Hydrolase (original) (raw)
En bioquímica, una hidrolasa o enzim hidrolític és un enzim que catalitza la hidròlisi d'un enllaç químic. Per exemple, un enzim que catalitzi la següent reacció és una hidrolasa: A–B + H₂O → A–OH + B–H
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| dbo:abstract | En bioquímica, una hidrolasa o enzim hidrolític és un enzim que catalitza la hidròlisi d'un enllaç químic. Per exemple, un enzim que catalitzi la següent reacció és una hidrolasa: A–B + H₂O → A–OH + B–H (ca) في الكيمياء الحيوية الهيدروليز أو الهيدرولاز أو الإنزيم المحلمه أو إنزيم الحلمهة أحد أنواع الإنزيمات التي تحفز حلمهة الإستر (استراز)، الروابط الببتيدية (ببتيديز)، والروابط السكرية (أوزيديز). عادة هذه الأنزيمات لا تحتاج لعامل مرافق. نعثر على الهيدروليز في الجسيم الحال للخلية. هذا الهيدروليز له خاصية حمضية، حيث تكون درجة حموضته 5 عندما يفعّل. يحفض الأنزيم داخل الجسيم الحال بطريقة مسيكة وخروجه بطريقة فجائية يؤدي إلى تحطيم الخلية. (ar) Hydrolasa nebo též hydroláza je enzym, který katalyzuje hydrolýzu – tedy rozkladnou reakci, kde je činitelem rozkladu voda. Tuto reakci – tzv. hydrolytické štěpení vazeb – lze obecně popsat chemickou rovnicí A–B + H2O → A–OH + B–H Původní látka A–B je zde vodou rozkládána na nové produkty. Této reakce se účastní i hydroláza (v rovnici není zapsaná), která se však reakcí nemění (proto se jedná o katalyzátor). Hydrolázy jsou nejpočetnější třídou enzymů. (cs) Hydrolasen sind Enzyme, die Ester, Ether, Peptide, Glycoside, Säureanhydride oder in reversibler Reaktion hydrolytisch spalten. Sie bilden die dritte Gruppe der EC-Klassifikation der Enzyme. Ihre Vertreter sind unter anderem Peptidasen, Nukleasen, Phosphatasen, Glycosidasen, Esterasen. Das katalysierte Gleichgewicht lautet (de) Hidrolasa lotura kimiko bat hidrolizatzeko gai den entzima bat da. Esate baterako, honako erreakzio hau katalizatzen duen enzima, hidrolasa bat izango da: A–B + H2O → A–OH + B–H (eu) Una hidrolasa es una enzima capaz de catalizar la hidrólisis de un enlace químico. Por ejemplo, una enzima que catalice la reacción siguiente será una hidrolasa: A–B + H2O → A–OH + B–H (es) Hydrolase is a class of enzyme that commonly perform as biochemical catalysts that use water to break a chemical bond, which typically results in dividing a larger molecule into smaller molecules. Some common examples of hydrolase enzymes are esterases including lipases, phosphatases, glycosidases, peptidases, and nucleosidases. Esterases cleave ester bonds in lipids and phosphatases cleave phosphate groups off molecules. An example of crucial esterase is acetylcholine esterase, which assists in transforming the neuron impulse into the acetate group after the hydrolase breaks the acetylcholine into choline and acetic acid. Acetic acid is an important metabolite in the body and a critical intermediate for other reactions such as glycolysis. Lipases hydrolyze glycerides. Glycosidases cleave sugar molecules off carbohydrates and peptidases hydrolyze peptide bonds. Nucleosidases hydrolyze the bonds of nucleotides. Hydrolase enzymes are important for the body because they have degradative properties. In lipids, lipases contribute to the breakdown