International taxation (original) (raw)
Das internationale Steuerrecht als Spezialgebiet des Steuerrechts befasst sich mit der Problematik grenzüberschreitender Sachverhalte, die für die Besteuerung von natürlichen Personen, Personengesellschaften und Kapitalgesellschaften von Bedeutung sind.
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| dbo:abstract | Das internationale Steuerrecht als Spezialgebiet des Steuerrechts befasst sich mit der Problematik grenzüberschreitender Sachverhalte, die für die Besteuerung von natürlichen Personen, Personengesellschaften und Kapitalgesellschaften von Bedeutung sind. (de) La fiscalidad internacional, también conocida como tributación internacional, es una rama del derecho tributario o derecho fiscal. Estudia las normas jurídicas que regulan las relaciones internacionales en materia tributaria entre privados, entre Estados, o entre privados y Estados. Esta especialidad abarca todos los tributos (a la renta, al valor agregado o al consumo), Incluye exclusivamente casos entre residentes tributarios de diferentes Estados, o a su vez entre diferentes Estados, o entre un Estado y un residente fiscal de otro Estado. La OCDE tiene dentro de sus objetivos el señalamiento de directrices de comportamiento tributario para los Estados. Sus Modelos son fuente del derecho para los estados miembros y referencia importante para los no miembros. En el caso del IVA rigen los principios de y el de ; mientras que en Impuesto a la Renta rigen el y el Las fuentes del derecho de la fiscalidad internacional son: 1. * Jurispridencia 2. * Principios 3. * Ley En su afán de coordinar acciones para someter a imposición a transacciones internacionales, los Estados buscan mecanismos de intercambio de información entre ellos. Destaca en este esfuerzo la CAAM (Convención Multilateral sobre Asistencia Administrativa Mutua en Materia Fiscal) Conceptos relacionados indispensables de ser estudiados para entender el concepto de fiscalidad internacional son: 1. * y poder tributario. 2. * vs renta mundial 3. * Criterios de sujeción fiscal 4. * Residencia fiscal 5. * Doble Imposición Jurídica Internacional 6. * Impuesto a la Renta de No Residentes (es) International taxation is the study or determination of tax on a person or business subject to the tax laws of different countries, or the international aspects of an individual country's tax laws as the case may be. Governments usually limit the scope of their income taxation in some manner territorially or provide for offsets to taxation relating to extraterritorial income. The manner of limitation generally takes the form of a territorial, residence-based, or exclusionary system. Some governments have attempted to mitigate the differing limitations of each of these three broad systems by enacting a hybrid system with characteristics of two or more. Many governments tax individuals and/or enterprises on income. Such systems of taxation vary widely, and there are no broad general rules. These variations create the potential for double taxation (where the same income is taxed by different countries) and no taxation (where income is not taxed by any country). Income tax systems may impose tax on local income only or on worldwide income. Generally, where worldwide income is taxed, reductions of tax or foreign credits are provided for taxes paid to other jurisdictions. Limits are almost universally imposed on such credits. Multinational corporations usually employ international tax specialists, a specialty among both lawyers and accountants, to decrease their worldwide tax liabilities. With any system of taxation, it is possible to shift or recharacterize income in a manner that reduces taxation. Jurisdictions often impose rules relating to shifting income among commonly controlled parties, often referred to as transfer pricing rules. Residency-based systems are subject to taxpayer attempts to defer recognition of income through use of related parties. A few jurisdictions impose rules limiting such deferral ("anti-deferral" regimes). Deferral is also specifically authorized by some governments for particular social purposes or other grounds. Agreements among governments (treaties) often attempt to determine who should be entitled to tax what. Most tax treaties provide for at least a skeleton mechanism for resolution of disputes between the parties. (en) Het internationaal belastingrecht