| dbo:abstract |
بريتش كالدونيان (كالدونيان البريطانية) (بالإنجليزية: British Caledonian (BCal)) كانت شركة طيران خاصة بريطانية مستقلة تعمل من مطار غاتويك في جنوب شرق إنجلترا خلال عقدي السبعينيات والثمانينات من القرن العشرين. تم إنشاؤها كبديل لشركة الخطوط الجوية البريطانية التي تسيطر عليها الحكومة ووصفت بأنها «القوة الثانية» في تقرير إدواردز لعام 1969. تم تشكيلها من قبل ثاني أكبر شركة طيران مستقلة مستقلة في المملكة المتحدة والتي حلت محل ، لتصبح أكبر شركة طيران مستقلة بريطانية. وقد أدت سلسلة من الانتكاسات المالية الكبرى خلال منتصف الثمانينيات إلى جانب عدم قدرة الشركة على النمو بما فيه الكفاية للوصول إلى حجم قابل للاستمرار، إلى تعرض الشركة لخطر الانهيار الشديد. بدأت بكال تبحث عن شريك الاندماج لتحسين موقفها التنافسي. وفي ديسمبر 1987، استحوذت الخطوط الجوية البريطانيةعليها. (ar) British Caledonian fou una aerolínia britànica que operava vols a Nord-amèrica, Sud-amèrica, Europa, Àfrica i l'Orient Pròxim. Es posà en marxa el 1970 amb la base d'operacions a l'Aeroport de Londres-Gatwick. A la dècada del 1970, amplià ràpidament la seva gamma de destinacions a diversos continents i esdevingué coneguda arreu del món com aerolínia insígnia del Regne Unit. Tanmateix, a la dècada posterior, British Airways li anà guanyant terreny a poc a poc, fins que el 1987 acabà adquirint British Caledonian. (ca) British Caledonian (BCal) was a British private independent airline which operated out of Gatwick Airport in south-east England during the 1970s and 1980s. It was created as an alternative to the British government-controlled corporation airlines and was described as the "Second Force" in the 1969 Edwards report. It was formed by the UK's second-largest, independent charter airline Caledonian Airways taking over British United Airways (BUA), then the largest British independent airline and the United Kingdom's leading independent scheduled carrier. The carrier slogan was Let's go British Caledonian in the 1970s and We never forget you have a choice in the 1980s. The BUA takeover enabled Caledonian to realise its long-held ambition to transform itself into a scheduled airline. The merged entity eventually became the UK's foremost independent, international scheduled airline. A series of major financial setbacks during the mid-1980s combined with the airline's inability to grow sufficiently to reach a viable size put the airline at serious risk of collapse. British Caledonian began looking for a merger partner to improve its competitive position. In December 1987, British Airways (BA) bought the airline. The Caledonian name was used to rebrand BA's Gatwick-based subsidiary British Airtours as Caledonian Airways. (en) British Caledonian Airways (auch bekannt als BCal, ursprünglich Caledonian/BUA) war eine britische Fluggesellschaft mit Sitz in London und Basis auf dem Gatwick Airport. Sie war zeitweise die zweitgrößte Fluggesellschaft Großbritanniens und ging 1988 in der British Airways auf. (de) British Caledonian fue una aerolínea de origen británico que operaba en Norteamérica, Sudamérica, Europa, África y Medio Oriente. Inició sus operaciones en 1970, teniendo como su base de operaciones el Aeropuerto de Londres-Gatwick. Rápidamente en la década de 1970, la empresa amplió sus destinos a varios continentes, dándose a conocer por varias partes del mundo, como la aerolínea insignia del Reino Unido. Sin embargo, en la década posterior British Airways, poco a poco iría opacando su desarrollo, para en última instancia en 1987 ser adquirida por la misma. * Wikimedia Commons alberga una categoría multimedia sobre British Caledonian. * Datos: Q918817 * Multimedia: British Caledonian Airways / Q918817 (es) British Caledonian (BCal) est une compagnie aérienne privée britannique indépendante opérant à partir de l'aéroport de Gatwick, dans le sud-est de l'Angleterre, dans les années 1970 et 1980. (fr) British Caledonian (BCal) was een Britse luchtvaartmaatschappij en de grootste particuliere concurrent van staatsbedrijf British Airways. BCal ontstond in november 1970 door een fusie tussen de Schotse maatschappij en op dat moment de tweede maatschappij van Groot-Brittannië. BCal ging de concurrentie aan met de gevestigde staatsbedrijven, British European Airways (BEA) en British Overseas Airways Corporation (BOAC), die ongeveer 90% van de lijndiensten verzorgden. (nl) ブリティッシュ・カレドニアン航空（British Caledonian Airways、略称：BCal）は、1988年まで存在したイギリスの航空会社。 (ja) British Caledonian foi uma empresa aérea britânica privada. Surgiu em novembro de 1970, quando a companhia charter escocesa , a segunda maior da Grã-Bretanha, assumiu a (BUA), então a maior companhia aérea britânica independente, bem como a empresa charter independente líder no Reino Unido. A empresa se tornou uma empresa aérea internacional. A série de grandes reveses durante a década de 1980, bem como a impossibilidade da companhia aérea de crescer até o tamanho mínimo para se tornar viável como segunda força, tal como previsto no relatório de 1969 de Edwards, levou a crescentes dificuldades financeiras durante a segunda metade daquela década. Nesse tempo a empresa começou a procurar um parceiro para fusão e para melhorar sua posição. (pt) 英國金獅航空（英語：British Caledonian, BCal），是於1970年代至1980年代間運營的一家英國的民營航空公司，以倫敦格域機場為樞紐。英國金獅航空的歷史最早可追溯至1970年11月，當時為英國第二大的民營航空公司、蘇格蘭的包機公司——金獅航空吞併了英國聯合航空（British United Airways, BUA），繼而成為英國最大的民營航空公司，乃至於當時的英國海外航空和英國歐洲航空一同位居領先地位的定期航班經營者。在與英聯航合併後，金獅對於定期航班的鴻圖野心得以實現，並往後讓金獅成為英國領先且獨立的國際定期航班提供者。 20世纪80年代中期，一系列重大的财务挫折加上航空公司无法充分发展以达到可行的规模，公司面临严重的崩溃风险。金獅遂开始寻求合併以改善其竞争地位。1987年12月，英国航空获得了该航空公司的控制权。随后，金獅航空的品牌和塗裝被英航用來重新命名其以倫敦格域机场爲樞紐的子公司。其實有關金獅的經營規模，在1969年的愛德華茲報告書中就有所預期，指出英國金獅航空若無法達到成為可觀「第三勢力」的最小規模，其命運可能將會是走向破產邊緣。 (zh) |
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BR |
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BCC |
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dbr:Air_Transport |
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http://www.british-caledonian.com http://www.timetableimages.com/ttimages/br2.htm http://www.vc10.net/History/Individual/GARTA.html http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/july/16/newsid_2503000/2503947.stm https://books.google.com/books%3Fid=AeJkywAACAAJ https://web.archive.org/web/20110927120640/http:/www.competition-commission.org.uk/rep_pub/reports/1987/219british_airways_caledonian_group_plc.htm https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1510672/Sir-Peter-Masefield.html http://www.kelsey.co.uk |
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| dbp:airline |
British Caledonian (en) |
| dbp:callsign |
CALEDONIAN (en) |
| dbp:ceased |
1988-04-14 (xsd:date) |
| dbp:date |
March 2015 (en) |
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0001-12-21 (xsd:gMonthDay) (en) |
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0001-12-21 (xsd:gMonthDay) |
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1970-11-30 (xsd:date) |
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Caledonian House, Lowfield Heath, Crawley, West Sussex, UK (en) London Gatwick Airport (en) |
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dbr:Gatwick_Airport |
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BR (en) |
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BCC (en) |
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dbr:Sir_Peter_Masefield Alastair Pugh, (en) Capt. P.A. MacKenzie, (en) David Coltman, (en) Dennis H. Walter (en) Frank A. Hope, (en) Ian Ritchie, (en) John de la Haye, (en) Leonard N. Bebchick, (en) Sir Adam Thomson, (en) Trevor Boud, (en) |
| dbp:parent |
Caledonian Airways Ltd (en) , Caledonian Aviation Group PLC , British Caledonian Group plc (en) |
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source does not say how many to be replaced, and only says its a future plan and not that it was done. (en) Caption does not actually specify when delivery was taken, could have been previous month (en) Source does not mention opposition from BA or Quantas, suggests it's because it was seen as having no hope of approval, and BA links to Ansett (en) Source does not mention delivery of passengers to Ansett (en) source says how many operated, does not specifically say what used to be before that aircraft arrived nor that it was this aircraft that made it possible (en) source does not say BA pressured government, not that BA projections were optimistic, nor mention 1973 war (en) |
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several, including Cal Air International (en) |
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dbr:Airline |
