Ulster loyalism (original) (raw)
Is é brí le dílseachas i gcomhthéacs na hÉireann ná Aontachtóir antoisceach atá sásta breith ar an arm le forlámhas na bProtastúnach sa Tuaisceart Éireann agus le stádas bunreachtúil an stáitín mar chuid den Ríocht Aontaithe a chosaint is a choinneáil i bhfeidhm..
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| dbo:abstract | A la nació constituent britànica d'Irlanda del Nord, el terme lleialisme defineix una ideologia que s'oposa a la unificació de l'illa d'Irlanda en un sol estat. Els seguidors del lleialisme són gairebé tots protestants natius d'Irlanda del Nord, regió constituïda per sis comtats de la província històrica irlandesa de l'Ulster. Segons algunes fonts, el lleialisme forma part d'una ideologia més àmplia, l'unionisme, amb la distinció que es tracta d'un fenomen polític prevalent en les classes obreres i que pretén utilitzar mètodes més violents per aconseguir els mateixos fins que l'anterior. Altres analistes diuen que la diferència no és tan senzilla, ja que el lleialisme expressaria el desig dels protestants de l'Ulster de formar una pàtria independent, sense unir-se a Irlanda, ni a Gran Bretanya. (ca) Ulsterský loajalismus je politická ideologie rozšířená hlavně mezi dělnickou třídou ulsterských protestantů v Severním Irsku. Mnozí ulsterští protestanti jsou potomci kolonistů z Velké Británie. Stejně jako ulsterští unionisté i loayalisté podporují zachování Severního Irska jako součásti Spojeného království a jsou proti jednotnému Irsku. Ulsterský loajalismus je označován za druh etnického nacionalismu a variaci britského nacionalismu. Je silně propojen s ulsterskými loajalistickými polovojenskými skupinami. Ulsterský loajalismus se objevil na konci 19. století v reakci na irské hnutí za nezávislost. Ačkoli většina Irů byli katolíci, v provincii Ulster tvořili většinu protestanti. Loajalisté začínali jako hnutí sebeurčení mezi ulsterskými protestanty, kteří nechtěli, aby se stali součástí autonomního Irska. Zatímco někteří irští katolíci byli zároveň unionisty, loajalisté kladli důraz na protestantské a britské dědictví. Tato hnutí vedla k rozdělení Irska v roce 1921. Většina Irska získala nezávislost, kdežto asi dvě třetiny Ulsteru zůstaly územím Spojeného království jako samosprávné území s názvem Severní Irsko. Od rozdělení většina loajalistů podporuje zachování postavení Severního Irska jako součásti Spojeného království (tj. unionismus). V dějinách byly pojmy "unionisté" a loajalisté" často zaměňovány, avšak oživení loajalistických polovojenských skupin v 60. letech začalo tyto pojmy opět rozlišovat. Pojem "loajalisté" se v současnosti obvykle používá, mluví-li se o unionistech z dělnické třídy, kteří používají nebo mlčky podporují polovojenské násilí na obranu unie s Velkou Británií. Loajalisté jsou také popisováni jako lidé loajální vůči protestantské britské monarchii spíše než britské vládě a britským institucím. Garret Fitzgerald vyslovil názor, že loajalisté jsou loajální v prvé řadě k Ulsteru, až pak k Unii. Někteří loajalisté volají po vytvoření nezávislého ulsterského protestantského státu, protože podle jejich názoru se nemohou spoléhat na britskou vládu, že sjednocení Irska zabrání. V Severním Irsku existuje dlouhá tradice pochodů militantních loajalistických protestantských skupin. Každý rok se 11. července koná tzv. Jedenáctá noc (Eleventh Night), kdy se pálí vatry, a 12. července tzv. Dvanáctá (The Twelfth), kdy se konají pochody pevně spojené s loajalismem. (cs) En la nación constitutiva británica de Irlanda del Norte, el término lealismo refiere una ideología que se opone a la unificación