of fats and lipoproteins and other larger molecules into smaller molecules like fatty acids and glycerol. Fatty acids and other small molecules are used for synthesis and as a source of energy. In biochemistry, a hydrolase is an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of a chemical bond. For example, any enzyme that catalyzes the following reaction is a hydrolase: A–B + H2O → A–OH + B–H where A–B represents a chemical bond of unspecified molecules. (en) 加水分解酵素（かすいぶんかいこうそ、英: hydrolase）とはEC第3群に分類される酵素で、加水分解反応を触媒する酵素である。ヒドロラーゼと呼ばれる。代表的な反応はタンパク質、脂質、多糖〈炭水化物〉をアミノ酸、脂肪酸、ブドウ糖などに消化分解する生化学反応に関与する。あるいはコリンエステラーゼ、環状ヌクレオチドホスホジエステラーゼやプロテインホスファターゼのような生体内のシグナル伝達に関与するものも多い。 (ja) Les hydrolases constituent une classe d'enzymes qui catalysent les réactions d'hydrolyse de molécules suivant la réaction générale : R-R' + H2O R-OH + R'-H On y trouve par exemple * les estérases, qui hydrolysent les esters (R-CO-O~R'), * les peptidases, qui hydrolysent les liaisons peptidiques (AA1-CO~NH-AA2), * les glycosidases, qui hydrolysent les oligo- ou polysaccharides (sucre1-O~sucre2), * les phosphatases, qui hydrolysent les produits phosphorés (exemple : ATP + H2O ⇌ ADP + P). Ces enzymes ne nécessitent pas en général de coenzymes. Elles sont activables par des cations. On rencontre des hydrolases dans les lysosomes des cellules. Les hydrolases lysosomales, particulièrement acides, présentent un pH d'environ 5 lorsqu'elles sont activées. Elles sont enfermées de façon étanche au sein du lysosome dont la libération brutale du contenu pourrait lyser la cellule. Elles sont classées dans le groupe EC 3 dans la nomenclature EC, et sont réparties en 13 sous-groupes, en fonction du type de liaison qui sera coupée. (fr) 가수분해효소(加水分解酵素, 영어: hydrolase)는 일반적으로 물을 사용하여 화학 결합을 분해하는 반응을 촉매하는 효소 부류로, 보통은 큰 분자를 작은 분자로 나누는 역할을 한다. 하이드롤레이스라고도 한다. 가수분해효소의 일반적인 예로는 지질가수분해효소, 인산가수분해효소, , 단백질가수분해효소, 를 포함하는 에스터가수분해효소가 있다. 에스터가수분해효소는 지질의 에스터 결합을 절단하고, 인산가수분해효소는 분자에서 인산기를 절단한다. 중요한 에스터가수분해효소의 예로는 아세틸콜린에스터레이스가 있는데, 이 효소는 아세틸콜린을 콜린과 아세트산으로 분해하는 반응을 촉매한다. 아세트산은 신체의 중요한 대사 산물이며, 해당과정과 같은 다른 반응의 중요한 중간생성물이다. 지질가수분해효소는 글리세라이드를 가수분해한다. 글리코사이드 가수분해효소는 탄수화물에서 당 분자를 절단하고 펩티데이스는 펩타이드 결합을 가수분해한다. 뉴클레오사이드가수분해효소는 뉴클레오타이드의 결합을 가수분해한다. 가수분해효소는 분해 특성이 있기 때문에 신체에 중요하다. 지질에서 지질가수분해효소는 지방, 지질단백질 및 다른 큰 분자들을 지방산 및 글리세롤과 같은 더 작은 분자로 분해하는 데 역할을 한다. 지방산 및 기타 작은 분자는 합성 및 에너지원으로 사용된다. (ko) In biochimica una idrolasi (numero EC 3) è un enzima che catalizza l'idrolisi di un legame chimico. Un enzima in grado di catalizzare la seguente reazione, ad esempio, appartiene alla famiglia delle idrolasi. A–B + H2O → A–OH + B–H (it) Een hydrolase is in de biochemie een enzym dat de hydrolyse van een chemische binding katalyseert.Een enzym dat de volgende reactie katalyseert, is dus een hydrolase: A–B + H2O → A–OH + B–H Bij de mens (Homo sapiens) zijn er ± 419 hydrolasen bekend (werkzaam in het lichaam). (nl) Hydrolazy (EC 3) – klasa enzymów katalizujących rozcięcie wiązań chemicznych w procesie hydrolizy. Do grupy tej należy wiele enzymów trawiennych. Cechą charakterystyczną hydrolaz jest fakt, że nie posiadają one koenzymów. Ich działanie można przedstawić ogólnie jako: AB + H2O → A-H + B-OH