Wars of the Three Kingdoms (original) (raw)
Les Guerres dels Tres Regnes o de les Tres Nacions és el nom amb què es coneixen les guerres que van confrontar als tres regnes de les illes britàniques sota una unió dinàstica: Anglaterra, Escòcia i Irlanda (1639-1651) per motius religiosos i en context amb la reforma protestant de Martí Luter.
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| dbo:abstract | Les Guerres dels Tres Regnes o de les Tres Nacions és el nom amb què es coneixen les guerres que van confrontar als tres regnes de les illes britàniques sota una unió dinàstica: Anglaterra, Escòcia i Irlanda (1639-1651) per motius religiosos i en context amb la reforma protestant de Martí Luter. (ca) حروب الممالك الثلاث (بالإنجليزية: Wars of the Three Kingdoms) تُعرف أيضاً باسم الحروب الأهلية البريطانية هي سلسلة متشابكة من الحروب التي وقعت في ممالك إنجلترا واسكتلندا وأيرلندا بين أعوام (1639–1651). كانت الحرب الأهلية الإنجليزية أشهر هذه الحروب وأهمها، إذ نتج عنها إلغاء النظام الملكي وإعدام الملك تشارلز الأول على يد قوات البرلمان الإنجليزي في عام 1649. يمتد تاريخ هذه الحروب ليشمل الانتفاضات والنزاعات المسلحة التي استمرت منذ خمسينيات القرن السادس عشر حتى استرداد الملكية في عام 1660، وأحياناً تشمل انتفاضة توماس فينر في العام التالي. حدثت هذه الحروب نتيجة لتوترات واسعة النطاق وخلافات حول قضايا دينية ومدنية عديدة. تركزت الخلافات الدينية حول ما إذا كان الملك هو الذي يختار دين الدولة والشعب أو ستُترك للناس حرية اختيار دينهم، أما أهم الخلافات المدنية فتركزت حول مدى تقييد الحكم الملكي من قبل البرلمان، خاصة الحق بفرض الضرائب وإعلان الحرب دون موافقة البرلمان. كانت لهذه الحروب دوافع قومية أيضاً، إذ تمردت أيرلندا واسكتلندا ضد السيطرة الإنجليزية على الممالك الثلاث. ساهم الانتصار الكبير للبرلمان الإنجليزي تحت قيادة أوليفر كرومويل في التغلب على الملك والإيرلنديين والاسكتلنديين معاً، ومهد لتأسيس مستقبل بريطانيا العظمى وأيرلندا كملكية دستورية مع سلطة سياسية تتركز في يد البرلمان. شملت حروب الممالك الثلاث: حروب الأساقفة في عامي 1639 و1640، والتمرد الأيرلندي عام 1641، وحروب الكونفدرالية الأيرلندية (1642-1649)، والحرب الأهلية الاسكتلندية (1644-1645)، وفتح كرومويل لأيرلندا عام 1649 (المعروفة جميعًا بحرب الإحدى عشر عام)، والحرب الأهلية الإنجليزية الأولى (1642-1646) والثانية (1648-1649) والثالثة (1650-1651). (ar) Die Kriege der Drei Königreiche (englisch Wars of the Three Kingdoms) bildeten eine Serie aus verflochtenen Konflikten in England, Irland und Schottland zwischen 1639 und 1651, nachdem diese drei Länder unter die Herrschaft desselben Monarchen gekommen waren. Der Englische Bürgerkrieg ist der bekannteste dieser Konflikte und schloss die Exekution des Monarchen der drei Königreiche, Karl I., durch das englische Parlament im Jahre 1649 ein. Diese Serie von Kriegen umfasst die Bischofskriege 1639 und 1640, den schottischen Bürgerkrieg von 1644 bis 1645, die irische Rebellion von 1641 und die Rückeroberung Irlands durch Cromwell im Jahre 1649, und eben den ersten und zweiten englischen Bürgerkrieg, 1642–46 bzw. 1648–49; weiter auch den gelegentlich so genannten dritten englischen Bürgerkrieg 1650–51. Obwohl die Bezeichnung nicht neu ist und bereits von James Heath in seinem Buch A Brief Chronicle of all the Chief Actions so fatally Falling out in the three Kingdoms gebraucht wurde, das 1662 veröffentlicht wurde, steht der Terminus stellvertretend für die Entwicklung, in den Geschichtswissenschaften Begriffe zu vereinen, um sie nicht als bloßen Hintergrund einiger Konflikte hinzustellen, in diesem Fall der Englische Bürgerkrieg. Einige, wie Carlton, Gaunt und Royal, nennen sie British Civil Wars („Britische