Industrial relations (original) (raw)
- Με τον όρο εργασιακές σχέσεις ή εργατικές σχέσεις χαρακτηρίζονται γενικά οι σχέσεις μεταξύ των εργοδοτών και των εργαζομένων, είτε απευθείας επί προσωπικού επιπέδου, δηλαδή μεταξύ διευθυντών και των προσώπων που παρέχουν την εργασία τους, είτε συλλογικά, μεταξύ των εργοδοτών ή εργοδοτικών οργανώσεων και των εργατικών ενώσεων ή σωματείων. Οι εργασιακές σχέσεις, αν και αποτελούν κύριο αντικείμενο του Εργατικού Δικαίου, εντούτοις αποτελούν ένα πολυεπιστημονικό πεδίο μελέτης της εργατικής απασχόλησης, όπως των πολιτικών επιστημών, της οικονομίας, της κοινωνιολογίας ακόμα και της "ηθικής τάξης". Οι εργασιακές σχέσεις διακρίνονται, είτε ανάλογα με το είδος της εργασίας και της μερικής διαφορετικότητας αυτών, σε βιομηχανικές, βιοτεχνικές, ναυτικές κλπ, είτε με την εκπροσώπηση των εργαζομένων που μετέχουν σε , δηλαδή σε εργασιακές σχέσεις συνδικαλισμένων και μη συνδικαλισμένων. Σημειώνεται ότι διεθνώς έχει επικρατήσει ο όρος «βιομηχανικές σχέσεις» (εργατικές) από το γεγονός ότι αυτές άρχισαν να παρακολουθούνται από τη λεγόμενη βιομηχανική επανάσταση. Τις εργασιακές σχέσεις επιμελούνται οι διατάξεις του Εργατικού Δικαίου και προσδιορίζονται από τις . Στην Ελλάδα, την καθ΄ ύλη αρμοδιότητα ελέγχου της ορθής τήρησης των εργατικών διατάξεων και των συμβάσεων εργασίας καθώς και τους όρους υγιεινής και ασφάλειας στους χώρους εργασίας και με αρμοδιότητα κολασμού κάθε βεβαιωμένης παρεκτροπής ή έλλειψης, ασκεί το Σώμα Επιθεώρησης Εργασίας με τα κατά τόπους κλιμάκιά του. (el)
- Unter Industriellen Beziehungen (auch: Arbeitsbeziehungen) versteht man die Beziehungen zwischen dem Management eines Unternehmens und dessen Arbeitnehmern sowie die Beziehungen zwischen Arbeitgeberverbänden und Gewerkschaften. Als „dritte Partei“ fungiert der Staat als die Rahmenbedingungen bestimmender Gesetzgeber und als Arbeitgeber im öffentlichen Dienst. (de)
- Industrial relations or employment relations is the multidisciplinary academic field that studies the employment relationship; that is, the complex interrelations between employers and employees, labor/trade unions, , and the state. The newer name, "Employment Relations" is increasingly taking precedence because "industrial relations" is often seen to have relatively narrow connotations. Nevertheless, industrial relations has frequently been concerned with employment relationships in the broadest sense, including "non-industrial" employment relationships. This is sometimes seen as paralleling a trend in the separate but related discipline of human resource management. While some scholars regard or treat industrial/employment relations as synonymous with employee relations and labour relations, this is controversial, because of the narrower focus of employee/labour relations, i.e. on employees or labour, from the perspective of employers, managers and/or officials. In addition, employee relations is often perceived as dealing only with non-unionized workers, whereas labour relations is seen as dealing with organized labour, i.e unionized workers. Some academics, universities and other institutions regard human resource management as synonymous with one or more of the above disciplines, although this too is controversial. (en)
- Les relations industrielles (ou parfois « relations professionnelles ») désignent la discipline qui étudie les phénomènes du monde du travail. Les fonctions propres au champ des relations industrielles sont: les relations de travail, la gestion des ressources humaines, les politiques publiques de l'emploi et la santé et sécurité du travail.Mais on ne doit pas confondre << Relations Industrielles >> et << Gestion des Ressources Humaines >> car les relations industrielles consistent à établir des relations entre les parties prenantes , tandis que la gestion des ressources humaines essaye d'utiliser des ressources humaines pour atteindre les buts et objectifs de l'organisation , dans un domaine organisationnel . Les fonctions des relations industrielles sont susceptibles d'être exercées tant à l'intérieur des syndicats ouvriers que patronaux, que dans les entreprises, privées ou publiques, de production de biens ou de services, ou encore au sein de divers organismes et services gouvernementaux responsables de l'élaboration et de l'administration des politiques publiques en matière de travail. (fr)