Do klasy hydrolaz należą: * EC 3.1 esterazy * EC 3.2 glukozydazy - rozcinające węglowodany * EC 3.4 - proteazy - rozcinające białka (np. trypsyna - EC.3.4.21.4) * nukleazy - rozcinające kwasy nukleinowe (np. rybonukleazy, DNazy) * amylaza * amyloglukozydaza * inwertazy - rozcinające wiązanie β-glikozydowe sacharozy * fosfatazy - katalizujące defosforylację estrów fosforanowych, np. nukleotydów * lipazy - rozcinające tłuszcze (pl) Hydrolaser är en enzymklass vars medlemmar katalyserar hydrolysreaktioner – till exempel sönderdelning av protein till fria aminosyror. Några vanliga exempel på hydrolasenzymer är esteraser inklusive lipaser, fosfataser, , peptidaser och . Esteraser klyver esterbindningar i lipider och fosfataser klyver fosfatgrupper av molekyler. Ett exempel på avgörande esteras är acetylkolinesteras, som hjälper till att omvandla neuronimpulsen till acetatgruppen efter att hydrolaset bryter acetylkolin till kolin och ättiksyra. Ättiksyra är en viktig metabolit i kroppen och en kritisk mellanprodukt för andra reaktioner såsom glykolys. Lipaser hydrolyserar glycerider. Glykosidaser klyver sockermolekyler av kolhydrater och peptidaser hydrolyserar peptidbindningar. Nukleosidaser hydrolyserar bindningarna av nukleotider. Hydrolasenzymer är viktiga för kroppen eftersom de har nedbrytande egenskaper. I lipider bidrar lipaser till nedbrytningen av fetter och lipoproteiner och andra större molekyler till mindre molekyler som fettsyror och glycerol. Fettsyror och andra små molekyler används för syntes och som energikälla. Inom biokemin är ett hydrolas ett enzym som katalyserar hydrolysen av en kemisk bindning. Till exempel är något enzym som katalyserar följande reaktion ett hydrolas: A–B + H2O → A–OH + B–H där A–B representerar en kemisk bindning av ospecificerade molekyler. (sv) Hidrolases são enzimas que promovem a cisão de um material orgânico através da utilização de água. (pt) Гідролази ( 3) — клас ферментів, що каталізують гідроліз ковалентного зв'язку. Реакція, що каталізується гідролазами, виглядає так: A–B + H2O → A–OH + B–H (uk) Гидрола́зы (КФ 3) — это класс ферментов, катализирующий гидролиз ковалентной связи. Общий вид реакции, катализируемой гидролазой, выглядит следующим образом: A-B + H2O → A-OH + B-H Проявляют активность при наличии неизменённых сульфгидрильных SH— групп, если таковые занимают определённое положение в полипептидной цепи. Каталитическое действие заключается в соединении гидролаз с расщепляемым веществом и последующим отщеплением продуктов реакции с высвобождением самих гидролаз. Механизм имеет много общего с действием трансфераз. Гидролазы переносят отщепляемые группы на воду, но некоторые способны переносить их и на другие молекулы.Часть гидролаз выделена в кристаллической форме (уреаза, пепсин, трипсин, химотрипсин и др.). (ru) 水解酶（英語：Hydrolase）是一種催化化學鍵的水解的酶。舉例來說，一種酶催化以下的化學反應就是水解酶： (zh) |