Bürgerkriege“), aber dieser Terminus birgt Missverständnisse, weil – obwohl die drei Königreiche unter einer Personalunion standen – die drei Königreiche erst mit dem Act of Union 1800 vereinigt wurden. Die Bezeichnung „Kriege der Drei Königreiche“ wird oftmals ausgeweitet auf die Aufstände und Konflikte, die sich durch die 1650er Jahre bis zur Stuart-Restauration unter der Regentschaft Karl II. zogen, 1660 (von da an befanden sich die drei Königreiche abermals unter einer relativ friedlichen Personalunion unter dem Stuartkönig) und manchmal bis zum Venner-Aufstand im nachfolgenden Jahr. (de) Las Guerras de los Tres Reinos o Guerras de las tres naciones fueron una serie de conflictos interconectados que tuvieron lugar en Escocia, Irlanda e Inglaterra entre 1639 y 1653, una época en que los tres países se encontraban bajo unión personal, con Carlos I Estuardo como monarca. El mejor conocido de estos conflictos es la guerra civil inglesa. Las guerras fueron el resultado de la tensión entre el rey y sus súbditos por asuntos religiosos y civiles. Las disputas religiosas se centraban en si la religión dependería del monarca o de la elección del súbdito, que tendría una relación directa con Dios. Los asuntos civiles consistían en la limitación del poder del Rey por parte el parlamento, particularmente en su capacidad de aumentar los impuestos y lanzar sus ejércitos a la guerra sin su consentimiento. Además, estas guerras también tuvieron un elemento de conflicto nacional, como la rebelión irlandesa y escocesa contra la primacía inglesa entre los Tres Reinos. La victoria del parlamento inglés comandado por Oliver Cromwell sobre el rey, los irlandeses y los escoceses, ayudó a determinar el futuro de lo que terminaría conformándose como el Reino Unido como una monarquía constitucional con el poder concentrado en Londres. Las guerras de los tres reinos coinciden en el tiempo con varios conflictos similares en Europa, como la Fronda en Francia y la llamada crisis de 1640 de la Monarquía Hispánica Católica, con la rebelión de Cataluña, Portugal, Nápoles, Sicilia y Andalucía; todo ello formando parte de la llamada crisis del siglo XVII que se caracterizaría, según la interpretación de algunos historiadores, por la rebelión conservadora de los nobles contra la centralización de los reyes que pretenden construir monarquías absolutas. Las guerras de los tres reinos incluyen la Guerra de los obispos de 1639 y 1640, la Guerra civil escocesa de 1644–5; la Rebelión irlandesa de 1641, la Irlanda confederada de 1642–9 y la Conquista de Irlanda por Cromwell de 1649 (que colectivamente se suele llamar las Guerras confederadas de Irlanda); y las Guerras Civiles Inglesas (Primera 1642–6, Segunda 1648–9 y Tercera 1650–51). La denominación de estos conflictos como Guerras de los Tres Reinos proviene del propósito de historiadores actuales por dar una visión unificada de todos ellos, en vez de considerarlos solo como el telón de fondo de la Guerra Civil Inglesa. Algunos otros proponen el nombre de Guerras Civiles Británicas, pero otros consideran que utilizar el adjetivo británico puede entenderse como algo prematuro antes del Acta de Unión de 1800. (es) Peperangan Tiga Kerajaan, yang terkadang dikenal sebagai Peperangan Saudara Britania, membentuk serangkaian konflik yang terjadi di Inggris, Irlandia dan Skotlandia antara 1639 dan 1651. Perang Saudara Inggris telah menjadi konflik paling terkanl dan meliputi eksekusi raja kerajaan tersebut, Charles I, oleh parlemen Inggris pada 1649. Peperangan tersebut