Chinese opera (original) (raw)
Čínská opera je označení pro hudebně-dramatické umění, které se v průběhu staletí vyvinulo v Číně. Na rozdíl od evropské opery vznikla čínská opera v lidových kruzích a uměním nejvyšší společnosti se stala teprve později. Existuje celá řada žánrů čínské opery, odlišených především regionálně, z nichž nejznámější je pekingská opera. V době kulturní revoluce byla čínská opera zakázána a nahrazena maoistickými propagandistickými vystoupeními, od konce 70. let 20. století se řada čínských umělců opět snaží tuto tradici oživit.
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| dbo:abstract | Čínská opera je označení pro hudebně-dramatické umění, které se v průběhu staletí vyvinulo v Číně. Na rozdíl od evropské opery vznikla čínská opera v lidových kruzích a uměním nejvyšší společnosti se stala teprve později. Existuje celá řada žánrů čínské opery, odlišených především regionálně, z nichž nejznámější je pekingská opera. V době kulturní revoluce byla čínská opera zakázána a nahrazena maoistickými propagandistickými vystoupeními, od konce 70. let 20. století se řada čínských umělců opět snaží tuto tradici oživit. (cs) L'òpera xinesa o teatre cantat tradicional xinès (en xinès, 戲曲 xìqǔ) és el teatre xinès, és a dir fet a la Xina, des dels seus orígens fins al segle xx. Es practica des de la dinastia Tang, amb l'emperador (712–755), que va fundar el "" (梨园), la primera companyia de teatre que es coneix a la Xina. Es considera "clàssic" o "tradicional" per comparació amb una altra forma de teatre, el 話劇 huajuest, aparegut al segle xx, que és parlat en comptes de cantat i inspirat en el teatre occidental. Vala dir que el teatre xinès i asiàtic en general també va influir enormement a l'escena europea a partir d'aquest segle. Antigament, la companyia teatral nacional estava gairebé exclusivament al servei dels emperadors. En l'actualitat, les professions relacionades amb el teatre són encara anomenades disciplines del Jardí de les Peres (梨园 子弟). Durant la dinastia Yuan (1279–1368) es van introduir en l'òpera varietats com el (杂剧), amb actuacions basades en esquemes de rima, i innovacions com els papers especialitzats, com (旦, femení), (生, masculí) i (丑, pallasso). Actualment, hi ha més de 300 varietats d'òpera xinesa, la més coneguda de les quals és l'Òpera de Pequín, que va prendre la seva forma actual a mitjan segle xix i va ser extremadament popular durant la dinastia Qing (1644–1911). En l'Òpera de Pequín, les cordes tradicionals de la Xina i els instruments de percussió proveeixen un acompanyament rítmic a l'actuació. La representació es basa en il·lusions, gestos i altres moviments de coreografia, que expressen accions com ara muntar un cavall, remar en un bot o obrir una porta. El diàleg parlat pot ser un text recitat, emprat pels personatges seriosos de la trama, o un text col·loquial, emprat per dones i pallassos. Els papers estan estrictament definits. Els maquillatges elaborats permeten distingir el personatge que s'hi està representant. El repertori tradicional de l'Òpera de Pequín inclou més de 1.000 peces, la majoria provinents de relats històrics sobre enfrontaments polítics i militars. (ca) Die Chinesische Oper (chinesisch 戲曲 / 戏曲, Pinyin Xìqǔ) entwickelte sich während