Aspasia Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Milena Kirova, ed., Mara Belcheva: Poezia (Mara Belcheva: Poetry), Volume 1, Sofia: Kibea, 2018, 268 pp., BGN 17 (paperback), ISBN 978-954-474-728-2.Milena Kirova, ed., Mara Belcheva: Proza i prevodi (Mara Belcheva: Prose and... more

Milena Kirova, ed., Mara Belcheva: Poezia (Mara Belcheva: Poetry), Volume 1, Sofia: Kibea, 2018, 268 pp., BGN 17 (paperback), ISBN 978-954-474-728-2.Milena Kirova, ed., Mara Belcheva: Proza i prevodi (Mara Belcheva: Prose and translations), Volume 2, Sofia: Kibea, 2018, 350 pp., BGN 19 (paperback), ISBN 978-954-474-729-9.Vanya Georgieva, Ekaterina Karavelova—Lora Karavelova: Kulturnoistoricheskiat sjuzhet “maiki-dushteri” v bulgarski context (Ekaterina Karavelova—Lora Karavelova: The cultural-historical subject “mothers-and-daughters” in the Bulgarian context), Sofia: Iztok-Zapad, 2017, 543 pp., BGN 25 (paperback), ISBN 978-619-01-0073-7.

The translation from Greek to Latin, as a school exercise, is often mentioned by Latin authors (Cicero, Quintilian and Suetonius). In particular, the paper analyzes a fragment quoted from Aspasia of Aeschines of Sphettus, preserved in... more

The translation from Greek to Latin, as a school exercise, is often mentioned by Latin authors (Cicero, Quintilian and Suetonius). In particular, the paper analyzes a fragment quoted from Aspasia of Aeschines of Sphettus, preserved in Cic. inv. 1.51-52, translated into Latin and included in the discussion on the inductive reasoning. In this case it is possible to explore the close link between a literary quote and the argumentative process used by Cicero in his rhetorical manual.

Die Gattung der sogenannten ,Buntschriftstellerei', der Aelians Werke De natura animalium und Varia historia zugeordnet werden, wurde bislang kaum zur Deutung des antiken Romans herangezogen. Anhand einer Analyse der Gartenexkurse bei... more

Die Gattung der sogenannten ,Buntschriftstellerei', der Aelians Werke De natura animalium und Varia historia zugeordnet werden, wurde bislang kaum zur Deutung des antiken Romans herangezogen. Anhand einer Analyse der Gartenexkurse bei Achilles Tatius und Longus wird im folgenden Beitrag die Frage nach dem Verhältnis von Haupthandlung und Exkurs neu angegangen und gezeigt, dass sowohl im Roman als auch in der ,Buntschriftstellerei' eine Symbiose zwischen Eros und Wissensvermittlung besteht, die auf Platons Dialoge Symposium und Phaedrus rekurriert. Die fließende Gre¡ze zwischen ,Buntschriftstellerei' und Roman manifestiert sich nicht nur im Gebrauch der Tier-und Pflanzenmetaphorik, sondern auch in der Geschichte der Aspasia, die als Roman-Fragment in Aelians Varia historia integriert ist.

The purpose of my dissertation is to analyse the negative comments concerning Pericles; the 5th Century BCE Athenian statesman and general. This will involve an assessment of both ancient and modern writers. It will include an exploration... more

The purpose of my dissertation is to analyse the negative comments concerning Pericles; the 5th Century BCE Athenian statesman and general. This will involve an assessment of both ancient and modern writers. It will include an exploration of his early career as well as the decisions he made whilst in high office. His personal life will also be examined to clarify to what extent it affected his judgement in politics. Larger themes such as Athenian Imperialism and financial greed will also be taken into account to confirm if Pericles' actions were all just simply part of the current social-political landscape of the polis of Athens. The eventual aim of my dissertation is to evaluate these various assessments and judge if there is substantial weight to them.