meliputi Peperangan Uskup-uskup tahun 1639 dan 1640, tahun 1644–45; Pemberontakan Irlandia 1641, Konfederasi Irlandia, 1642–49 dan pada 1649 (secara kolektif disebut Perang Sebelas Tahun atau ); dan , dan masing-masing pada tahun 1642–46, 1648–49 dan 1650–51. (in) Les guerres des Trois Royaumes (anglais : Wars of the Three Kingdoms ou Wars of the Three Nations) désignent une série imbriquée de conflits qui se déroulèrent dans les royaumes d'Angleterre, d'Écosse et d'Irlande entre 1639 et 1651, alors que ces trois pays étaient sous le régime personnel du même monarque, Charles Ier d'Angleterre de 1625 à 1649. Ces guerres furent la conséquence de tensions entre le roi et ses sujets sur des questions religieuses et civiles. Le cœur des débats religieux était de savoir si la religion devait être imposée par le souverain ou au contraire choisie librement par chacun. Les questions civiles concernaient le contrôle de la politique royale par les parlements, en particulier dans le domaine fiscal et militaire. S'y ajouta une part de nationalisme, l'Irlande et l'Écosse se rebellant contre l'Angleterre. La victoire du Parlement anglais sur le roi, puis sur les Irlandais et les Écossais, détermina l'avenir de la Grande-Bretagne, qui devint une monarchie constitutionnelle. Les guerres des Trois Royaumes eurent leurs équivalents au même moment en plusieurs endroits de l'Europe, comme la Fronde en France et les révoltes aux Pays-Bas, en Catalogne et au Portugal contre la domination espagnole. Certains historiens y ont vu une crise générale européenne, caractérisée par la rébellion contre le centralisme de monarques absolus. Le conflit le plus connu est la Première révolution anglaise (1642-1651) qui englobe les trois guerres civiles anglaises (première guerre civile anglaise : 1642-1646 ; deuxième guerre civile anglaise : 1648-1649), mais ces guerres incluent également les guerres des évêques de 1639 et 1640, la guerre civile écossaise de 1644 et 1645, la guerre anglo-écossaise de 1650-1652, la Rébellion irlandaise de 1641, la Confédération irlandaise de 1642 à 1649, et la conquête cromwellienne de l'Irlande en 1649, appelées collectivement guerres confédérées irlandaises. Liés les uns aux autres, ces conflits ont été baptisés « guerres des Trois Royaumes » par les historiens modernes, afin d'avoir une vue d'ensemble, plutôt que d'en traiter certains comme toiles de fond de la guerre civile anglaise. Certains historiens les ont qualifiés de « guerres civiles britanniques », mais ceci peut prêter à confusion, car ces royaumes ne devinrent une entité politique unique qu'au moment de l'Acte d'Union en 1800. (fr) The Wars of the Three Kingdoms were a series of related conflicts fought between 1639 and 1653 in the kingdoms of England, Scotland and Ireland, then separate entities united in a personal union under Charles I. They include the 1639 to 1640 Bishops' Wars, the First and Second English Civil Wars, the Irish Confederate Wars, the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland and the Anglo-Scottish war (1650–1652). They resulted in victory for the Parliamentarian army, the execution of Charles I, the abolition of monarchy, and founding of the Commonwealth of England, a Unitary state which controlled the British Isles until the Stuart Restoration in 1660. Political and religious conflict between Charles I and his opponents dated to the early years of his reign. While the vast majority supported the institution of monarchy, they disagreed on who held ultimate authority. Royalists (or 