de la isla de Irlanda en un solo Estado. Los seguidores del lealismo son casi todos protestantes nativos de Irlanda del Norte, región constituida por seis condados de la provincia histórica irlandesa del Úlster. Según varias fuentes, el lealismo es parte de una ideología mayor, el unionismo, con la distinción de que se trata de un fenómeno político prevalente en las clases obreras protestantes (hay unionistas católicos) y que pretende utilizar métodos más violentos para lograr los mismos fines que el anterior. Otros analistas dicen que la diferencia no es tan sencilla, utilizando el argumento de que el lealismo expresaría el deseo de los protestantes del Úlster de formar una patria protestante independiente, sin unirse a Irlanda, ni a la Gran Bretaña. (es) Ulstergo loialismoa Ipar Irlandako ideologia edo pentsakera nazionalista bat da. Loialismo izendapenak Irlandako Batasunaren aurkako jarrera izendatzen du. Loialismoaren jarraitzaileak gehienbat Ipar Irlandan jaiotako protestanteak dira, eskualde hau berez Ulster probintziako bederatzi konderrietako sei konderriz osatuta dagoelarik, gainontzeko hiru konderriak Irlandako Errepublikan daudelarik. Loialismoa ingelesezko loyal eta loyalism hitzetatik dator, euskaraz leial eta leialtasuna, hots, Erresuma Batuko koroa eta errege-erreginei loial izatea esan nahi du. Iturri batzuen arabera, loialismoa oraindik handiagoa den ideologia edo pentsakera baten barnean dago: Unionismoa, azken hau Ipar Irlandako ideologia edo pentsakera politiko nagusia da, bertako biztanleriaren zati handiena haren aldekoa baita. Batzuen arabera loialismoa langile mailan emango litzateke eta unionismoak ez bezala ekintza armatuak burutu nahiz bortizkeria erabiltzeko joera handiago luke. Aldiz, beste batzuen arabera bi ideologia hauen arteko ezberdintasuna ez dago hainen garbi, loalismoak Ipar Irlandako protestanteek estatu edo aberri independiente bat izateko asmoaren islada litzateke: Ulster, Irlanda nahiz Erresuma Batutik kanpora. (eu) Is é brí le dílseachas i gcomhthéacs na hÉireann ná Aontachtóir antoisceach atá sásta breith ar an arm le forlámhas na bProtastúnach sa Tuaisceart Éireann agus le stádas bunreachtúil an stáitín mar chuid den Ríocht Aontaithe a chosaint is a choinneáil i bhfeidhm.. (ga) Loyalisme Ulster adalah ideologi politik yang dapat ditemui di kalangan Protestan Ulster di Irlandia Utara. Sebagian besar kaum Protestan Ulster merupakan keturunan pendatang dari Britania Raya pada abad ke-17 dan ke-18. Kaum loyalis setia kepada monarki Britania Raya dan menolak gagasan . Loyalisme Ulster telah dideskripsikan sebagai nasionalisme etnis dan "ragam dari ". Ideologi ini pertama kali muncul pada akhir abad ke-19 sebagai respon terhadap dan menguatnya yang bercorak Katolik. Walaupun mayoritas penduduk di Irlandia menganut agama Katolik, mayoritas di Ulster menganut agama Protestan. Ulster juga lebih terindustrialisasi daripada wilayah Irlandia pada masa itu, dan juga sangat bergantung pada perdagangan dengan Britania Raya. Loyalisme bermula sebagai gerakan kaum Protestan Ulster yang menolak menjadi bagian dari Irlandia. Walaupun ada juga orang yang mendukung Britania Raya, loyalisme Ulster menegaskan warisan budaya Protestan dan Britania. Gerakan-gerakan yang saling bertolak belakang ini menjadi salah satu penyebab Pemisahan Irlandia pada tahun 1921; sebagian besar wilayah Irlandia menjadi negara merdeka, sementara 2/3 wilayah Ulster tetap menjadi bagian dari Britania Raya. Semenjak itu, kaum loyalis ingin mempertahankan status Irlandia Utara sebagai salah satu wilayah Britania Raya. (in) Le loyalisme est une idéologie qui soutient