- Hubungan industrial adalah hubungan pihak yang berkepentingan atas proses produksi baik barang maupun jasa di perusahaan. Hubungan industrial mengambil istilah dari "labour relation" atau hubungan perburuhan. Awalnya istilah ini meliputi hubungan perburuhan, membahas berbagai masalah yang berhubungan dengan pekerja buruh dan pengusaha. Seiring dengan perkembangan zaman, bahwa masalah hubungan kerja antara pekerja dan pengusaha menyangkut aspek yang luas. Abdul Khakim (2009) menyampaikan bahwa hubungan industrial tidak terbatas hanya pada hubungan antara pekerja buruh dan pengusaha, tetapi perlu adanya campur tangan pemerintah. (in)
- In diritto con relazioni industriali si intende la moderna disciplina giuridica sorta agli inizi degli anni novanta del Novecento, che studia i rapporti tra stato, imprese, sindacati e lavoratori. Comunemente le cosiddette relazioni industriali consistono nell'insieme delle regole vigenti in materia sindacale, all'interno del vigente ordinamento giuslavoristico. Più di recente nuovi studi dottrinari, all'interno dei soggetti che caratterizzano le cosiddette relazioni, osservano una sorta di crisi delle organizzazioni sindacali di stampo tradizionale: si parla, in questo caso, anche di relazioni sindacali. Le relazioni industriali sono oggigiorno divenute materia di insegnamento universitario -parallelamente e autonomamente dal diritto sindacale- in facoltà come scienze politiche e sociologia in varie città d'Italia. (it)
- 산업관계(Industrial relations) 또는 고용관계, 노사관계(employment relations)는 직원 관계를 연구하는 학문 분야이다. 여기에는 고용주와 직원, 노동자/조합, 고용주 단체와 국가 간 복잡한 상호관계를 의미한다. 노사관계라는 용어가 점차 우위를 점하고 있는데 그 이유는 산업관계라는 용어가 상대적으로 좁은 함축적 의미를 담고 있는 것으로 종종 간주되기 때문이다. 그럼에도 불구하고 산업관계는 가장 포괄적인 의미에서 노사관계와 관련되는 일이 많으며 여기에는 "비산업적" 노사관계가 포함된다. 인적자원관리와도 관련되어 보기도 한다. 기업가와 노동자 사이의 관계(노사관계) 속에서 일어난 갈등은 노사갈등이라고 한다. (ko)
- Arbeidsverhoudingen zijn de betrekkingen tussen werkgevers en werknemers en in een aantal gevallen ook de overheid. Arbeidsverhoudingen (industrial relations) spelen zich af op het collectieve niveau, terwijl de arbeidsrelatie (employment relations) het individuele niveau betreft. Met de industrialisatie veranderden de arbeidsverhoudingen drastisch. Door de sterke toename van loonarbeid verloren veel arbeiders hun zelfstandigheid en met de introductie van het fabriekssysteem hun bewegingsvrijheid. Aanvankelijk werden de arbeidsvoorwaarden individueel overeengekomen en was er zelfs sprake van . De was echter dusdanig dat tegen de verwachting van de liberalen in de marktwerking uitwassen niet kon voorkomen. Dit verbod werd uiteindelijk dan ook opgeheven, waarna vakbonden ontstonden en als reactie daarop werkgeversorganisaties. In toenemende mate werden arbeidsvoorwaarden daarna collectief vastgesteld in collectieve arbeidsovereenkomsten. Deze ging gepaard met een institutionalisering waarbij werkgevers, werknemers en ook de overheid met elkaar onderhandelden en overleg voerden. Zo kwam ook de van de arbeidsmarkt op gang. Daarmee ging dit verder dan slechts de arbeidsovereenkomst en kwamen ook het sociaal-economisch beleid en de sociale zekerheid op de agenda. In Nederland vindt dit plaats via de Stichting van de Arbeid en de Sociaal-Economische Raad, in België via de Nationale Arbeidsraad en de Centrale Raad voor het Bedrijfsleven. De laatste jaren is er echter een voorzichtige tendens richting flexibilisering en decollectivisering van de arbeidsverhoudingen. (nl)
- Relações profissionais ou relações industriais , relações laborais, relações de emprego e relações de trabalho, são conceptualmente equivalentes utilizados para designar o conjunto das e das regras que estruturam as relações entre os , os e o Estado numa empresa, numa actividade económica, num sector, numa região ou numa economia. Estas relações podem ser individuais ou colectivas, directamente estabelecidas pelos actores implicados na relação de trabalho ou pelos seus representantes (organizações de empregadores, organizações sindicais), enraizarem-se nos costumes e tradições ou dar lugar à produção de regras formais (acordos internos, convenções colectivas, regulamentações, leis, etc.)