der Tang-Dynastie (618–906) aus Vorformen des Musiktheaters. Im Gegensatz zur europäischen Operntradition handelt es sich jedoch seit Beginn um eine volksnahe Kunst- und Ausdrucksform; erst später fanden auch höhere Stände und Adel Gefallen an ihr.Musik und Text wurden lange Zeit mündlich bzw. aus der Aufführungspraxis heraus tradiert. Textbücher und Partituren werden erst seit dem frühen 20. Jahrhundert erstellt. Im Unterschied zu anderen Formen des Musikdramas (in Europa, Indien oder Japan) vereint die Chinesische Oper Ausdrucksformen von Musik, Gesang, Schauspiel, Tanz und Akrobatik in lokaltypischen Ausformungen.Thematisch handelt es sich meist um allgemein bekannte Legenden und Mythen, auf deren Grundlage soziale, politische und spirituelle Aspekte dargestellt werden, früher oft auch mit großem Aktualitätsgehalt. Die Chinesische Oper datiert bis in die Tang-Dynastie zurück, als Kaiser Xuanzong (712–755) den Birnengarten (líyuán; 梨园) gründete, die erste bekannte Operntruppe in China, die hauptsächlich zu des Kaisers eigenem Amusement aufzutreten pflegte. Auf sie geht die heute noch für Schauspieler gebräuchliche Bezeichnung „Schüler des Birnengartens“ (梨园子弟) zurück. In der Yuan-Dynastie (1279–1368) fanden Formen wie das (杂剧, Varieté) Eingang in die Oper, das auf bestimmten Reimschemen sowie der neu eingeführten spezialisierter Rollen wie „“ (旦, weiblich), „“ (生, männlich) und „“ (丑, Clown) basiert. Die Oper der Yuan-Dynastie lebt heute als Kanton-Oper fort. Allgemein wird angenommen, dass diese aus Nordchina importiert wurde und bis Ende des 13. Jahrhunderts langsam bis in die südliche Provinz Guangdong wanderte. Im 12. Jahrhundert existierte eine Theaterform namens Narm hei (南戲), auch Nanxi (Südliche Oper) genannt, die in den öffentlichen Theatern von Hangzhou aufgeführt wurde, der Hauptstadt der Südlichen Song. Nach dem Einfall der Mongolen floh (恭帝) 1276 mit hunderttausenden von Song-Anhängern in die Provinz Guangdong. Darunter befanden sich auch Narm hei-Künstler aus dem Norden, die so den Grundstein zur späteren Kanton-Oper legten. Viele heute noch aufgeführte Opern wie Die Purpur-Haarnadel und Verjüngung der roten Pflaumenblüte haben ihren Ursprung in der Yuan-Dynastie, ihre Texte sind traditionell in Kantonesisch abgefasst. Bis zum 20. Jahrhundert wurden auch Frauenrollen traditionell von Männern gespielt. * * * * Die bekannteste Form der Chinesischen Oper ist die Peking-Oper. Sie entwickelte sich aus der Kunqu-Oper (昆曲 kūnqǔ), welche im 16. Jahrhundert als Kunstform von nationaler Bedeutung angesehen wurde. Vor allem Opernensembles aus der Provinz Ānhuī bereicherten im 19. Jahrhundert die Kūnqǔ-Tradition mit akrobatischem Körperspiel und farbiger Choreographie. Daraus entstand die auch jīngjù (京剧) genannte Form der Peking-Oper. Ihre Blütezeit erlebte die chinesische Oper von etwa 1830 bis 1960. Während der Kulturrevolution war sie zumindest in der Volksrepublik China verpönt und es fanden keine Aufführungen statt. Stattdessen wurden heroisierende Revolutionsepen aufgeführt und in der Aufführungspraxis dominierte der Naturalismus. Erst 1977 fand wieder eine erste offizielle Aufführung statt. Heute erfreut sie sich zumindest beim traditionsbewussten und oft älteren Publikum wieder größerer