The brilliant Aspasia owes her fame to two men. She was the beloved and revered companion of Pericles, the most powerful and presti- gious Athenian of the city’s golden age (460–430 BCE), and the privileged and respected interlocutor of... more

The brilliant Aspasia owes her fame to two men. She was the beloved and revered companion of Pericles, the most powerful and presti- gious Athenian of the city’s golden age (460–430 BCE), and the privileged and respected interlocutor of Socrates. Her position as a valued com- panion and recognised intellectual—exceptional in a city where custom dictated that silence and invisibility represented a woman’s greatest glory— was no doubt connected with her status as a metic (resident alien). This status, while denying her the right to become the legal spouse of the man whose life she shared, allowed her—at the risk of a somewhat sulphurous reputation—the freedom to be seen, to think, and to express herself. While the beautiful woman from Miletus has remained silent, if we assume that the insults she was showered with were essentially aimed at her lover, the leader of the democrats, the sources we have at our disposal allow us to study her relationships with Socrates and Pericles.

Felsefe tarihi boyunca, bugüne kadar erkek filozoflar ve onların düşüncelerinden bahsedilmiştir. Kadın filozofların görüş ve fikirleri ise göz ardı edilmiş ve ne yazık ki yalnızca 20. Yüzyıl ve sonrasında var olmuşlar gibi bir kanı ortaya... more

Felsefe tarihi boyunca, bugüne kadar erkek filozoflar ve onların düşüncelerinden bahsedilmiştir. Kadın filozofların görüş ve fikirleri ise göz ardı edilmiş ve ne yazık ki yalnızca 20. Yüzyıl ve sonrasında var olmuşlar gibi bir kanı ortaya çıkmıştır. Oysaki daha antik çağda Stoalı Apollonias ve Philochorus tarafından yalnızca kadın filozofları ele alan iki yazı yazılmıştır lakin bu yazılar tarihin kayıp sayfaları arasındadırlar. 1 Ayrıca en bilinen filozoflardan biri olarak değerlendirilen Sokrates'in akıl hocalarından birisi de tarihin ünlü kadın filozoflarından olan Miletli Aspasia'dır. Sokrates bugün herkesçe bilinen meşhur diyalog yöntemini ondan öğrenmiştir. Kadın filozofların bu gölgede kalışının sebebi cinsiyetçi bir ayrım olup olmadığı bilinmese de düşüncenin özerkliğinin baki olduğu herkesçe kabul görmektedir. Kadın filozoflar dediğimizde feminist felsefeden ziyade kadın filozofların düşünceleri ve kadın filozofların felsefeye katkısı akla gelmelidir. Bu yazıda Antik Çağ ve Orta Çağ'da yaşamış olan felsefenin unutulan yüzleri: kadın filozoflar anlatılacaktır. Antik Çağ dünyası hakkında kısa bir bilgilendirmenin ardından dönemin ünlü kadın filozoflarından; Krotonlu Theano, Miletli Aspasia, Diotima ve İskenderiyeli Hypatia hakkında bilgi verilecektir. Devamında ise Orta Çağ dönemine geçiş yapılarak dönem hakkında kısa bir bilgilendirmenin ardından dönemin ünlü kadın filozoflarından; Bingenli Hildegard, Sienalı Caterina ve Christine de Pizan hakkında bilgi verilecektir. ANTİK ÇAĞ Antik Çağ'ın insanları çevrelerindeki şeylerin sadece görülerine dayandırmayıp sorgulamaya ve üzerinde derin düşünmeye değer şeyler olduğu kanısına vardılar ve buda felsefenin doğuşuna sağlam bir zemin hazırladı. Dönemin gözde konusu Doğa idi. Yunanlılar Dünya'yı, var oluşu, evreni ve Doğa'yı sorgulamaya başladılar. Bu sorgulamalar içinde Antik Yunan'da kadının yerini anlamak istersek yaşam standartlarına bakmamız bizi azda olsa aydınlatacaktır. Antik Yunan'ın kadınları, özellikle evli olanlar, evden yalnız başlarına çıkamazlardı, aileleri ve kadın arkadaşları dışında herhangi biri ile görüşmelerine izin verilmezdi ve dolayısı ile çevreleri bu insanlarla sınırlıydı. 2 Hal böyle olunca kız çocuklarının 1 Maritt Rullman vd. , Kadın Filozoflar, çev.