'Cavaliers') generally argued political and religious bodies were subordinate to the king, while most of their Parliamentarian (or 'Roundhead') opponents backed a limited form of constitutional monarchy and opposed the Personal Rule Charles had imposed. This was worsened by differences over religion and religious freedom. Reformed Protestants such as the English Puritans and Scottish Covenanters opposed the changes Charles tried to impose on the Protestant state churches of England and Scotland. In Ireland, the only one with a Catholic majority, the Irish Confederates wanted an end to anti-Catholic discrimination, greater self-governance, and a reversal of land grants to Protestant settlers. The conflicts began with the Bishops' Wars of 1639–1640, when Scottish Covenanters who opposed Charles' religious reforms gained control of Scotland and briefly occupied northern England. Irish Catholics launched a rebellion in 1641, which developed into ethnic conflict with Protestant settlers. The Irish Catholic Confederation was formed to control the rebellion, and in the ensuing war it held most of Ireland against the Royalists, Parliamentarians and Covenanters. Although all three agreed on the need to quell the rebellion, none trusted the other two with control of an army raised to do so. In August 1642, failure to break the resulting political deadlock sparked the First English Civil War, which pitted Royalists against Parliamentarians and their Covenanter allies in England and Wales. The war in England ended when Charles surrendered to the Scots in 1646, but divisions among his opponents and his refusal to make significant political concessions caused a renewed outbreak of fighting in 1648. In the Second English Civil War, Parliamentarians again defeated the Royalists and a Covenanter faction called the Engagers. The Parliamentarian New Model Army then purged England's parliament of those who wanted to continue negotiations with the king. The resulting Rump Parliament approved his execution in January 1649 and founded the republican Commonwealth of England. In the Treaty of Breda, the Scots agreed to restore Charles II to the English throne, but were defeated in the 1650–1652 Anglo-Scottish war. Under Oliver Cromwell, the Commonwealth conquered Ireland and most Irish Catholic lands were seized. The British Isles became a united republic ruled by Cromwell and dominated by the army. There were sporadic uprisings until the monarchy was restored in 1660. (en) 清教徒革命またはピューリタン革命（せいきょうとかくめい/ピューリタンかくめい、英語：Wars of the Three Kingdoms 、直訳：Puritan Revolution）は、狭義には1642年から1649年にかけてイングランド・スコットランド・アイルランドで起きた内戦・革命である。 広義には1639年の主教戦争から1660年の王政復古までを含み、「三王国戦争（Wars of the Three Kingdoms）」「大反乱」「英国内乱（British Civil Wars）」もしくは名誉革命とあわせて「イギリス革命」「ブリテン革命」とも呼ばれる。 革命中に起きた諸事件については清教徒革命の年表も併せて参照 (ja) Le guerre dei tre regni sono una serie di conflitti verificatisi in Scozia, Irlanda e Inghilterra tra il 1639 e il 1651, quale seguito del periodo del Governo Personale di Carlo I, il più famoso dei quali è la guerra civile inglese. La denominazione di questi conflitti rappresenta una tendenza recente tra gli storici per unificare gli eventi aventi come causa di fondo la guerra civile inglese. Alcuni, come Gaunt o Plant, le hanno invece definite guerre civili britanniche, ma ciò porta confusione, in quanto il regno non divenne una singola entità politica sino all'Atto di Unione (1800). Le guerre ebbero un parallelismo sul continente europeo — come la Fronda in Francia e la ribellione nei Paesi Bassi, Catalogna e Portogallo contro il dominio spagnolo. Alcuni storici descrivono questo come un periodo di crisi generale in Europa, caratterizzato dalla ribellione delle società conservatrici contro il potere assoluto delle monarchie. (it) 삼왕국 전쟁(영어: Wars of the Three Kingdoms, British Civil Wars)은 1639년에서 1651년 사이에 잉글랜드 왕국, 아일랜드 왕국, 스코틀랜드 왕국에서 벌어진 전쟁이다. 