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| rdfs:comment | En bioquímica, una hidrolasa o enzim hidrolític és un enzim que catalitza la hidròlisi d'un enllaç químic. Per exemple, un enzim que catalitzi la següent reacció és una hidrolasa: A–B + H₂O → A–OH + B–H (ca) في الكيمياء الحيوية الهيدروليز أو الهيدرولاز أو الإنزيم المحلمه أو إنزيم الحلمهة أحد أنواع الإنزيمات التي تحفز حلمهة الإستر (استراز)، الروابط الببتيدية (ببتيديز)، والروابط السكرية (أوزيديز). عادة هذه الأنزيمات لا تحتاج لعامل مرافق. نعثر على الهيدروليز في الجسيم الحال للخلية. هذا الهيدروليز له خاصية حمضية، حيث تكون درجة حموضته 5 عندما يفعّل. يحفض الأنزيم داخل الجسيم الحال بطريقة مسيكة وخروجه بطريقة فجائية يؤدي إلى تحطيم الخلية. (ar) Hydrolasa nebo též hydroláza je enzym, který katalyzuje hydrolýzu – tedy rozkladnou reakci, kde je činitelem rozkladu voda. Tuto reakci – tzv. hydrolytické štěpení vazeb – lze obecně popsat chemickou rovnicí A–B + H2O → A–OH + B–H Původní látka A–B je zde vodou rozkládána na nové produkty. Této reakce se účastní i hydroláza (v rovnici není zapsaná), která se však reakcí nemění (proto se jedná o katalyzátor). Hydrolázy jsou nejpočetnější třídou enzymů. (cs) Hydrolasen sind Enzyme, die Ester, Ether, Peptide, Glycoside, Säureanhydride oder in reversibler Reaktion hydrolytisch spalten. Sie bilden die dritte Gruppe der EC-Klassifikation der Enzyme. Ihre Vertreter sind unter anderem Peptidasen, Nukleasen, Phosphatasen, Glycosidasen, Esterasen. Das katalysierte Gleichgewicht lautet (de) Hidrolasa lotura kimiko bat hidrolizatzeko gai den entzima bat da. Esate baterako, honako erreakzio hau katalizatzen duen enzima, hidrolasa bat izango da: A–B + H2O → A–OH + B–H (eu) Una hidrolasa es una enzima capaz de catalizar la hidrólisis de un enlace químico. Por ejemplo, una enzima que catalice la reacción siguiente será una hidrolasa: A–B + H2O → A–OH + B–H (es) 加水分解酵素（かすいぶんかいこうそ、英: hydrolase）とはEC第3群に分類される酵素で、加水分解反応を触媒する酵素である。ヒドロラーゼと呼ばれる。代表的な反応はタンパク質、脂質、多糖〈炭水化物〉をアミノ酸、脂肪酸、ブドウ糖などに消化分解する生化学反応に関与する。あるいはコリンエステラーゼ、環状ヌクレオチドホスホジエステラーゼやプロテインホスファターゼのような生体内のシグナル伝達に関与するものも多い。 (ja) In biochimica una idrolasi (numero EC 3) è un enzima che catalizza l'idrolisi di un legame chimico. Un enzima in grado di catalizzare la seguente reazione, ad esempio, appartiene alla famiglia delle idrolasi. A–B + H2O → A–OH + B–H (it) Een hydrolase is in de biochemie een enzym dat de hydrolyse van een chemische binding katalyseert.Een enzym dat de volgende reactie katalyseert, is dus een hydrolase: A–B + H2O → A–OH + B–H Bij de mens (Homo sapiens) zijn er ± 419 hydrolasen bekend (werkzaam in het lichaam). (nl) Hidrolases são enzimas que promovem a cisão de um material orgânico através da utilização de água. (pt) Гідролази ( 3) — клас ферментів, що каталізують гідроліз ковалентного зв'язку. Реакція, що каталізується гідролазами, виглядає так: A–B + H2O → A–OH + B–H (uk) Гидрола́зы (КФ 3) — это класс ферментов, катализирующий гидролиз ковалентной связи. Общий вид реакции, катализируемой гидролазой, выглядит следующим образом: A-B + H2O → A-OH + B-H Проявляют активность при наличии неизменённых сульфгидрильных SH— групп, если таковые занимают определённое положение в полипептидной цепи. Каталитическое действие заключается в соединении гидролаз с расщепляемым веществом и последующим отщеплением продуктов реакции с высвобождением самих гидролаз. Механизм имеет много общего с действием трансфераз. Гидролазы переносят отщепляемые группы на воду, но некоторые способны переносить их и на другие молекулы.