This paper aims to critically analyse the testimonies concerning Athenian impiety trials of the classical period. First, it reaffirms the arguments that some of them must have been an invention of Hellenistic and later authors. Second, it... more

This paper aims to critically analyse the testimonies concerning Athenian impiety trials of the classical period. First, it reaffirms the arguments that some of them must have been an invention of Hellenistic and later authors. Second, it presents a likely political background behind the historical cases. Third, it discusses a number of legal issues, along with new arguments concerning the procedures employed. Finally, it examines some less well-known material from the fourth century BCE. Overall, it seeks to provide a possibly coherent and comprehensive framework of Athenian impiety trials based on their shared characteristics.

This article, in French, corresponds to the one with the same title in English, published here on academia.edu. Aspasia of Phocaea is not the same Aspasia of Athens, who was formerly from Miletus, and who was the mistress of Pericles.... more

This article, in French, corresponds to the one with the same title in English, published here on academia.edu.
Aspasia of Phocaea is not the same Aspasia of Athens, who was formerly from Miletus, and who was the mistress of Pericles.
Here, we have a completely different story.

La presente comunicación se propone indagar en las representaciones de las mujeres orientales en la obra biográfica de Plutarco, con la intención de que dicha indagación sirva a su vez como una forma de acceder al imaginario femenino... more

La presente comunicación se propone indagar en las representaciones de las mujeres orientales en la obra biográfica de Plutarco, con la intención de que dicha indagación sirva a su vez como una forma de acceder al imaginario femenino erigido desde la cultura griega antigua. En este sentido, nos interesa destacar que Plutarco se nutre preferentemente en sus escritos de las investigaciones de historiadores, poetas, tragediógrafos, comediógrafos y filósofos griegos del período clásico, de modo que muchas de sus apreciaciones están influidas por el prejuicio de dichos autores, y es por este motivo que entendemos que una lectura de las Vidas nos puede acercar a la imagen de la mujer oriental desde la tradición griega.
Analizaremos especialmente aquellos personajes femeninos que resultan pertinentes para una semblanza general. Así pues, tomaremos la figura de Aspasia de Mileto en la Vida de Pericles, cuyo origen extranjero la hace objeto de una serie de estereotipos negativos en relación con la lujuria y la prostitución aunque no deja de señalarse su inteligencia, erudición e idoneidad en asuntos políticos. Estudiaremos también los capítulos de la Vida de Temístocles en los que el general se exilia en la corte del rey persa, pues allí aparece una interesante descripción de la forma de vida de las mujeres, mantenidas siempre en ámbitos secretos y protegidas del mundo exterior, lo que constituye también una imagen estereotipada. Por último, nos dedicaremos a estudiar las figuras de Parisatis y Estatira en la Vida de Artajerjes, que resultan singulares, dado que cobran importancia en las decisiones de gobierno. El corpus seleccionado nos permitirá, pues, rastrear distintas representaciones femeninas en distintos contextos y en relación con distintos tópicos estereotipados, a partir de lo cual podremos definir qué imagen ofrece Plutarco sobre las mujeres orientales.

Aspasia de Mileto es un personaje femenino singular dentro de la cultura griega . Entre las fuentes antiguas que hablan de ella podemos mencionar a autores tan disí¬mi¬les como Aristófanes, Ach. 528-531; Jenofonte, Mem. 2.6.36 y Oec.... more