Beliebtheit. (de) Traditional Chinese opera (traditional Chinese: 戲曲; simplified Chinese: 戏曲; pinyin: xìqǔ; Jyutping: hei3 kuk1), or Xiqu, is a form of musical theatre in China with roots going back to the early periods in China. It is an amalgamation of various art forms that existed in ancient China, and evolved gradually over more than a thousand years, reaching its mature form in the 13th century, during the Song dynasty (960–1279). Early forms of Chinese theater are simple, but over time various art forms such as music, song and dance, martial arts, acrobatics, costume and make-up art, as well as literary art forms were incorporated to form traditional Chinese opera. Performers had to practice for many years to gain an understanding of the roles. Exaggerated features and colors made it easier for the audience to identify the roles portrayed. There are over a hundred regional branches of traditional Chinese opera today. In the 20th century the Peking opera emerged in popularity and has come to known as the "national theatre" of China, but other genres like Yue opera, Cantonese opera, Yu opera, kunqu, qinqiang, Huangmei opera, pingju, and Sichuan opera are also performed regularly before dedicated fans. Their differences are mainly found in the music and topolect; the stories are often shared and borrowed. With few exceptions (such as revolutionary operas and to some extent Shanghai operas) the vast majority of Chinese operas (including Taiwanese operas) are set in China before the 17th century, whether they are traditional or newly written. For centuries Chinese opera was the main form of entertainment for both urban and rural residents in China as well as the Chinese diaspora. Its popularity declined sharply in the second half of the 20th century as a result of both political and market factors. Language policies discouraging topolects in Taiwan and Singapore, official hostility against rural religious festivals in China, and de-Sinicization in Taiwan have all been blamed for the decline of various forms in different times, but overall the two major culprits were Cultural Revolution — which saw traditional culture systematically erased, innumerable theatre professionals viciously persecuted, and younger generation raised with far lesser exposure to Chinese opera – and modernization, with its immense social impact and imported values that Chinese opera has largely failed to counter. The total number of regional genres was determined to be more than 350 in 1957, but in the 21st century the Chinese government could only identify 162 forms for its intangible cultural heritage list, with many of them in immediate danger of disappearing. For young people, Chinese opera is no longer part of the everyday popular music culture, but it remains an attraction for many older people who find in it, among other things, a national or regional identity. (en) La ópera china es el nombre que recibe el teatro tradicional en China. El director , definió el teatro chino como "arte que sintetiza actuación, acrobacia, artes marciales, bellas artes, música y poesía". Se remonta a la dinastía Tang con el Emperador (712-755), fundador del "" (梨园), la primera compañía documentada en China, y casi exclusivamente al servicio de los