., Dictionnaire canadien des relations du travail Os termos enunciados prendem-se quer com o seu significado semântico nos países em que apareceram, quer com as preocupações dominantes de áreas disciplinares que a partir do século XIX aprofundaram temas do domínio da relação e regulação social do trabalho. De uma forma simplificada, podemos inscrever o termo relações laborais no repertório linguístico do Direito do Trabalho (labor), o termo relações profissionais (relations professionnelles) e relações de trabalho na tradição das reflexões de economistas e sociólogos franceses e o termo relações industriais (industrial relations) na tradição linguística anglo-saxónica. Este último termo apareceu nos Estados Unidos, onde "industry" significa o que integra naturalmente também os serviços. O sentido desta expressão é, portanto, bastante mais amplo do que aquele que a tradução portuguesa - indústria - lhe confere. Alguns autores, utilizam o termo "relações industriais" para designar de uma forma muito ampla o estudo das relações entre assalariados e empregadores nas .Os termos relações laborais, relações de trabalho ou relações profissionais aparecem-nos, por isso, mais ajustados à língua portuguesa e serão ao longo do texto utilizados de uma forma indiferenciada. Quando surge ao longo do texto a expressão relações industriais ela exprime o sentido amplo que lhe confere a expressão anglo-saxónica. As relações profissionais ou relações colectivas de trabalho desenvolveram-se com o movimento de industrialização dos países ocidentais na segunda metade do século XVIII. O ponto de partida dessa evolução prende-se com a diferente posição que trabalhadores e empregadores ocupam nas situações de trabalho e com a organização e afirmação de interesses expressivos dessas posições em acções colectivas. De acordo com (1996) a expressão "industrial relations" é bastante posterior. Morris (1987) data o seu aparecimento em Inglaterra a 1855 e a sua consagração administrativa a 1924 com a criação de um departamento designado "industrial relations" no âmbito do Ministério do Trabalho, destinado a tratar os problemas específicos que surgiam nas fábricas. Alguns anos antes havia-se também criado nos EUA uma "comissão das relações industriais" encarregada de analisar os graves conflitos que emergiam nas empresas e propôr meios de os solucionar. O grande crescimento dos sindicatos nos anos trinta e quarenta (no final da 2ª Grande Guerra os sindicatos americanos representavam mais de um terço da população activa não agrícola, i.e., perto de 15 milhões de membros) e a intensidade e violência dos conflitos laborais que deflagraram nos anos quarenta tornou o domínio das relações profissionais uma das grandes prioridades do país. Este facto, conduz os empregadores e o Estado a canalizarem verbas importantes para a investigação e formação de especialistas sobre as questões laborais.Ao contrário do que acontece noutros países em que o estudo das relações profissionais são vítimas de uma fragmentação disciplinar pelas diferentes áreas do saber (Sociologia, Economia, História, Direito, Ciência Política, etc.), nos EUA constitui-se numa disciplina universitária autónoma. (pt)
- https://www.ilo.org/public/libdoc/ilo/2004/104B09_362_engl.pdf
- https://portal.research.lu.se/sv/publications/the-nordic-model-of-industrial-relations
- https://archive.org/details/employmentwithhu0000budd
- https://archive.org/details/industrialgoodw00commgoog
- https://archive.org/details/newdirectionsstu00whal
- https://archive.org/details/newdirectionsstu00whal/page/n135
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- Unter Industriellen Beziehungen (auch: Arbeitsbeziehungen) versteht man die Beziehungen zwischen dem Management eines Unternehmens und dessen Arbeitnehmern sowie die Beziehungen zwischen Arbeitgeberverbänden und Gewerkschaften. Als „dritte Partei“ fungiert der Staat als die Rahmenbedingungen bestimmender Gesetzgeber und als Arbeitgeber im öffentlichen Dienst. (de)