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British Caledonian fou una aerolínia britànica que operava vols a Nord-amèrica, Sud-amèrica, Europa, Àfrica i l'Orient Pròxim. Es posà en marxa el 1970 amb la base d'operacions a l'Aeroport de Londres-Gatwick. A la dècada del 1970, amplià ràpidament la seva gamma de destinacions a diversos continents i esdevingué coneguda arreu del món com aerolínia insígnia del Regne Unit. Tanmateix, a la dècada posterior, British Airways li anà guanyant terreny a poc a poc, fins que el 1987 acabà adquirint British Caledonian. (ca) British Caledonian Airways (auch bekannt als BCal, ursprünglich Caledonian/BUA) war eine britische Fluggesellschaft mit Sitz in London und Basis auf dem Gatwick Airport. Sie war zeitweise die zweitgrößte Fluggesellschaft Großbritanniens und ging 1988 in der British Airways auf. (de) British Caledonian (BCal) est une compagnie aérienne privée britannique indépendante opérant à partir de l'aéroport de Gatwick, dans le sud-est de l'Angleterre, dans les années 1970 et 1980. (fr) British Caledonian (BCal) was een Britse luchtvaartmaatschappij en de grootste particuliere concurrent van staatsbedrijf British Airways. BCal ontstond in november 1970 door een fusie tussen de Schotse maatschappij en op dat moment de tweede maatschappij van Groot-Brittannië. BCal ging de concurrentie aan met de gevestigde staatsbedrijven, British European Airways (BEA) en British Overseas Airways Corporation (BOAC), die ongeveer 90% van de lijndiensten verzorgden. (nl) ブリティッシュ・カレドニアン航空（British Caledonian Airways、略称：BCal）は、1988年まで存在したイギリスの航空会社。 (ja) 英國金獅航空（英語：British Caledonian, BCal），是於1970年代至1980年代間運營的一家英國的民營航空公司，以倫敦格域機場為樞紐。英國金獅航空的歷史最早可追溯至1970年11月，當時為英國第二大的民營航空公司、蘇格蘭的包機公司——金獅航空吞併了英國聯合航空（British United Airways, BUA），繼而成為英國最大的民營航空公司，乃至於當時的英國海外航空和英國歐洲航空一同位居領先地位的定期航班經營者。在與英聯航合併後，金獅對於定期航班的鴻圖野心得以實現，並往後讓金獅成為英國領先且獨立的國際定期航班提供者。 20世纪80年代中期，一系列重大的财务挫折加上航空公司无法充分发展以达到可行的规模，公司面临严重的崩溃风险。金獅遂开始寻求合併以改善其竞争地位。1987年12月，英国航空获得了该航空公司的控制权。随后，金獅航空的品牌和塗裝被英航用來重新命名其以倫敦格域机场爲樞紐的子公司。其實有關金獅的經營規模，在1969年的愛德華茲報告書中就有所預期，指出英國金獅航空若無法達到成為可觀「第三勢力」的最小規模，其命運可能將會是走向破產邊緣。 (zh) بريتش كالدونيان (كالدونيان البريطانية) (بالإنجليزية: British Caledonian (BCal)) كانت شركة طيران خاصة بريطانية مستقلة تعمل من مطار غاتويك في جنوب شرق إنجلترا خلال عقدي السبعينيات والثمانينات من القرن العشرين. تم إنشاؤها كبديل لشركة الخطوط الجوية البريطانية التي تسيطر عليها الحكومة ووصفت بأنها «القوة الثانية» في تقرير إدواردز لعام 1969. تم تشكيلها من قبل ثاني أكبر شركة طيران مستقلة مستقلة في المملكة المتحدة والتي حلت محل ، لتصبح أكبر شركة طيران مستقلة بريطانية. (ar) British Caledonian (BCal) was a British private independent airline which operated out of Gatwick Airport in south-east England during the 1970s and 1980s. It was created as an alternative to the British government-controlled corporation airlines and was described as the "Second Force" in the 1969 Edwards report. It was formed by the UK's second-largest, independent charter airline Caledonian Airways taking over British United Airways (BUA), then the largest British independent airline and the United Kingdom's leading independent scheduled carrier. The carrier slogan was Let's go British Caledonian in the 1970s and We never forget you have a choice in the 1980s. The BUA takeover enabled Caledonian to realise its long-held ambition to transform itself into a scheduled airline. The merged en (en) British Caledonian fue una aerolínea de origen británico que operaba en Norteamérica, Sudamérica, Europa, África y Medio Oriente. Inició sus operaciones en 1970, teniendo como su base de operaciones el Aeropuerto de Londres-Gatwick. Rápidamente en la década de 1970, la empresa amplió sus destinos a varios continentes, dándose a conocer por varias partes del mundo, como la aerolínea insignia del Reino Unido. Sin embargo, en la década posterior British Airways, poco a poco iría opacando su desarrollo, para en última instancia en 1987 ser adquirida por la misma. (es) British Caledonian foi uma empresa aérea britânica privada. Surgiu em novembro de 1970, quando a companhia charter escocesa , a segunda maior da Grã-Bretanha, assumiu a (BUA), então a maior companhia aérea britânica independente, bem como a empresa charter independente líder no Reino Unido. A empresa se tornou uma empresa aérea internacional. (pt) |
| rdfs:label |
British Caledonian (en) بريتش كالدونيان (ar) British Caledonian (ca) British Caledonian Airways (de) British Caledonian (es) British Caledonian (fr) ブリティッシュ・カレドニアン航空 (ja) British Caledonian (nl) British Caledonian (pt) 英國金獅航空 (zh) |
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