emperadores. Durante la dinastía Yuan (1279-1368), se introdujeron en la ópera las variedades como el (杂剧), con actuaciones basadas en esquemas de rima y personajes tipo: "" (旦, femenino), "" (生, masculino) y "" (丑, payaso). En el siglo XXI, las profesiones de la ópera son todavía llamadas Disciplinas del Jardín de los Perales (梨园子弟). Existen más de trescientas variedades de ópera o teatro chino; la más conocida es la Ópera de Pekín (en chino: 京剧 jīngjù o 京戏 jīngxì), que tomó su forma actual a mediados del siglo XIX, habiendo sido muy popular a lo largo de toda la dinastía Qing (1644-1911). Otras manifestaciones dramáticas importantes en China son el Kunqu, (Ópera Kun), y diversas variantes de teatro de sombras, entre las que destacan por su antigüedad y delicadeza las sombras pequinesas o del norte, y las cantonesas, o del sur". (es) Opera Tiongkok adalah nama kolektif untuk semua opera tradisional di Tiongkok. Teks, musik, tari, nyanyian, dan bela diri merupakan unsur yang penting. Terdapat perbedaan kostum dan dialek di antara berbagai opera-opera di Tiongkok. Opera Tiongkok dapat disaksikan di televisi di Republik Rakyat Tiongkok, Taiwan, Makau, dan Hongkong. CCTV-11 merupakan saluran khusus China Central Television untuk opera Tiongkok. (in) L'opéra chinois ou théâtre chanté traditionnel chinois 戲曲 xìqǔ est synonyme de théâtre chinois jusqu'au XXe siècle. Le 話劇 huaju est le théâtre parlé d'inspiration occidentale introduit au XXe siècle. Il existe une troisième forme de spectacle théâtral populaire, le quyi 曲藝, l'art des conteurs, des chanteurs et des bateleurs qui a souvent inspiré le xiqu. Le terme de xiju 戲劇 désigne le théâtre en général (xiqu et huaju) ; il se divise en plusieurs formes principalement marquées par leur origine géographique ou culturelle. La langue ou le dialecte et la forme de la musique sont la caractéristique principale qui différencie ces différentes formes d'opéra. Le cinéma chinois a adapté plusieurs opéras au format cinématographique, l'opéra chinois étant comme le cinéma une forme d'art partagée par les classes populaires et les classes les plus aisées. (fr) L'opera cinese (cinese: 戏曲/戲曲, pinyin: Xìqŭ o semplicemente xì, letteralmente gioco, dramma, rappresentazione, divertimento) è il termine con il quale ci si riferisce al teatro cinese tradizionale. È un genere composto da diversi modelli e stili regionali, in cui si fondono la poesia, la musica, la danza e le tecniche acrobatiche. I personaggi sono ruoli fissi, che utilizzano specifiche tecniche del movimento, del gesto e della voce, oltre a costumi e trucchi caratteristici.Il testo è per lo più cantato, elemento condizionato dal fatto che l'altezza (intonazione) di una sillaba è un carattere distintivo nella lingua cinese. Le varianti di intonazione nei diversi dialetti regionali sono determinanti nella diversificazione degli stili teatrali regionali; attualmente quelli praticati sono circa trecentocinquanta. (it) 중국의 고전극에 대해 설명한다. (ko) Opera chińska – tradycyjna forma chińskiej sztuki dramatycznej, będącej połączeniem śpiewu, , pantomimy, ekwilibrystyki oraz wystylizowanych demonstracji form i ciosów kung-fu. Historia opery chińskiej sięga trzeciego wieku naszej ery. Wyróżnia się ponad 300 jej odmian regionalnych. (pl) Chinese