잉글랜드 내전 역시 그의 일부분이다. 그 외에도 1639년-1640년의 주교 전쟁, 1644년-1645년의 스코틀랜드 내전, , 1649년의 , 1642년-1649년의 도 포함된다. (ko) De Oorlogen van de Drie Koninkrijken (Engels: Wars of the Three Kingdoms) soms ook wel de Britse Burgeroorlogen genoemd (Engels: British Civil Wars), vormden een verstrengelde reeks conflicten die plaatsvonden in de koninkrijken Engeland, Ierland en Schotland tussen 1639 en 1651. De Engelse Burgeroorlog is de bekendste van deze conflicten; tijdens deze strijd werd in 1649 de monarchie afgeschaft en koning Karel I van Engeland door het Engelse parlement onthoofd. De Oorlogen van de Drie Koninkrijken (1639–1651) kunnen worden opgedeeld in vier kleinere doch verwante godsdienstoorlogen: * De Bisschoppenoorlogen (1639–1640) * De Engelse Burgeroorlog (1642–1651) * (1644–1651) * Ierse Confederale Oorlogen (1641–1653), waaronder (1649–1653) (nl) De tre kungarikenas krig (engelska: Wars of the Three Kingdoms) var en serie väpnade konflikter som ägde rum i Skottland, Irland och England mellan 1639 och 1651, då dessa tre länder lydde under samme kung. Dessa konflikter handlade om kungens makt i förhållande till kyrkan och parlamentet: Skulle kungen eller prästerskapet vara kyrkans överhuvud? Skulle kungen ha rätt att ta ut skatter och sätta upp beväpnade styrkor utan parlamentets godkännande? Krigen hade och ett nationellt inslag eftersom Irland och Skottland öppet ifrågasatte Englands överhöghet bland de tre kungarikena. Det engelska parlamentets (under Oliver Cromwell) seger över kungen, irländarna och skottarna lade grunden för dagens Storbritannien som en konstitutionell monarki, med London som maktcentrum. Vid samma tid ägde en rad liknande konflikter rum i Europa — som Fronden i Frankrike och upproren i Nederländerna, Katalonien och Portugal mot det spanska styret. En del historiker betraktar denna period som en av de allvarligaste politiska kriserna i Europas historia, kännetecknad av konservativa samhällsgruppers uppror mot absoluta monarker med centralistiska ambitioner. Krigen som räknas till de tre kungarikenas krig är: * Biskopskrigen * * * Engelska inbördeskriget * Första engelska inbördeskriget * Andra engelska inbördeskriget * Tredje engelska inbördeskriget (sv) Войны трёх королевств — серия взаимосвязанных конфликтов в Англии, Шотландии и Ирландии в период с 1639 по 1651 год, когда эти страны считались отдельными королевствами под личной унией Карла I. Часто в это понятие включают восстания и конфликты 1650-х годов вплоть до Реставрации 1660 г. Конфликты были вызваны как религиозными (может ли монарх устанавливать религию или это личное дело каждого), так и гражданскими (соотношение прав Парламента и короля в части установления налогов и набора войск) разногласиями, но в то же время имели и национальную специфику. Данный термин охватывает Епископские войны 1639 и 1640 годов, Гражданскую войну в Шотландии 1644—1645 годов, Ирландское восстание (1641), Конфедеративную Ирландию 1642—1649 годов., Завоевание Кромвелем Ирландии в 1649 г., а также Первую (1642–1646), Вторую (1648–1649) и Третью (1649–1651) гражданские войны в Англии. Хотя часто все эти события включаются в общее понятие «Английская революция», современные историки всё чаще используют термин «Войны трёх королевств» для подчёркивания того, что речь идёт о различных исторических событиях, происходивших в трёх различных государствах, хотя и связанных личной унией. (ru) 三國之戰，或稱為不列顛內戰，是一場在1639年至1651年發生的戰爭，當中包括數場戰役，如較為人知曉的英國內戰。而類似的騷亂也同時在歐洲一些地區發生，例如當時法國的福隆德運動。 (zh) |
