일본에서는 일청전쟁(일본어: 日清戦争 닛신센소[*]), 서양에서는 제1차 중일 전쟁(First Sino-Japanese War)이라고도 불린다. (ko) De Eerste Chinees-Japanse Oorlog (ook wel Eerste Sino-Japanse oorlog) was een oorlog die gevochten werd door Japan en China, die ontbrandde vanwege een onenigheid over keizerrijk Korea. Deze oorlog duurde van 1894 tot 1895 en liep uit op een overwinning van Japan, waarmee het de wereld verraste en China vernederde. (nl) Японо-китайская война 1894—1895 — война Японии против маньчжурской империи Цин с целью установления господства в Корее (номинально являвшейся вассальной страной по отношению к империи Цин) и проникновения в Маньчжурию и Китай. (ru) Wojna chińsko-japońska (1894–1895), w Chinach nazywana wojną jiawu, upr: 甲午战争; trad. 甲午戰爭 (jiǎwǔ zhànzhēng)), a w Japonii wojną Japonia–Qing (日清戦争; nisshin-sensō) – wojna podjęta przez Japonię w celu uzyskania koncesji terytorialnych i gospodarczych od Chin. (pl) 甲午戰爭，亦称中日甲午戰爭，是一場中國清朝和大日本帝國之間的近代戰爭，兩國圍繞著朝鮮半島的宗主權展開了全面的軍事衝突，國際社會在此前一直看好清朝，但實際上卻是日本方面輕鬆獲勝，而清朝則慘敗得歸，最終以1895年簽訂的《馬關條約》收尾。 甲午戰爭以丰岛海战為戰爭爆發的標誌，陸戰的主戰場位於朝鲜半岛、辽东半島和山東半島，海軍的主戰場位於黃海和渤海。中日兩國在開戰之前均接受了不同程度的西化，也都採取了西洋式戰艦和陸軍裝備，但由於日本的大獲全勝，西方列強在此一戰後就以平等的姿態面對日本；而清朝的國際聲望則一落千丈，被認為是“東亞病夫”，西方列強看穿了清朝的西方化只是徒有虛名之後就不再手軟，開啟了瓜分中國的狂潮。此戰也深遠的影響了東亞的外交格局，朝鮮半島正式擺脫了兩千多年來對中國的藩屬國地位，以中國為中心的冊封體制在此時解體，但朝鮮並沒有獲得真正的獨立，其政府在之後慢慢地淪為日本的傀儡；而台灣島則被割讓給日本，成為日本的第一個殖民地。 (zh) Японсько-цінська війна (яп. 日清戦争, にっしんせんそう, МФА: [ɲiɕ̚.ɕiɴ sensoː]; кит. 甲午戦争) — збройний конфлікт у 1894-1895 роках між Японією та маньчжурською династією Цін, що правила Китаєм, за вплив над Корейським півостровом. Поразка Цінської імперії показала занепад китайської цивілізації та продемонструвала зростаючу потугу модернізованої на західний зразок Японської імперії. Перемога останньої у конфлікті сприяла ліквідації китайської політичної гегемонії у Східній Азії та розвалу династичної системи правління у Китаї. (uk) الحرب الصينية اليابانية الأولى (25 يوليو 1894 – 17 أبريل 1895) هي نزاع قام بين سلالة تشينغ الحاكمة للصين من جهة وإمبراطورية اليابان من جهة أخرى من أجل النفوذ في مملكة جوسون الكورية. بعدما تجاوز ستة أشهر من النجاحات التي أحرزتها القوات اليابانية البرية والبحرية بلا انقطاع وخسارة ميناء ويهاي، جنحت حكومة تشينغ للسلم في فبراير 1895. اندلعت بعض الاشتباكات بين الجيشين الياباني والصيني، إلا أنها سرعان ما تحولت إلى حرب حقيقية «الحرب الصينية-اليابانية»، رجحت أحداث هذه الحرب كفة اليابان وأكدت تفوقها العسكري، فكان أن طالبت الحكومة الصينية بإعلان الهدنة في شهر يناير من عام 1895. (ar) La Primera Guerra sino-japonesa (xinès: 中日甲午战争; pinyin: Zhōngrì Jiǎwǔ Zhànzhēng; japonès: 日清戦争; romaji: Nisshin Sensō) (1 d'agost del 1894 – 17 d'abril de 1895) va enfrontar el Japó de l'Era Meiji i la Xina de la dinastia Qing pel control de Corea. En xinès, per a distingir-la de la Segona Guerra sino-japonesa, se la coneix com a Guerra Jiawu (Jiǎwǔ), ja que va ocórrer l'any xinès que porta aquest nom. (ca) Ο Α΄ Σινοϊαπωνικός πόλεμος (1 Αυγούστου 1894 – 17 Απριλίου 1895) ήταν πολεμική σύγκρουση ανάμεσα στην Ιαπωνική Αυτοκρατορία Μεΐτζι και την Κίνα των Τσινγκ, κυρίως για τον έλεγχο της Κορέας. Η ήττα των Κινέζων μετά από έξι μήνες, εξέπληξε τον κόσμο και αποκάλυψε τη δύναμη του ιαπωνικού στρατού, ο οποίος έδρασε με θαυμαστή ταχύτητα και αποτελεσματικότητα. (el) The First Sino-Japanese War (25 July 1894 – 17 April 1895) was a conflict between China and Japan primarily over influence in Korea. After more than six months of unbroken successes by Japanese land and naval forces and the loss of the port of Weihaiwei, the Qing government sued for peace in February 1895. (en) Der Erste Japanisch-Chinesische Krieg (chinesisch 甲午戰爭 / 甲午战争, Pinyin jiǎwǔ zhànzhēng – „Jiawu-Krieg“, jap. 