gaat over alle regels die bepalen waar en hoe een bepaald inkomen van een belastingplichtige kan worden belast, hoe dit moet worden beoordeeld en hoe deze moet worden geïnd in een grensoverschrijdende context. Het draait m.a.w. voornamelijk om de vraag welke staat belasting mag heffen. Het internationaal belastingrecht vindt men terug in dubbelbelastingverdragen. De overgrote meerderheid van de verdragen is gebaseerd op het OESO-Modelverdrag. De Verenigde Naties heeft voor ontwikkelingslanden ook een eigen model ontwikkeld dat bijna identiek is aan OESO-Modelverdrag, op een paar punten na. Het voornaamste verschil tussen beide modellen is dat het model van de OESO vooral aan de woonstaat het recht geeft om te belasten, terwijl in dat van de VN het meestal de bronstaat toekomt. Staten hebben vaak ook een eigen model, zoals bijvoorbeeld België en de Verenigde Staten. (nl) 国际税务根据具体情形，既可以指根据多个不同国家的税法，向某一笔收入征税；亦可指根据某一国家税法征收涉外税。一国政府可能只对发生在本国领土的收入（域内收入）征税，也可能在此基础上对发生在本国领土外的收入（域外收入）也征税。不过，若要对域外收入征税，该国政府与纳税人之间的关系，必须使政府具有。纵观世界各国，对域外收入的征税，主要有三类制度：“属土主义”“居民主义”和“国籍主义”。属土主义国家不对域外收入征税。居民主义国家只对本国的税务居民的域外收入征税。国籍主义国家在居民主义的基础上，对具有本国国籍的纳税人，不论是否具有本国税务居民身份，其域外收入一律征税。也有些国家根据不同情况，分别适用以上三种制度。 对个人或企业（即“纳税人”）的收入所征收的税，称为“所得税”。各国的所得税制度一般不一致，所以域外收入可能会造成（一笔收入被两国征税）乃至多重征税。相应地，也有可能造成零征税（即没有任何一国向这笔收入征税）。税盾制度和制度都有助于避免双重征税。但上述制度一般都附有条件，因而并非所有涉外收入都能适用相关制度，以获得税款减免。跨国公司大多聘请国际税务师进行税务规划，以实现合理避税。 跨国公司可能在世界各地设有多个公司，而由同一人实际控制。上述情况中的多个公司互为“关联方”。在居民主义国家，因为域外注册的企业不是本国税务居民，所以把利润从域内企业转移到域外的关联方企业，可以减少纳税额。这一“转移”一般是通过修改价格来进行的（比如域内企业高价进口域外商品、域内企业向域外支付高额的商标授权费等），所以这一策略被称为转移定价。许多国家的税务部门都制定了反制转移定价的税务规则（如强制核定纳税额）。关联方产生的另一问题是，即将利润留在外域公司而不分红，母公司即可避免纳税。 目前，许多国家都联合一致，通过建立争端解决机制、畅通信息交换，来打击利用跨国公司、关联方等方式避税逃税的行为。美国作为为数不多的国籍主义国家，率先通过国内法（美国海外账户税收合规法，FATCA）来强化其对域外收入的征税。FACTA法案的理念影响了其他国家。世界各国基于同一标准、自动交换涉税居民信息的共同申报准则（CRS）在经济合作与发展组织（OECD）的努力下被推动。在2014年9月的G20峰会上，CRS的方案被正式提出。 (zh) |
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| rdfs:comment | Das internationale Steuerrecht als Spezialgebiet des Steuerrechts befasst sich mit der Problematik grenzüberschreitender Sachverhalte, die für die Besteuerung von natürlichen Personen, Personengesellschaften und Kapitalgesellschaften von Bedeutung sind. (de) La fiscalidad internacional, también conocida como tributación internacional, es una rama del derecho tributario o derecho fiscal. Estudia las normas jurídicas que regulan las relaciones internacionales en materia tributaria entre privados, entre Estados, o entre privados y Estados. Esta especialidad abarca todos los tributos (a la renta, al valor agregado o al consumo), Incluye exclusivamente casos entre residentes tributarios de diferentes Estados, o a su vez entre diferentes Estados, o entre un Estado y un residente fiscal de otro Estado. 1. * Jurispridencia 2. * Principios 3. * Ley (es) International taxation is the study or determination of tax on a person or business subject to the tax laws of different countries, or the international aspects of an individual country's tax laws as the case may be. Governments usually limit the scope of their income taxation in some manner territorially or provide for offsets to taxation relating to extraterritorial income. The manner of limitation generally takes the form of a territorial, residence-based, or exclusionary system. Some governments have attempted to mitigate the differing limitations of each of these three broad systems by enacting a hybrid system with characteristics of two or more. (en) Het internationaal belastingrecht gaat over alle regels die bepalen waar en hoe een bepaald inkomen van een belastingplichtige kan worden belast, hoe dit moet worden beoordeeld en hoe deze moet worden geïnd in een grensoverschrijdende context. Het draait m.a.w. voornamelijk om de vraag welke staat belasting mag heffen. Staten hebben vaak ook een eigen model, zoals bijvoorbeeld België en de Verenigde Staten. (nl) 国际税务根据具体情形，既可以指根据多个不同国家的税法，向某一笔收入征税；亦可指根据某一国家税法征收涉外税。一国政府可能只对发生在本国领土的收入（域内收入）征税，也可能在此基础上对发生在本国领土外的收入（域外收入）也征税。不过，若要对域外收入征税，该国政府与纳税人之间的关系，必须使政府具有。纵观世界各国，对域外收入的征税，主要有三类制度：“属土主义”“居民主义”和“国籍主义”。属土主义国家不对域外收入征税。居民主义国家只对本国的税务居民的域外收入征税。国籍主义国家在居民主义的基础上，对具有本国国籍的纳税人，不论是否具有本国税务居民身份，其域外收入一律征税。也有些国家根据不同情况，分别适用以上三种制度。 对个人或企业（即“纳税人”）的收入所征收的税，称为“所得税”。各国的所得税制度一般不一致，所以域外收入可能会造成（一笔收入被两国征税）乃至多重征税。相应地，也有可能造成零征税（即没有任何一国向这笔收入征税）。税盾制度和制度都有助于避免双重征税。但上述制度一般都附有条件，因而并非所有涉外收入都能适用相关制度，以获得税款减免。跨国公司大多聘请国际税务师进行税务规划，以实现合理避税。 (zh) |
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