| dbo:causalties | 50,000 English & Welsh |
| dbo:combatant | Royalists Covenanters Confederates |
| dbo:commander | dbr:Prince_Rupert dbr:Garret_Barry_(soldier) dbr:Owen_Roe_O'Neill dbr:Charles_II_of_England dbr:Charles_I_of_England dbr:Thomas_Preston,_1st_Viscount_Tara dbr:Robert_Monro dbr:James_Graham,_1st_Marquis_of_Montrose dbr:James_Butler,_1st_Duke_of_Ormonde dbr:David_Leslie_(Scottish_general) dbr:Alexander_Leslie dbr:Archibald_Campbell,_1st_Marquis_of_Argyll |
| dbo:isPartOfMilitaryConflict | dbr:European_wars_of_religion |
| dbo:place | dbr:Kingdom_of_England dbr:Kingdom_of_Ireland dbr:Kingdom_of_Scotland |
| dbo:result | *Execution of Charles Iand exile of his sonCharles II *Establishment of theCommonwealth of England, a unitary state including Ireland and Scotland |
| dbo:thumbnail | wiki-commons:Special:FilePath/Sir_Anthony_Van_Dyck_...9)_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg?width=300 |
| dbo:wikiPageExternalLink | http://www.englishcivilwar.org https://web.archive.org/web/20080205210507/http:/www.historybookshop.com/articles/commentary/civil-wars-of-three-kingdoms-ht.asp http://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1660-1690/member/monck-george-1608-70 https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Diary_of_Samuel_Pepys/1660/March%2316th http://www.usna.edu/EnglishDept/ilv/reb1641.htm http://www.historyireland.com/confederate-war-and-cromwell/celtic-dimensions-of-the-british-civil-wars/ https://archive.org/details/battlesofenglish00wool https://archive.org/details/bishopburnetshis04burn https://archive.org/details/comingofparliame00jane https://archive.org/details/rebellionorrevol0000aylm https://archive.org/stream/constitutionald03parlgoog%23page/n438/mode/2up/search/The+Charge+against+the+King https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.172680/2015.172680.The-Writings-And-Speeches-Of-Oliver-Cromwell-vol-Ii%23page/n523/mode/2up/search/rump https://books.google.com/books%3Fid=CCmXQgAACAAJ https://books.google.com/books%3Fid=W8ncHAAACAAJ https://books.google.com/books%3Fid=y-7VaaKgiScC&lpg=PA281&ots=BRo3AGJhA6&dq=Heath%20Chronicle%20DNB&pg=PA281%23v=onepage&q=Heath%20Chronicle%20DNB&f=false https://web.archive.org/web/20040804213948/http:/www.open2.net/civilwar/index.html https://web.archive.org/web/20040925033156/http:/www.templum.freeserve.co.uk/history/civilwars/scottish_civil_war.htm https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/state/nations/ireland_kingdoms_01.shtml http://bcw-project.org/ https://web.archive.org/web/20040906142748/http:/www.historybookshop.com/articles/commentary/wars-of-three-kingdoms-chronology-ht.asp |
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| dbp:caption | Monarch of the Three Kingdoms: Charles I in Three Positions by Anthony van Dyck, painted in 1633 (en) |
| dbp:casualties | 34000 (xsd:integer) 50000 (xsd:integer) 127000 (xsd:integer) unknown (en) Total: 500,000+ dead (en) |
| dbp:combatant | Covenanters (en) Parliamentarians (en) Royalists (en) Confederates (en) |