Aspasia de Mileto es un personaje femenino singular dentro de la cultura griega . Entre las fuentes antiguas que hablan de ella podemos mencionar a autores tan disí¬mi¬les como Aristófanes, Ach. 528-531; Jenofonte, Mem. 2.6.36 y Oec. 3.14, Pla-tón, Mx. 236a; Cicerón, Inv. 1.51-53; Luciano, Im. 17 y Ateneo 533c-d. La tradición oscila entre ofrecer la imagen de cortesana y de erudita, dos aspectos que Plutarco, a quien nos dedicaremos en este oportunidad, también indica, aunque de manera par¬ticular, como veremos.
Plutarco dedica a Aspasia principalmente dos capítulos de la biografía de Pericles, el 24 y el 32, y algunas menciones en capítulos vecinos (25, 30, 31). En el capítulo 24 refiere de manera ambigua la actividad de Aspasia, pues se describe por un lado su influencia en la vida pública, en tanto conocedora de los asuntos políticos y las artes retóricas (ὡς σοφήν τινα καὶ πολιτικὴν; δόξαν εἶχε τὸ γύναιον ἐπὶ ῥητορικῇ; cf. Beneker, 2007) y por otro se alude a actividades vinculadas con la prostitución. La misma ambigüedad se aplica a su relación con Pericles, de la que se dice tanto que es fundada en un interés intelectual cuanto amoroso/sexual (ἐρωτική). En el capítulo 31, por su parte, Plutarco menciona que Aspasia es acusada de impiedad (ἀσέβεια) y de recibir en secreto mujeres que luego mantenían relaciones con Pericles (Περικλεῖ γυναῖκας ἐλευθέρας εἰς τὸ αὐτὸ φοιτώσας ὑποδέχοιτο). Nuestra intención en la presente comunicación es primero describir los procedimientos retóricos a partir de los cuales Plutarco realiza la caracterización de Aspasia, con la intención de demostrar luego su funcionalidad en conexión con la narración integral de la biografía. Nos basaremos para fundamentar nuestra propuesta en un análisis retórico-discursivo, motivo por el cual nos atendremos a la linealidad del relato, en la medida en que esto nos ayudará a entender el encadenamiento de elementos de la descripción y la forma en que se ponen en relación.

This article examines how the constructions of gender, female sexuality, nation, and war by the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists and the Ukrainian Insurgent Army infl uenced their att itudes to intimate fraternization between women... more

This article examines how the constructions of gender, female sexuality, nation, and war by the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists and the Ukrainian Insurgent Army infl uenced their att itudes to intimate fraternization between women (both members of the nationalist underground and civilians) and enemy men between 1939 and the mid-1950s. Conclusions are based on the analysis of a wide range of sources. The article highlights various forms and methods of repressive measures against women who transgressed sexual norms. The article argues that the violent practices against women were not standardized, and largely depended on subjective decisions of the local leaders and commanders, as well as on the level of women's engagement in the underground activities. Violence against women represented a tool of preservation of patriarchal power and traditional gender roles but became one of the means of constructing power relations among the nationalist men, as well as their relations with enemy men.

The EU indirectly affects its member states' social policy, and there is a long-standing debate about its direct causal effect on member states regarding non-economic matters. This article analyzes how the governments of new... more

The EU indirectly affects its member states' social policy, and there is a long-standing debate about its direct causal effect on member states regarding non-economic matters. This article analyzes how the governments of new post-communist Central and Eastern European EU members and candidates reacted to pressures from the European Commission, while acknowledging that the broader context of other global, regional, and domestic actors also affects the establishment of new laws and norms related to domestic violence. The EU's influence is controversial and manifold in post-communist Central and East Europe: while it has rhetorically endorsed gender equality, it has only recently and selectively started to pressure members and candidates into implementing changes and monitoring progress.

The Memorial Museum of the Victims of Communism and of the Resistance is the main museum of communism in Romania. This article attends to this museum's politics of representing gender and argues that its exhibits reify resistance... more

The Memorial Museum of the Victims of Communism and of the Resistance is the main museum of communism in Romania. This article attends to this museum's politics of representing gender and argues that its exhibits reify resistance to and victimization by the communist regime as masculine. The museum marginalizes women, in general, and renders unmemorable women's lives under Nicolae Ceauşescu's pronatalist regime, in particular. The absence is significant because Romania is the only country in the former communist bloc where women experienced unique forms of systematic political victimization under Ceauşescu's nationalist-socialist politics of forced birth. This article illustrates how the museum's investment in an anti-communist discourse creates a gendered representation of political action under the communist regime.