opera is de verzamelnaam van alle traditionele opera's in China. In de Chinese opera zijn tekst, muziek, dans, zang, jongleren en vechtkunst belangrijk. De opera's verschillen door hun kostuums, dialect en het belang tussen tekst, muziek, dans, zang, jongleren en vechtkunst. Op de televisie en radio in Volksrepubliek China, Taiwan, Macau en Hongkong kan men Chinese opera zien of horen. CCTV-11 is een aparte televisiezender van China Central Television waarop alleen Chinese opera te zien is. (nl) 戯曲（ぎきょく）とは、中国の古典的な演劇の一種。「戯」は舞踊や雑技、「曲」は歌謡の意味で、劇中に舞踏や歌謡が用いられることを特徴とする。科（しぐさ）・白（せりふ）・曲（うた）によって構成され、科白のない散曲と対照される言葉である。日本で一般に戯曲とは文学作品のことを指すので、英語でチャイニーズ・オペラと呼ぶことがある。 (ja) Китайская опера (кит. трад. 中國戲曲, упр. 中国戏曲, пиньинь Zhōngguó xìqǔ, палл. Чжунго сицюй) — вид музыки, соединяющий в себе драму и мюзикл, очень популярный в Китае, где корни оперы восходят к III веку н. э.. Существует более 360 региональных разновидностей китайской оперы, наиболее значимыми из которых называются Пять основных опер Китая (кит. 中国五大剧种): * пекинская (кит. трад. 京劇, упр. 京剧, пиньинь jīngjù, палл. цзинцзюй), * хэнаньская (кит. трад. 豫剧, упр. 豫劇, пиньинь yùjù, палл. юйцзюй), * хуанмэйская (кит. трад. 黃梅戲, упр. 黄梅戏, пиньинь huángméixì, палл. хуанмэйси), * шаосинская (кит. трад. 越劇, упр. 越剧, пиньинь yuèjù, палл. юэцзюй), * пинцзюй (кит. трад. 評劇, упр. 评剧, пиньинь píngjù). (ru) Kinesisk opera är en form av drama, på kinesiska vanligen kallad xi (戏), "teater"/"föreställning" eller xiqu (戏曲), "teatervisor", som blandar sång, musik, teater och akrobatik. Kinesisk opera har rötter tillbaka i den kinesiska forntiden men som den spelas idag stammar den från Ming- och Qingdynastiernas dagar. En stor mängd regionala och lokala operaformer förekommer. (sv) A ópera chinesa (em Chinês: 戲曲/戏曲; Pinyin: xìqǔ) é uma forma popular de drama e teatro musical na China. Em Macau, há um dialecto macaense, considerado o português de Macau, que, chama a Ópera com o nome de Auto-China ou Chapôm-chipôm. É um teatro misturado de elementos como a literatura, a música, o cantar, a dança, as belas-artes, as artes marciais, o malabarismo e a arte espectacular. Esse amálgama cultural se formou ao longo de mais de mil anos, e atingiu sua forma madura no século XIII, durante a dinastia Song. Existem inúmeros ramificações regionais da ópera, como a ópera de Pequim, a ópera de Xiaoxing, a ópera cantonesa, a ópera de Kunqu e o Lüju. Hoje, o círculo da Ópera Chinesa é normalmente chamado de "Círculo de Crisântemo" (em Chinês: 菊壇/菊坛) e os circos teatrais designam-se como a "Perada" (em Chinês: 梨園/梨园) e os actores como os "Filhos e Irmãos da Perada" (em Chinês: 梨園子弟/梨园子弟). (pt) 戲曲是指中華文化的傳統戏剧。「戲曲」一詞始見於《水雲村稿》中〈詞人吳雲章傳〉，指南宋流行於民間的永嘉戲曲，是南戲戲文發展之濫觴。在河南省偃师市出土的一座宋代墓葬里，发掘出来的“宋杂剧演员丁都赛雕像砖”，是中国现存的最早记录戏曲演出活动形象的文物。爾後，「戲曲」之名迭有變遷，以「戲曲」指稱「中國傳統戲劇」，須待王國維《宋元戲曲考》問世，本書以「戲曲」為名，首度將中國傳統戲劇推上近代學術之林，「戲曲」乃成為「中國傳統戲劇」之專稱。 王國維將戲曲定義成「合歌舞以演故事」，同時也指出是戲曲不同於其他文類的重要特點。由此定義看來，戲曲必須具備演員、劇場、詩歌、舞蹈、音樂、代言體、演故事等基本元素。臺灣學者曾永義將王國維對戲曲的定義視為戲曲必須具備的條件，小戲的表演藝術較為原始。而相較於小戲的大戲有更高度的藝術表現，已經是綜合的文學與藝術，其定義為：「中國古典戲劇是在搬演故事，以詩歌為本質，密切結合音樂和舞蹈，加上雜技，而以講唱文學的敘述方式，通過俳優妝扮，運用代言體，在狹隘的劇場上所表現出來的綜合文學和藝術。」2001年聯合國教科文組織首發《人類非物質文化遺產代表作名錄》，崑劇獲納入名錄之內，引起公眾對戲曲發展及傳承的關注。2009年及2010年，粵劇、藏劇及京劇更先後被列入世界級非物質文化遺產，戲曲藝術進一步得到世界重視。 (zh) Китайська опера (кит. трад. 中國戲曲, спр. 中国戏曲, піньїнь: Zhōngguó xìqǔ, кирилицею: Чжунго сицюй) — музично-драматичний жанр, виниклий у Китаї. Історія китайської опери прослідковується від III століття н. е. Існує понад 360 регіональних різновидів китайської опери, найбільш відомих з яких називають П'ятьма основними операми Китаю (кит. 中国五大剧种): * пекінська * хенаньська * хуанмейська * шаосиська * пінцзюй (uk) |