| dbp:commander | dbr:Prince_Rupert dbr:Robert_Devereux,_3rd_Earl_of_Essex dbr:Edward_Montagu,_2nd_Earl_of_Manchester dbr:Thomas_Fairfax dbr:Charles_II_of_England dbr:Oliver_Cromwell dbr:David_Leslie_(Scottish_general) dbr:Alexander_Leslie dbr:Archibald_Campbell,_1st_Marquis_of_Argyll (en) John Burke (en) Michael Jones (en) Edmund O'Dwyer (en) Charles I (en) Duke of Ormonde (en) Robert Monro (en) George Monck (en) Henry Ireton (en) Garret Barry (en) Owen Roe O'Neill (en) Thomas Preston (en) Marquis of Montrose (en) Confederate Supreme Council, (en) |
| dbp:conflict | Wars of the Three Kingdoms (en) |
| dbp:date | 1639 (xsd:integer) |
| dbp:partof | the European wars of religion (en) |
| dbp:place | England, Ireland and Scotland (en) |
| dbp:result | *Execution of Charles I and exile of his son Charles II *Establishment of the Commonwealth of England, a unitary state including Ireland and Scotland (en) |
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| rdfs:comment | Les Guerres dels Tres Regnes o de les Tres Nacions és el nom amb què es coneixen les guerres que van confrontar als tres regnes de les illes britàniques sota una unió dinàstica: Anglaterra, Escòcia i Irlanda (1639-1651) per motius religiosos i en context amb la reforma protestant de Martí Luter. (ca) 清教徒革命またはピューリタン革命（せいきょうとかくめい/ピューリタンかくめい、英語：Wars of the Three Kingdoms 、直訳：Puritan Revolution）は、狭義には1642年から1649年にかけてイングランド・スコットランド・アイルランドで起きた内戦・革命である。 広義には1639年の主教戦争から1660年の王政復古までを含み、「三王国戦争（Wars of the Three Kingdoms）」「大反乱」「英国内乱（British Civil Wars）」もしくは名誉革命とあわせて「イギリス革命」「ブリテン革命」とも呼ばれる。 革命中に起きた諸事件については清教徒革命の年表も併せて参照 (ja) 삼왕국 전쟁(영어: Wars of the Three Kingdoms, British Civil Wars)은 1639년에서 1651년 사이에 잉글랜드 왕국, 아일랜드 왕국, 스코틀랜드 왕국에서 벌어진 전쟁이다. 잉글랜드 내전 역시 그의 일부분이다. 그 외에도 1639년-1640년의 주교 전쟁, 1644년-1645년의 스코틀랜드 내전, , 1649년의 , 1642년-1649년의 도 포함된다. (ko) 三國之戰，或稱為不列顛內戰，是一場在1639年至1651年發生的戰爭，當中包括數場戰役，如較為人知曉的英國內戰。而類似的騷亂也同時在歐洲一些地區發生，例如當時法國的福隆德運動。 (zh) حروب الممالك الثلاث (بالإنجليزية: Wars of the Three Kingdoms) تُعرف أيضاً باسم الحروب الأهلية البريطانية هي سلسلة متشابكة من الحروب التي وقعت في ممالك إنجلترا واسكتلندا وأيرلندا بين أعوام (1639–1651). كانت الحرب الأهلية الإنجليزية أشهر هذه الحروب وأهمها، إذ نتج عنها إلغاء النظام الملكي وإعدام الملك تشارلز الأول على يد قوات البرلمان الإنجليزي في عام 1649. (ar) Die Kriege der Drei Königreiche (englisch Wars of the Three Kingdoms) bildeten eine Serie aus verflochtenen Konflikten in England, Irland und Schottland zwischen 1639 und 1651, nachdem diese drei Länder unter die Herrschaft desselben Monarchen gekommen waren. Der Englische Bürgerkrieg ist der bekannteste dieser Konflikte und schloss die Exekution des Monarchen der drei Königreiche, Karl I., durch das englische Parlament im Jahre 1649 ein. (de) Las Guerras de los Tres Reinos o Guerras de las tres naciones fueron una serie de conflictos interconectados que tuvieron lugar en Escocia, Irlanda e Inglaterra entre 1639 y 1653, una época en que los tres países se encontraban bajo unión personal, con Carlos I Estuardo como monarca. El mejor conocido de estos conflictos es la guerra civil inglesa. (es) Peperangan Tiga Kerajaan, yang terkadang dikenal sebagai Peperangan Saudara Britania, membentuk serangkaian konflik yang terjadi di Inggris, Irlandia dan Skotlandia antara 1639 dan 1651. Perang Saudara Inggris telah menjadi konflik paling terkanl dan meliputi eksekusi raja kerajaan tersebut, Charles I, oleh parlemen Inggris pada 1649. (in) The Wars of the Three Kingdoms were a series of related conflicts fought between 1639 and 1653 in the kingdoms of England, Scotland and Ireland, then separate entities united in a personal union under Charles I. They include the 1639 to 1640 Bishops' Wars, the First and Second English Civil Wars, the Irish Confederate Wars, the Cromwellian conquest