l'union politique d'Irlande du Nord avec le Royaume-Uni. Elle est tenue principalement par des militants protestants. Alors que les termes « unioniste » et « loyaliste » ont été interchangeables jusqu'aux années 1960 et au début du conflit nord-irlandais, les loyalistes ont marqué leur différence, notamment en ce qui concerne le recours à la violence armée et la constitution de milices paramilitaires pour atteindre leurs objectifs. Garrett Fitzgerald, quant à lui, fait valoir que le loyalisme est tout simplement « la loyauté à l'Ulster et non pas à l'Union avec la Grande-Bretagne et est mal décrit comme l'unionisme ». (fr) アルスター・ロイヤリズム（英: Ulster Loyalism、愛: Dílseachas）は、北アイルランドをイギリス内に維持するための政治運動である。ほとんどのユニオニスト（英国王室と憲法への忠誠を公言する島の政治的伝統）と同様に、ロイヤリストは英国王政に執着し、北アイルランドの存続を支持し、アイルランド統一に反対している。アルスター・ロイヤリズムはイギリスの愛国心の一形態である。 (ja) Ulster loyalism is a strand of Ulster unionism associated with working class Ulster Protestants in Northern Ireland. Like other unionists, loyalists support the continued existence of Northern Ireland within the United Kingdom, and oppose a united Ireland. Unlike other strands of unionism, loyalism has been described as an ethnic nationalism of Ulster Protestants and "a variation of British nationalism". Loyalists are often said to have a conditional loyalty to the British state so long as it defends their interests. They see themselves as loyal primarily to the Protestant British monarchy rather than to British governments and institutions, while Garret FitzGerald argued they are loyal to 'Ulster' over 'the Union'. A small minority of loyalists have called for an independent Ulster Protestant state, believing they cannot rely on British governments to support them (see Ulster nationalism). The term 'loyalism' is usually associated with paramilitarism. Ulster loyalism emerged in the late 19th century, in reaction to the Irish Home Rule movement and the rise of Irish nationalism. Although Ireland had a Catholic majority who wanted self-government, the province of Ulster had a Protestant and unionist majority, largely due to the Plantation of Ulster. Although not all unionists were Protestant or from Ulster, loyalism emphasised Ulster Protestant heritage. During the Home Rule Crisis (1912–14), loyalists founded the paramilitary Ulster Volunteers to prevent Ulster becoming part of a self-governing Ireland. This was followed by the Irish War of Independence (1919–21) and partition of Ireland: most of Ireland became an independent state, while most of Ulster remained within the United Kingdom as the self-governing territory of Northern Ireland. During partition, communal violence raged between loyalists and Irish nationalists in Belfast, and loyalists attacked the Catholic minority in retaliation for Irish republican activity. Northern Ireland's unionist governments were accused of discrimination against Catholics and Irish nationalists. Loyalists opposed the Catholic civil rights movement, accusing it of being a republican front. This unrest led to the Troubles (1969–98). During the conflict, loyalist paramilitaries such as the Ulster Volunteer Force (UVF) and Ulster Defence Association (UDA) often attacked Catholics in retaliation for republican paramilitary actions. Loyalists undertook major protest campaigns against the 1973 Sunningdale Agreement and 1985 Anglo-Irish Agreement. The paramilitaries called ceasefires in 1994 and their representatives were involved in negotiating the 1998 Good Friday Agreement. Since the Agreement, loyalists have been involved in protests against perceived threats to their cultural identity. Sections of the loyalist paramilitaries have attacked Catholics, taken part in loyalist feuds, and withdrawn their support for the Agreement, although their campaigns have not resumed. In Northern Ireland there is a tradition of loyalist Protestant marching bands. There are hundreds of such bands who hold numerous parades each year. The yearly Eleventh Night (11 July) bonfires and The Twelfth (12 July) parades are associated with loyalism. (en) 얼스터 왕당파(Ulster loyalism)는 북아일랜드의 개신교도 노동계급 사이에 주로 퍼져 있는 이념이다. 