Часть гидролаз выделена в кристаллической форме (уреаза, пепсин, трипсин, химотрипсин и др.). (ru) 水解酶（英語：Hydrolase）是一種催化化學鍵的水解的酶。舉例來說，一種酶催化以下的化學反應就是水解酶： (zh) Hydrolase is a class of enzyme that commonly perform as biochemical catalysts that use water to break a chemical bond, which typically results in dividing a larger molecule into smaller molecules. Some common examples of hydrolase enzymes are esterases including lipases, phosphatases, glycosidases, peptidases, and nucleosidases. In biochemistry, a hydrolase is an enzyme that catalyzes the hydrolysis of a chemical bond. For example, any enzyme that catalyzes the following reaction is a hydrolase: A–B + H2O → A–OH + B–H where A–B represents a chemical bond of unspecified molecules. (en) Les hydrolases constituent une classe d'enzymes qui catalysent les réactions d'hydrolyse de molécules suivant la réaction générale : R-R' + H2O R-OH + R'-H On y trouve par exemple * les estérases, qui hydrolysent les esters (R-CO-O~R'), * les peptidases, qui hydrolysent les liaisons peptidiques (AA1-CO~NH-AA2), * les glycosidases, qui hydrolysent les oligo- ou polysaccharides (sucre1-O~sucre2), * les phosphatases, qui hydrolysent les produits phosphorés (exemple : ATP + H2O ⇌ ADP + P). Ces enzymes ne nécessitent pas en général de coenzymes. Elles sont activables par des cations. (fr) 가수분해효소(加水分解酵素, 영어: hydrolase)는 일반적으로 물을 사용하여 화학 결합을 분해하는 반응을 촉매하는 효소 부류로, 보통은 큰 분자를 작은 분자로 나누는 역할을 한다. 하이드롤레이스라고도 한다. 가수분해효소의 일반적인 예로는 지질가수분해효소, 인산가수분해효소, , 단백질가수분해효소, 를 포함하는 에스터가수분해효소가 있다. 에스터가수분해효소는 지질의 에스터 결합을 절단하고, 인산가수분해효소는 분자에서 인산기를 절단한다. 중요한 에스터가수분해효소의 예로는 아세틸콜린에스터레이스가 있는데, 이 효소는 아세틸콜린을 콜린과 아세트산으로 분해하는 반응을 촉매한다. 아세트산은 신체의 중요한 대사 산물이며, 해당과정과 같은 다른 반응의 중요한 중간생성물이다. 지질가수분해효소는 글리세라이드를 가수분해한다. 글리코사이드 가수분해효소는 탄수화물에서 당 분자를 절단하고 펩티데이스는 펩타이드 결합을 가수분해한다. 뉴클레오사이드가수분해효소는 뉴클레오타이드의 결합을 가수분해한다. (ko) Hydrolazy (EC 3) – klasa enzymów katalizujących rozcięcie wiązań chemicznych w procesie hydrolizy. Do grupy tej należy wiele enzymów trawiennych. Cechą charakterystyczną hydrolaz jest fakt, że nie posiadają one koenzymów. Ich działanie można przedstawić ogólnie jako: AB + H2O → A-H + B-OH Do klasy hydrolaz należą: (pl) Hydrolaser är en enzymklass vars medlemmar katalyserar hydrolysreaktioner – till exempel sönderdelning av protein till fria aminosyror. Några vanliga exempel på hydrolasenzymer är esteraser inklusive lipaser, fosfataser, , peptidaser och . Hydrolasenzymer är viktiga för kroppen eftersom de har nedbrytande egenskaper. I lipider bidrar lipaser till nedbrytningen av fetter och lipoproteiner och andra större molekyler till mindre molekyler som fettsyror och glycerol. Fettsyror och andra små molekyler används för syntes och som energikälla. A–B + H2O → A–OH + B–H (sv) |
| rdfs:label | هيدروليز (ar) Hidrolasa (ca) Hydroláza (cs) Hydrolasen (de) Hidrolasa (es) Hidrolasa (eu) Hydrolase (fr) Hydrolase (en) Idrolasi (it) 加水分解酵素 (ja) 가수 분해 효소 (ko) Hydrolase (nl) Hydrolazy (pl) Hidrolase (pt) Гидролазы (ru) Hydrolaser (sv) 水解酶 (zh) Гідролази (uk) |
| owl:differentFrom | dbr:Hydroxylase |
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