of Ireland and the Anglo-Scottish war (1650–1652). They resulted in victory for the Parliamentarian army, the execution of Charles I, the abolition of monarchy, and founding of the Commonwealth of England, a Unitary state which controlled the British Isles until the Stuart Restoration in 1660. (en) Les guerres des Trois Royaumes (anglais : Wars of the Three Kingdoms ou Wars of the Three Nations) désignent une série imbriquée de conflits qui se déroulèrent dans les royaumes d'Angleterre, d'Écosse et d'Irlande entre 1639 et 1651, alors que ces trois pays étaient sous le régime personnel du même monarque, Charles Ier d'Angleterre de 1625 à 1649. (fr) Le guerre dei tre regni sono una serie di conflitti verificatisi in Scozia, Irlanda e Inghilterra tra il 1639 e il 1651, quale seguito del periodo del Governo Personale di Carlo I, il più famoso dei quali è la guerra civile inglese. La denominazione di questi conflitti rappresenta una tendenza recente tra gli storici per unificare gli eventi aventi come causa di fondo la guerra civile inglese. Alcuni, come Gaunt o Plant, le hanno invece definite guerre civili britanniche, ma ciò porta confusione, in quanto il regno non divenne una singola entità politica sino all'Atto di Unione (1800). (it) De Oorlogen van de Drie Koninkrijken (Engels: Wars of the Three Kingdoms) soms ook wel de Britse Burgeroorlogen genoemd (Engels: British Civil Wars), vormden een verstrengelde reeks conflicten die plaatsvonden in de koninkrijken Engeland, Ierland en Schotland tussen 1639 en 1651. De Engelse Burgeroorlog is de bekendste van deze conflicten; tijdens deze strijd werd in 1649 de monarchie afgeschaft en koning Karel I van Engeland door het Engelse parlement onthoofd. De Oorlogen van de Drie Koninkrijken (1639–1651) kunnen worden opgedeeld in vier kleinere doch verwante godsdienstoorlogen: (nl) Войны трёх королевств — серия взаимосвязанных конфликтов в Англии, Шотландии и Ирландии в период с 1639 по 1651 год, когда эти страны считались отдельными королевствами под личной унией Карла I. Часто в это понятие включают восстания и конфликты 1650-х годов вплоть до Реставрации 1660 г. Конфликты были вызваны как религиозными (может ли монарх устанавливать религию или это личное дело каждого), так и гражданскими (соотношение прав Парламента и короля в части установления налогов и набора войск) разногласиями, но в то же время имели и национальную специфику. (ru) De tre kungarikenas krig (engelska: Wars of the Three Kingdoms) var en serie väpnade konflikter som ägde rum i Skottland, Irland och England mellan 1639 och 1651, då dessa tre länder lydde under samme kung. Dessa konflikter handlade om kungens makt i förhållande till kyrkan och parlamentet: Skulle kungen eller prästerskapet vara kyrkans överhuvud? Skulle kungen ha rätt att ta ut skatter och sätta upp beväpnade styrkor utan parlamentets godkännande? Krigen som räknas till de tre kungarikenas krig är: (sv) |
| rdfs:label | Wars of the Three Kingdoms (en) حروب الممالك الثلاث (ar) Guerres de les Tres Nacions (ca) Kriege der Drei Königreiche (de) Guerras de los Tres Reinos (es) Peperangan Tiga Kerajaan (in) Guerres des Trois Royaumes (fr) Guerre dei tre regni (it) 삼왕국 전쟁 (ko) Oorlogen van de Drie Koninkrijken (nl) 清教徒革命 (ja) Войны трёх королевств (ru) De tre kungarikenas krig (sv) 三國之戰 (zh) |
| rdfs:seeAlso | dbr:Bishops'_Wars dbr:English_Civil_War dbr:Bishops'_War |
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| foaf:name | Wars of the Three Kingdoms (en) |
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