- Hubungan industrial adalah hubungan pihak yang berkepentingan atas proses produksi baik barang maupun jasa di perusahaan. Hubungan industrial mengambil istilah dari "labour relation" atau hubungan perburuhan. Awalnya istilah ini meliputi hubungan perburuhan, membahas berbagai masalah yang berhubungan dengan pekerja buruh dan pengusaha. Seiring dengan perkembangan zaman, bahwa masalah hubungan kerja antara pekerja dan pengusaha menyangkut aspek yang luas. Abdul Khakim (2009) menyampaikan bahwa hubungan industrial tidak terbatas hanya pada hubungan antara pekerja buruh dan pengusaha, tetapi perlu adanya campur tangan pemerintah. (in)
- 산업관계(Industrial relations) 또는 고용관계, 노사관계(employment relations)는 직원 관계를 연구하는 학문 분야이다. 여기에는 고용주와 직원, 노동자/조합, 고용주 단체와 국가 간 복잡한 상호관계를 의미한다. 노사관계라는 용어가 점차 우위를 점하고 있는데 그 이유는 산업관계라는 용어가 상대적으로 좁은 함축적 의미를 담고 있는 것으로 종종 간주되기 때문이다. 그럼에도 불구하고 산업관계는 가장 포괄적인 의미에서 노사관계와 관련되는 일이 많으며 여기에는 "비산업적" 노사관계가 포함된다. 인적자원관리와도 관련되어 보기도 한다. 기업가와 노동자 사이의 관계(노사관계) 속에서 일어난 갈등은 노사갈등이라고 한다. (ko)
- Με τον όρο εργασιακές σχέσεις ή εργατικές σχέσεις χαρακτηρίζονται γενικά οι σχέσεις μεταξύ των εργοδοτών και των εργαζομένων, είτε απευθείας επί προσωπικού επιπέδου, δηλαδή μεταξύ διευθυντών και των προσώπων που παρέχουν την εργασία τους, είτε συλλογικά, μεταξύ των εργοδοτών ή εργοδοτικών οργανώσεων και των εργατικών ενώσεων ή σωματείων. Οι εργασιακές σχέσεις, αν και αποτελούν κύριο αντικείμενο του Εργατικού Δικαίου, εντούτοις αποτελούν ένα πολυεπιστημονικό πεδίο μελέτης της εργατικής απασχόλησης, όπως των πολιτικών επιστημών, της οικονομίας, της κοινωνιολογίας ακόμα και της "ηθικής τάξης". (el)
- Industrial relations or employment relations is the multidisciplinary academic field that studies the employment relationship; that is, the complex interrelations between employers and employees, labor/trade unions, , and the state. (en)
- Les relations industrielles (ou parfois « relations professionnelles ») désignent la discipline qui étudie les phénomènes du monde du travail. Les fonctions propres au champ des relations industrielles sont: les relations de travail, la gestion des ressources humaines, les politiques publiques de l'emploi et la santé et sécurité du travail.Mais on ne doit pas confondre << Relations Industrielles >> et << Gestion des Ressources Humaines >> car les relations industrielles consistent à établir des relations entre les parties prenantes , tandis que la gestion des ressources humaines essaye d'utiliser des ressources humaines pour atteindre les buts et objectifs de l'organisation , dans un domaine organisationnel . (fr)
- In diritto con relazioni industriali si intende la moderna disciplina giuridica sorta agli inizi degli anni novanta del Novecento, che studia i rapporti tra stato, imprese, sindacati e lavoratori. Comunemente le cosiddette relazioni industriali consistono nell'insieme delle regole vigenti in materia sindacale, all'interno del vigente ordinamento giuslavoristico. Le relazioni industriali sono oggigiorno divenute materia di insegnamento universitario -parallelamente e autonomamente dal diritto sindacale- in facoltà come scienze politiche e sociologia in varie città d'Italia. (it)
- Arbeidsverhoudingen zijn de betrekkingen tussen werkgevers en werknemers en in een aantal gevallen ook de overheid. Arbeidsverhoudingen (industrial relations) spelen zich af op het collectieve niveau, terwijl de arbeidsrelatie (employment relations) het individuele niveau betreft. De laatste jaren is er echter een voorzichtige tendens richting flexibilisering en decollectivisering van de arbeidsverhoudingen. (nl)
- Relações profissionais ou relações industriais , relações laborais, relações de emprego e relações de trabalho, são conceptualmente equivalentes utilizados para designar o conjunto das e das regras que estruturam as relações entre os , os e o Estado numa empresa, numa actividade económica, num sector, numa região ou numa economia. Os termos enunciados prendem-se quer com o seu significado semântico nos países em que apareceram, quer com as preocupações dominantes de áreas disciplinares que a partir do século XIX aprofundaram temas do domínio da relação e regulação social do trabalho. (pt)
- Industrial relations (en)
- Industrielle Beziehungen (de)
- Εργασιακές σχέσεις (el)
- Hubungan industrial (in)
- Relations industrielles (fr)
- Relazioni industriali (it)
- 산업관계 (ko)
- Arbeidsverhoudingen (nl)
- Relações industriais (pt)
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