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| dbp:description | A Huangmei opera song by Ivy Ling Po partnering with Jenny Tseng. (en) A Cantonese opera song by two female singers Yam Kim Fai and Bak sheut sin. Yam Kim Fai is actually using her trademark indistinguishable male voice behind the opera disguise. Only traditional Chinese instruments are used. (en) |
| dbp:filename | Canto Opera Hong Kong - Yam Kim Fai and Bak Sheut Sin.ogg (en) Ivy Ling Po and Jenny Tseng - Huangmeitone.ogg (en) |
| dbp:first | t (en) |
| dbp:format | dbr:Ogg |
| dbp:j | hei3 kuk1 (en) hei3-kuk1 (en) |
| dbp:p | xìqǔ (en) |
| dbp:s | 戏曲 (en) |
| dbp:t | 戲曲 (en) |
| dbp:title | Eighteen miles away (en) Recognize mutually (en) |
| dbp:tl | hì-khek (en) |
| dbp:w | hsi4-ch'ü3 (en) |
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| dbp:y | heikūk (en) |
| dcterms:subject | dbc:Chinese_opera |
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| rdfs:comment | Čínská opera je označení pro hudebně-dramatické umění, které se v průběhu staletí vyvinulo v Číně. Na rozdíl od evropské opery vznikla čínská opera v lidových kruzích a uměním nejvyšší společnosti se stala teprve později. Existuje celá řada žánrů čínské opery, odlišených především regionálně, z nichž nejznámější je pekingská opera. V době kulturní revoluce byla čínská opera zakázána a nahrazena maoistickými propagandistickými vystoupeními, od konce 70. let 20. století se řada čínských umělců opět snaží tuto tradici oživit. (cs) Opera Tiongkok adalah nama kolektif untuk semua opera tradisional di Tiongkok. Teks, musik, tari, nyanyian, dan bela diri merupakan unsur yang penting. Terdapat perbedaan kostum dan dialek di antara berbagai opera-opera di Tiongkok. Opera Tiongkok dapat disaksikan di televisi di Republik Rakyat Tiongkok, Taiwan, Makau, dan Hongkong. CCTV-11 merupakan saluran khusus China Central Television untuk opera Tiongkok. (in) 중국의 고전극에 대해 설명한다. (ko) Opera chińska – tradycyjna forma chińskiej sztuki dramatycznej, będącej połączeniem śpiewu, , pantomimy, ekwilibrystyki oraz wystylizowanych demonstracji form i ciosów kung-fu. Historia opery chińskiej sięga trzeciego wieku naszej ery. Wyróżnia się ponad 300 jej odmian regionalnych. (pl) Chinese opera is de verzamelnaam van alle traditionele opera's in China. In de Chinese opera zijn tekst, muziek, dans, zang, jongleren en vechtkunst belangrijk. De opera's verschillen door hun kostuums, dialect en het belang tussen tekst, muziek, dans, zang, jongleren en vechtkunst. Op de televisie en radio in Volksrepubliek China, Taiwan, Macau en Hongkong kan men Chinese opera zien of horen. CCTV-11 is een aparte televisiezender van China Central Television waarop alleen Chinese opera te zien is. (nl) 戯曲（ぎきょく）とは、中国の古典的な演劇の一種。「戯」は舞踊や雑技、「曲」は歌謡の意味で、劇中に舞踏や歌謡が用いられることを特徴とする。科（しぐさ）・白（せりふ）・曲（うた）によって構成され、科白のない散曲と対照される言葉である。日本で一般に戯曲とは文学作品のことを指すので、英語でチャイニーズ・オペラと呼ぶことがある。 (ja) Kinesisk opera är en form av drama, på kinesiska vanligen kallad xi (戏), "teater"/"föreställning" eller xiqu (戏曲), "teatervisor", som blandar sång, musik, teater och akrobatik. Kinesisk opera har rötter tillbaka i den kinesiska forntiden men som den spelas idag stammar den från Ming- och Qingdynastiernas dagar. En stor mängd regionala och lokala operaformer förekommer. (sv) 戲曲是指中華文化的傳統戏剧。「戲曲」一詞始見於《水雲村稿》中〈詞人吳雲章傳〉，指南宋流行於民間的永嘉戲曲，是南戲戲文發展之濫觴。在河南省偃师市出土的一座宋代墓葬里，发掘出来的“宋杂剧演员丁都赛雕像砖”，是中国现存的最早记录戏曲演出活动形象的文物。爾後，「戲曲」之名迭有變遷，以「戲曲」指稱「中國傳統戲劇」，須待王國維《宋元戲曲考》問世，本書以「戲曲」為名，首度將中國傳統戲劇推上近代學術之林，「戲曲」乃成為「中國傳統戲劇」之專稱。 王國維將戲曲定義成「合歌舞以演故事」，同時也指出是戲曲不同於其他文類的重要特點。由此定義看來，戲曲必須具備演員、劇場、詩歌、舞蹈、音樂、代言體、演故事等基本元素。臺灣學者曾永義將王國維對戲曲的定義視為戲曲必須具備的條件，小戲的表演藝術較為原始。而相較於小戲的大戲有更高度的藝術表現，已經是綜合的文學與藝術，其定義為：「中國古典戲劇是在搬演故事，以詩歌為本質，密切結合音樂和舞蹈，加上雜技，而以講唱文學的敘述方式，通過俳優妝扮，運用代言體，在狹隘的劇場上所表現出來的綜合文學和藝術。」2001年聯合國教科文組織首發《人類非物質文化遺產代表作名錄》，崑劇獲納入名錄之內，引起公眾對戲曲發展及傳承的關注。2009年及2010年，粵劇、藏劇及京劇更先後被列入世界級非物質文化遺產，戲曲藝術進一步得到世界重視。 (zh) Китайська опера (кит. трад. 中國戲曲, спр. 中国戏曲, піньїнь: Zhōngguó xìqǔ, кирилицею: Чжунго сицюй) — музично-драматичний жанр, виниклий у Китаї. Історія китайської опери прослідковується від III століття н. е. Існує понад 360 регіональних різновидів китайської опери, найбільш відомих з яких називають П'ятьма основними операми Китаю (кит. 中国五大剧种): * пекінська * хенаньська * хуанмейська * шаосиська * пінцзюй (uk) L'òpera xinesa o teatre cantat tradicional xinès (en xinès, 戲曲 xìqǔ) és el teatre xinès, és a dir fet a la Xina, des dels seus orígens fins al segle xx. Es practica des de la dinastia Tang, amb l'emperador (712–755), que va fundar el "" (梨园), la primera companyia de teatre que es coneix a la Xina. Es considera "clàssic" o "tradicional" per comparació amb una altra forma de teatre, el 話劇 huajuest, aparegut al segle xx, que és parlat en comptes de cantat i inspirat en el teatre occidental. Vala dir que el teatre xinès i asiàtic en general també va influir enormement a l'escena europea a partir d'aquest segle. (ca) Die Chinesische Oper (chinesisch 戲曲 / 戏曲, Pinyin Xìqǔ) entwickelte sich während der Tang-Dynastie (618–906) aus Vorformen des Musiktheaters. Im Gegensatz zur europäischen Operntradition handelt es sich jedoch seit Beginn um eine volksnahe Kunst- und Ausdrucksform; erst später fanden auch höhere Stände und Adel Gefallen an ihr.Musik und Text wurden lange Zeit mündlich bzw. aus der Aufführungspraxis heraus tradiert. Textbücher und Partituren werden erst seit dem frühen 20. Jahrhundert erstellt. * * * * (de) Traditional Chinese opera (traditional Chinese: 戲曲; simplified Chinese: 戏曲; pinyin: xìqǔ; Jyutping: hei3 kuk1), or Xiqu, is a form of musical theatre in China with roots going back to the early periods in China. It is an amalgamation of various art forms that existed in ancient China, and evolved gradually over more than a thousand years, reaching its mature form in the 13th century, during the Song dynasty (960–1279). Early forms of Chinese theater are simple, but over time various art forms such as music, song and dance, martial arts, acrobatics, costume and make-up art, as well as literary art forms were incorporated to form traditional Chinese opera. Performers had to practice for many years to gain an understanding of the roles. Exaggerated features