얼스터의 개신교도들은 대부분 과거 영국이 아일랜드를 식민화했을 때 이주해온 영국인들의 후손이다. 와 마찬가지로(또는 충성주의가 연합주의의 부분집합으로 여겨진다), 왕당파는 영국 군주제를 옹호하고 북아일랜드의 연합왕국 잔류를 지지하며 개념에 반대한다. 얼스터 충성주의는 민족주의의 일종으로 설명되며, 의 변종으로 생각된다. 얼스터 충성주의는 준군사주의와도 밀접한 연관이 있다. 얼스터 충성주의는 19세기 말 아일랜드 독립운동에 대한 반작용으로 형성되었다. 아일랜드인 대부분은 천주교도였으나, 얼스터 지역에서는 개신교도가 다수였다. 왕당파들은 독립 아일랜드의 일부가 되고싶어하지 않는 얼스터 개신교도들을 가시화했다. 연합주의자 중에 천주교도가 존재하기도 했으나, 충성주의의 경우 거의 대부분이 개신교적 전통과 유산에 기반하고 있다. 그 결과 1921년 되었고, 얼스터의 3분의 2를 제외한 나머지 지역은 독립하였다. 왕당파들은 흔히 북아일랜드를 "얼스터"라고 달리 부르기도 한다. (ko) Il lealismo dell'Ulster è in Irlanda il termine in riferimento ai militanti unionisti, cioè coloro che desiderano che l'Irlanda del Nord faccia ancora parte del Regno Unito piuttosto che essere incorporata nella Repubblica d'Irlanda. Non tutti gli unionisti sono lealisti, né l'ultimo termine include l'accettazione dell'estremismo militante, della violenza e del terrorismo. Il termine è particolarmente legato ai gruppi paramilitari illegali. In relazione allo spettro politico, i lealisti appartengono ai lati sinistro e destro. Gruppi e gruppi neonazisti come il Fronte Nazionale Britannico stanno attivamente reclutando nel contesto lealista, ma la loro visione politica è lungi dall'essere senza precedenti, anche se riceve molta attenzione. Nella Repubblica d'Irlanda c'è ancora un piccolo ambiente leale, compresa una sezione dell'Ordine di Orange che svolge una parata annuale a nel Donegal, una delle aree della Repubblica che ha la più grande percentuale di protestanti. (it) Лоялизм в Ольстере — юнионистская идеология в Великобритании, разделяемая преимущественно протестантами Северной Ирландии. выступают за сохранение территории Северной Ирландии в Соединённом Королевстве и противостоят стремлению включить её в состав Республики Ирландия. Между различными движениями юнионизма существуют разногласия: некоторые из них (Ассоциация обороны Ольстера) открыто поддерживают идею независимости и вкупе с заявлениями о защите конституции нередко прибегают к насилию. После признания ирландской независимости в 1921, несмотря на желание большинства ирландцев объединить свою страну, шесть из девяти графств Ольстера (в четырёх из шести протестанты составляли большинство) вышли из Ирландского свободного государства (позднее — Республика Ирландия) и остались в составе Соединённого Королевства. Разногласия между юнионистами (настаивающими на сохранении членства Ольстера в составе Соединённого Королевства) и ирландцами проходят также и по линии религии, что активно используется для политических целей; юнионисты преимущественно являются протестантами, ирландцы — католиками. Цветом протестантов Ольстера является оранжевый, цвет дома Вильгельма Оранского, правителя Нидерландов, и с 1689 года короля Англии. Ключевым событием стал разгром сторонников предыдущего короля Иакова на реке Бойн в Ирландии, что отмечается протестантами («оранжистами») как важный праздник. Обе стороны сформировали ряд военизированных группировок, совершивших многие акты насилия. (ru) 阿爾斯特忠誠主義（Ulster loyalism）是英國北愛爾蘭的政治意識形態，主要流行在北愛爾蘭新教徒工人階級。大多數北愛爾蘭新教徒是17世紀初從蘇格蘭和英格蘭移民北愛爾蘭的後裔。和其他聯合主義者相同，阿爾斯特忠誠主義者支持英國君主，並且要求北愛爾蘭繼續留在英國，反對統一的愛爾蘭。阿爾斯特忠誠主義被認為是民族主義思想和英國民族主義的變種。阿爾斯特忠誠主義在19世紀後期開始出現。 (zh) |