RESUMEN La autora se centra principalmente en el análisis de cuatro pasajes de Las dos muertes de Sócrates (2005), de Ignacio García-Valiño. En esta novela se reflexiona sobre el rol social que desempeña la mujer en la antigua Atenas,... more

RESUMEN La autora se centra principalmente en el análisis de cuatro pasajes de Las dos muertes de Sócrates (2005), de Ignacio García-Valiño. En esta novela se reflexiona sobre el rol social que desempeña la mujer en la antigua Atenas, tanto en el caso de las esposas como en el de las heteras. Asimismo, se evalúan los antecedentes literarios de la mujer y se reinventa la imagen de la hetera elevando a Aspasia de Mileto como icono de la emancipación femenina. ABSTRACT «Feminist discourse of hetairas on García-Valiño's Las dos muertes de Sócrates». The autor focuses mainly on the analysis of four passages of Ignacio García-Valiño's Las dos muertes de Sócrates (2005). In this novel the social role played by women in ancient Athens, both by legal wifes as by hetairai, is reflected. It also evaluates the literary precedents of women and reinvents the image of the hetaira, taking Aspasia of Miletus as the symbol of female emancipation. KEY WORDS: García-Valiño, Las dos muertes de Sócrates, hetaira, Aspasia of Miletus, female emancipation. Desde la segunda mitad del siglo XX, las corrientes feministas han invadido el panorama literario y han obligado a los eruditos y a la crítica a contemplar la lite-ratura desde un nuevo punto de vista. Debido a ello, no sólo se ha reivindicado la presencia de las mujeres en las artes, sino que además se ha abierto una nueva rama de estudio y se han reinterpretado y reescrito muchas obras literarias. En este trabajo abordaremos el discurso feminista de las heteras en una obra de Ignacio García-Valiño 1 : Las dos muertes de Sócrates (2006). En ella se reinventa la Atenas del siglo V y se da vida a uno de los personajes de la vida política e intelec-tual de entonces: Aspasia de Mileto. La propuesta de García-Valiño retrotrae al pasa-do las manifestaciones feministas propias de nuestra época para buscar iconos del movimiento de emancipación en la Antigüedad, inspirándose en parte en personajes reales y en parte en piezas teatrales como la Medea de Eurípides o Las Asambleístas y Lisístrata de Aristófanes.

This article examines discussions of love and marriage in a regional newspaper of the Communist Youth League (Komsomol) in the central Urals region. Although framed around the intention to communicate official communist morality and... more

This article examines discussions of love and marriage in a regional newspaper of the Communist Youth League (Komsomol) in the central Urals region. Although framed around the intention to communicate official communist morality and ideals about the family, these discussions included stories and readers’ letters that expressed a range of views that could both draw on and challenge Party ideals. While scholarship has emphasized the conservative elements of communist morality and the lack of support for men in the domestic sphere, these sources point to an understanding of love as central to a man’s life and comradely partnership as fundamental to Soviet marriage.

This paper focuses on the figure and the role of Aspasia in Aeschines’ eponymous dialogue, with special regard to the Milesian’s ‘paideutic’ activity and the double bond connecting it to Socrates’ teaching, namely the elenctic method and... more

This paper focuses on the figure and the role of Aspasia in Aeschines’ eponymous dialogue, with special regard to the Milesian’s ‘paideutic’ activity and the double bond connecting it to Socrates’ teaching, namely the elenctic method and a particular application of Σωκρατικὸς ἔρως. The study aims to highlight some crucial traits of Aeschines’ Aspasia by examining three key texts, all numbered among the testimonies on the Aspasia: Cicero’s account in De inventione 1.31.51-53 and two fundamental passages from Xenophon’s Memorabilia (2.3.36) and Oeconomicus (3.14). After analysing a set of ancient sources which repeatedly mention the close and personal association between Socrates and Aspasia (Plato, Maximus of Tyre, Plutarch, Theodoret of Cyrus), I will try to reconstruct the dialogical context of Xenophon’s testimonies and to combine them with Cicero’s account. My final aim is to clarify the role of Aspasia in Aeschines’ presentation of the Socratic theory of ἔρως. In pursuing this main objective, in the concluding section I will address two further issues: (1) Aspasia’s connection with the figure of Diotima, as depicted in the same ancient sources and (2) the relationship between Aspasias’ pedagogical use of ἔρως and that made by Socrates in the Alcibiades.