日清戦争 nisshin sensō) oder Erste Sino-Japanische Krieg war ein Krieg zwischen Japan und dem China der Qing-Dynastie, der zwischen August 1894 und April 1895 ausgetragen wurde. Auslöser waren Streitigkeiten um den politischen Status Koreas. Die offizielle Kriegserklärung des Japanischen Kaiserreiches an das Kaiserreich China erfolgte am 1. August 1894, nachdem Japan den Königspalast in Seoul in seine Gewalt gebracht hatte. (de) Lehen Txina-Japonia Gerra (1894-1895), Txina eta Japoniaren arteko gerra bat izan zen, nagusiki Korearen kontrola lortzeko. Txineraz, Bigarren Txina-Japonia Gerratik bereizteko, Jiawu Gerra (甲午戰爭) izenaz da ezaguna, izen hori daraman txinatar urtean gertatu baitzen. 1895eko martxoan, bi herrialdeek, Shimonosekiko hitzarmena sinatu zuten, eta Txinak, Taiwan, Penghu uhartedia eta Liaodong penintsula Japoniari ematea onartzen du. (eu) La première guerre sino-japonaise ou sino-nippone (1er août 1894 - 17 avril 1895) oppose la Chine à l’empire du Japon, à l’origine pour le contrôle de la Corée. Après plus de six mois de succès continus des forces navales et terrestres japonaises, ajoutés à la perte du port de Weihai, les Qing demandent la paix en février 1895. (fr) La primera guerra sino-japonesa o chino-japonesa​ (en chino, 甲午战争; en japonés, 日清戦争) (1 de agosto de 1894-17 de abril de 1895) se libró entre la dinastía Qing de China y el naciente Imperio del Japón, principalmente por el control de Corea. Después de más de seis meses de victorias ininterrumpidas del Ejército imperial y la Armada japonesa, así como de la toma del puerto chino de Weihai, China solicitó la paz en febrero de 1895. En marzo de 1895, se firmó el Tratado de Shimonoseki entre Japón y China por el cual esta cedía Taiwán, las islas Pescadores y Liaodong al Imperio del Japón. (es) Perang Tiongkok-Jepang Pertama (中日甲午战争/中日甲午戰爭 - Zhōngrì Jiǎwǔ Zhànzhēng); (日清戦争 Romaji: Nisshin Sensō) (1 Agustus 1894–17 April 1895) adalah sebuah perang antara Dinasti Qing Tiongkok dan Meiji Jepang dalam perebutan kendali atas Korea. Perang Tiongkok-Jepang merupakan simbol kemerosotan Dinasti Qing dan juga menunjukkan kesuksesan modernisasi Jepang sejak Restorasi Meiji dibandingkan dengan Gerakan Penguatan Diri di Tiongkok. (in) La prima guerra sino-giapponese (in cinese 中日甲午戰爭T, 中日甲午战争S, Zhōngrì Jiǎwǔ ZhànzhēngP; in giapponese: 日清戦争, Nisshin Sensou) venne combattuta dal 1º agosto 1894 al 17 aprile 1895 tra l'impero Qing e l'Impero giapponese del periodo Meiji per il controllo della Corea. (it) A Primeira Guerra Sino-Japonesa (1894-1895) foi um conflito entre o Japão e a China, fundamentalmente pelo controle da Coreia. Em chinês, para distingui-la da Segunda Guerra Sino-Japonesa, é conhecida como "Guerra Jiawu" (甲午戰爭), já que ocorreu no ano chinês que leva esse nome. Em Março de 1895, os dois países assinaram o tratado de Shimonoseki e a China aceitou a cessão de Taiwan, das Ilhas Pescadores e de Liaodong ao Japão. (pt) Första kinesisk-japanska kriget, även känt som första sino-japanska kriget, (kinesiska: 中日甲午戰爭; pinyin: Zhōngrì Jiǎwǔzhànzhēng; japanska: 日清戦争 rōmaji: Nisshin Sensō) var en väpnad konflikt mellan Qingdynastins Kina och Japanska imperiet, som varade från den 1 augusti 1894 till den 17 april 1895. Kriget gällde i huvudsak kontrollen över Koreahalvön och resulterade i en förskjutning av makten i området till Japans fördel. (sv)
rdfs:label First Sino-Japanese War (en) الحرب اليابانية الصينية الأولى (ar) Primera Guerra sino-japonesa (ca) První čínsko-japonská válka (cs) Erster Japanisch-Chinesischer Krieg (de) Α΄ Σινοϊαπωνικός Πόλεμος (el) Unua ĉina-japana milito (eo) Primera guerra sino-japonesa (es) Lehen Txina-Japonia Gerra (eu) Première guerre sino-japonaise (fr) Perang Tiongkok-Jepang Pertama (in) Prima guerra sino-giapponese (it) 日清戦争 (ja) 청일 전쟁 (ko) Eerste Chinees-Japanse Oorlog (nl) Primeira Guerra Sino-Japonesa (pt) Wojna chińsko-japońska (1894–1895) (pl) Японо-китайская война (1894—1895) (ru) Första kinesisk-japanska kriget (sv) Японсько-цінська війна (uk) 甲午战争 (zh)
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foaf:name First Sino-Japanese War (en)
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