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| rdfs:comment | Is é brí le dílseachas i gcomhthéacs na hÉireann ná Aontachtóir antoisceach atá sásta breith ar an arm le forlámhas na bProtastúnach sa Tuaisceart Éireann agus le stádas bunreachtúil an stáitín mar chuid den Ríocht Aontaithe a chosaint is a choinneáil i bhfeidhm.. (ga) Le loyalisme est une idéologie qui soutient l'union politique d'Irlande du Nord avec le Royaume-Uni. Elle est tenue principalement par des militants protestants. Alors que les termes « unioniste » et « loyaliste » ont été interchangeables jusqu'aux années 1960 et au début du conflit nord-irlandais, les loyalistes ont marqué leur différence, notamment en ce qui concerne le recours à la violence armée et la constitution de milices paramilitaires pour atteindre leurs objectifs. Garrett Fitzgerald, quant à lui, fait valoir que le loyalisme est tout simplement « la loyauté à l'Ulster et non pas à l'Union avec la Grande-Bretagne et est mal décrit comme l'unionisme ». (fr) アルスター・ロイヤリズム（英: Ulster Loyalism、愛: Dílseachas）は、北アイルランドをイギリス内に維持するための政治運動である。ほとんどのユニオニスト（英国王室と憲法への忠誠を公言する島の政治的伝統）と同様に、ロイヤリストは英国王政に執着し、北アイルランドの存続を支持し、アイルランド統一に反対している。アルスター・ロイヤリズムはイギリスの愛国心の一形態である。 (ja) 얼스터 왕당파(Ulster loyalism)는 북아일랜드의 개신교도 노동계급 사이에 주로 퍼져 있는 이념이다. 얼스터의 개신교도들은 대부분 과거 영국이 아일랜드를 식민화했을 때 이주해온 영국인들의 후손이다. 와 마찬가지로(또는 충성주의가 연합주의의 부분집합으로 여겨진다), 왕당파는 영국 군주제를 옹호하고 북아일랜드의 연합왕국 잔류를 지지하며 개념에 반대한다. 얼스터 충성주의는 민족주의의 일종으로 설명되며, 의 변종으로 생각된다. 얼스터 충성주의는 준군사주의와도 밀접한 연관이 있다. 얼스터 충성주의는 19세기 말 아일랜드 독립운동에 대한 반작용으로 형성되었다. 아일랜드인 대부분은 천주교도였으나, 얼스터 지역에서는 개신교도가 다수였다. 왕당파들은 독립 아일랜드의 일부가 되고싶어하지 않는 얼스터 개신교도들을 가시화했다. 연합주의자 중에 천주교도가 존재하기도 했으나, 충성주의의 경우 거의 대부분이 개신교적 전통과 유산에 기반하고 있다. 그 결과 1921년 되었고, 얼스터의 3분의 2를 제외한 나머지 지역은 독립하였다. 왕당파들은 흔히 북아일랜드를 "얼스터"라고 달리 부르기도 한다. (ko) 阿爾斯特忠誠主義（Ulster loyalism）是英國北愛爾蘭的政治意識形態，主要流行在北愛爾蘭新教徒工人階級。大多數北愛爾蘭新教徒是17世紀初從蘇格蘭和英格蘭移民北愛爾蘭的後裔。和其他聯合主義者相同，阿爾斯特忠誠主義者支持英國君主，並且要求北愛爾蘭繼續留在英國，反對統一的愛爾蘭。阿爾斯特忠誠主義被認為是民族主義思想和英國民族主義的變種。阿爾斯特忠誠主義在19世紀後期開始出現。 (zh) A la nació constituent britànica d'Irlanda del Nord, el terme lleialisme defineix una ideologia que s'oposa a la unificació de l'illa d'Irlanda en un sol estat. Els seguidors del lleialisme són gairebé tots protestants natius d'Irlanda del Nord, regió constituïda per sis comtats de la província històrica irlandesa de l'Ulster. Segons algunes fonts, el lleialisme forma part d'una ideologia més àmplia, l'unionisme, amb la distinció que es tracta d'un fenomen polític prevalent en les classes obreres i que pretén utilitzar mètodes més violents per aconseguir els mateixos fins que l'anterior. Altres analistes diuen que la diferència no és tan senzilla, ja que el lleialisme expressaria el desig dels protestants de l'Ulster de formar una pàtria independent, sense unir-se a Irlanda, ni a Gran Bret (ca) Ulsterský loajalismus je politická ideologie rozšířená hlavně mezi dělnickou třídou ulsterských protestantů v Severním Irsku. Mnozí ulsterští protestanti jsou potomci kolonistů z Velké Británie. Stejně jako ulsterští unionisté i loayalisté podporují zachování Severního Irska jako součásti Spojeného království a jsou proti jednotnému Irsku. Ulsterský loajalismus je označován za druh etnického nacionalismu a variaci britského nacionalismu. Je silně propojen s ulsterskými loajalistickými polovojenskými skupinami. (cs) Ulstergo loialismoa Ipar Irlandako ideologia edo pentsakera nazionalista bat da. Loialismo izendapenak Irlandako Batasunaren aurkako jarrera izendatzen du. Loialismoaren jarraitzaileak gehienbat Ipar Irlandan jaiotako protestanteak dira, eskualde hau berez Ulster probintziako bederatzi konderrietako sei konderriz