and colors made it easier for the a (en) La ópera china es el nombre que recibe el teatro tradicional en China. El director , definió el teatro chino como "arte que sintetiza actuación, acrobacia, artes marciales, bellas artes, música y poesía". Existen más de trescientas variedades de ópera o teatro chino; la más conocida es la Ópera de Pekín (en chino: 京剧 jīngjù o 京戏 jīngxì), que tomó su forma actual a mediados del siglo XIX, habiendo sido muy popular a lo largo de toda la dinastía Qing (1644-1911). (es) L'opéra chinois ou théâtre chanté traditionnel chinois 戲曲 xìqǔ est synonyme de théâtre chinois jusqu'au XXe siècle. Le 話劇 huaju est le théâtre parlé d'inspiration occidentale introduit au XXe siècle. Il existe une troisième forme de spectacle théâtral populaire, le quyi 曲藝, l'art des conteurs, des chanteurs et des bateleurs qui a souvent inspiré le xiqu. Le terme de xiju 戲劇 désigne le théâtre en général (xiqu et huaju) ; il se divise en plusieurs formes principalement marquées par leur origine géographique ou culturelle. La langue ou le dialecte et la forme de la musique sont la caractéristique principale qui différencie ces différentes formes d'opéra. (fr) L'opera cinese (cinese: 戏曲/戲曲, pinyin: Xìqŭ o semplicemente xì, letteralmente gioco, dramma, rappresentazione, divertimento) è il termine con il quale ci si riferisce al teatro cinese tradizionale. È un genere composto da diversi modelli e stili regionali, in cui si fondono la poesia, la musica, la danza e le tecniche acrobatiche. I personaggi sono ruoli fissi, che utilizzano specifiche tecniche del movimento, del gesto e della voce, oltre a costumi e trucchi caratteristici.Il testo è per lo più cantato, elemento condizionato dal fatto che l'altezza (intonazione) di una sillaba è un carattere distintivo nella lingua cinese. Le varianti di intonazione nei diversi dialetti regionali sono determinanti nella diversificazione degli stili teatrali regionali; attualmente quelli praticati sono cir (it) Китайская опера (кит. трад. 中國戲曲, упр. 中国戏曲, пиньинь Zhōngguó xìqǔ, палл. Чжунго сицюй) — вид музыки, соединяющий в себе драму и мюзикл, очень популярный в Китае, где корни оперы восходят к III веку н. э.. Существует более 360 региональных разновидностей китайской оперы, наиболее значимыми из которых называются Пять основных опер Китая (кит. 中国五大剧种): (ru) A ópera chinesa (em Chinês: 戲曲/戏曲; Pinyin: xìqǔ) é uma forma popular de drama e teatro musical na China. Em Macau, há um dialecto macaense, considerado o português de Macau, que, chama a Ópera com o nome de Auto-China ou Chapôm-chipôm. É um teatro misturado de elementos como a literatura, a música, o cantar, a dança, as belas-artes, as artes marciais, o malabarismo e a arte espectacular. Esse amálgama cultural se formou ao longo de mais de mil anos, e atingiu sua forma madura no século XIII, durante a dinastia Song. (pt) |
| rdfs:label | Chinese opera (en) Teatre cantat tradicional xinès (ca) Čínská opera (cs) Chinesische Oper (de) Ópera china (es) Opéra chinois (fr) Opera Tiongkok (in) Opera cinese (it) 戯曲 (中国) (ja) 중국의 고전극 (ko) Chinese opera (nl) Opera chińska (pl) Ópera chinesa (pt) Kinesisk opera (sv) Китайская опера (ru) 戏曲 (zh) Китайська опера (uk) |
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