osatuta dagoelarik, gainontzeko hiru konderriak Irlandako Errepublikan daudelarik. Loialismoa ingelesezko loyal eta loyalism hitzetatik dator, euskaraz leial eta leialtasuna, hots, Erresuma Batuko koroa eta errege-erreginei loial izatea esan nahi du. (eu) En la nación constitutiva británica de Irlanda del Norte, el término lealismo refiere una ideología que se opone a la unificación de la isla de Irlanda en un solo Estado. Los seguidores del lealismo son casi todos protestantes nativos de Irlanda del Norte, región constituida por seis condados de la provincia histórica irlandesa del Úlster. Según varias fuentes, el lealismo es parte de una ideología mayor, el unionismo, con la distinción de que se trata de un fenómeno político prevalente en las clases obreras protestantes (hay unionistas católicos) y que pretende utilizar métodos más violentos para lograr los mismos fines que el anterior. Otros analistas dicen que la diferencia no es tan sencilla, utilizando el argumento de que el lealismo expresaría el deseo de los protestantes del Úlster (es) Loyalisme Ulster adalah ideologi politik yang dapat ditemui di kalangan Protestan Ulster di Irlandia Utara. Sebagian besar kaum Protestan Ulster merupakan keturunan pendatang dari Britania Raya pada abad ke-17 dan ke-18. Kaum loyalis setia kepada monarki Britania Raya dan menolak gagasan . Loyalisme Ulster telah dideskripsikan sebagai nasionalisme etnis dan "ragam dari ". (in) Ulster loyalism is a strand of Ulster unionism associated with working class Ulster Protestants in Northern Ireland. Like other unionists, loyalists support the continued existence of Northern Ireland within the United Kingdom, and oppose a united Ireland. Unlike other strands of unionism, loyalism has been described as an ethnic nationalism of Ulster Protestants and "a variation of British nationalism". Loyalists are often said to have a conditional loyalty to the British state so long as it defends their interests. They see themselves as loyal primarily to the Protestant British monarchy rather than to British governments and institutions, while Garret FitzGerald argued they are loyal to 'Ulster' over 'the Union'. A small minority of loyalists have called for an independent Ulster Protes (en) Il lealismo dell'Ulster è in Irlanda il termine in riferimento ai militanti unionisti, cioè coloro che desiderano che l'Irlanda del Nord faccia ancora parte del Regno Unito piuttosto che essere incorporata nella Repubblica d'Irlanda. Non tutti gli unionisti sono lealisti, né l'ultimo termine include l'accettazione dell'estremismo militante, della violenza e del terrorismo. Il termine è particolarmente legato ai gruppi paramilitari illegali. (it) Лоялизм в Ольстере — юнионистская идеология в Великобритании, разделяемая преимущественно протестантами Северной Ирландии. выступают за сохранение территории Северной Ирландии в Соединённом Королевстве и противостоят стремлению включить её в состав Республики Ирландия. Между различными движениями юнионизма существуют разногласия: некоторые из них (Ассоциация обороны Ольстера) открыто поддерживают идею независимости и вкупе с заявлениями о защите конституции нередко прибегают к насилию. Обе стороны сформировали ряд военизированных группировок, совершивших многие акты насилия. (ru) |
| rdfs:label | Ulster loyalism (en) Lleialisme de l'Ulster (ca) Ulsterský loajalismus (cs) Ulstergo loialismo (eu) Lealismo en Úlster (es) Loyalisme d'Ulster (fr) Dílseachas (ga) Loyalisme Ulster (in) Lealismo dell'Ulster (it) アルスター・ロイヤリズム (ja) 얼스터 왕당파 (ko) Лоялизм Ольстера (ru) 阿爾斯特忠誠主義 (zh) |
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