The monthly journal A Nő és a Társadalom (Woman and society) was launched in 1907 by two organizations, Feministák Egyesülete (Association of Feminists) and Nőtisztviselők Országos Egyesülete (National Organization of Female Clerks) in... more

The monthly journal A Nő és a Társadalom (Woman and society) was launched in 1907 by two organizations, Feministák Egyesülete (Association of Feminists) and Nőtisztviselők Országos Egyesülete (National Organization of Female Clerks) in Budapest. Based on archival research, this article describes the foundation of the journal in 1907, the working methods it strived to adopt, and the role editor-in-chief Róza Schwimmer played during this period. The article shows that A Nő és a Társadalom performed a variety of crucial functions in the Hungarian women's movement of the time, including that of being a means of informal education for its readers.

The Soviet intervention in Afghanistan can be seen as a laboratory for examining the Soviet construction of masculinity during the last decade of the USSR. Focusing on male Soviet military doctors as individuals, this article aims to... more

The Soviet intervention in Afghanistan can be seen as a laboratory for examining the Soviet construction of masculinity during the last decade of the USSR. Focusing on male Soviet military doctors as individuals, this article aims to present how these doctors constructed their virile presentation of self in a war situation and how they managed their position within the military community. Taking a pragmatic historical approach, the article considers the doctors through their interactions with both women and men, examining gendered practices such as “protecting weak people,” “asserting authority,” “expressing emotions (or not),” and “impressing others.” It offers a case study for the analysis of one of the many forms of Soviet military masculinity under late socialism and its place in Soviet society.

Francesca MATTALIANO, Donne e drammi in politica tra Grecia e Roma Nell’articolo, attraverso un esame delle testimonianze storiche relative alle figure femminili nel mondo antico, in particolare le biografie plutarchee, si evidenzia una... more

Francesca MATTALIANO, Donne e drammi in politica tra Grecia e Roma
Nell’articolo, attraverso un esame delle testimonianze storiche relative alle figure femminili nel mondo antico, in particolare le biografie plutarchee, si evidenzia una tendenza diffusa nella storiografia greca e romana che utilizza l’influenza delle donne quale strumento di pubblica denigrazione. In particolare, appaiono esemplari le vicende di quattro di loro, tutte accomunate dal biasimo per la loro attiva presenza nella vita politica dei loro uomini: Aspasia, l’etera milesia amante dello stratego ateniese Pericle, Elpinice, sorella dello stratego Cimone, Clodia, sorella del tribuno della plebe Clodio e Fulvia, moglie del triumviro Marco Antonio, tutte soggetti capaci di attirare a sé un medesimo giudizio morale di riprovazione e di biasimo da parte di una storiografia che rimane appannaggio esclusivo del genere maschile. La rottura dell’ordine che, sola, può giustificare il primo piano alla donna, si materializza così, nel racconto degli storici, attraverso situazioni emotivamente coinvolgenti capaci di far presa su fasce sempre più larghe di lettori da addestrare e pilotare politicamente.
Aspasia • Elpinice • Clodia • Fulvia • Pericle • Cimone • Clodio • Marco Antonio • Plutarco • Cicerone
In the article, by means of an examination of the historical evidences related to the female figures in the ancient world (especially the Lives of Plutarch), it is highlighted a tendency to the Greek and Roman historiography that uses the influence of women as a mean for the public denigration. Particularly, the lives of four of these women are exemplary because of their common point: the fault for their active presence in the political life of their men. Aspasia, the Milesian courtesan lover of the Athenian statesman Pericles, Elpinice, sister of Cimon strategos, Clodia, sister of the tribune Publius Clodius Pulcher, and Fulvia, wife of Triumvir Mark Antony, are all women able to attract to them the same moral judgment of condemnation and disapproval by a part of a historiography that remains exclusive prerogative of the male gender. The breaking of the order, that is the only thing which can justify the foreground on the woman, in the historical narrative materializes through situations emotionally engaging able to establish a foothold in larger and larger groups of readers to train and drive politically.
Aspasia • Elpinice • Clodia • Fulvia • Pericles • Cimon • Clodius • Mark Antony • Plutarch • Cicero

Article included in: M. Gigante e G. Maddoli (eds.), L’Athenaion Politeia dello Pseudo-Senofonte (Napoli, Edizioni Scientifiche Italiane, 1997), 141-158. ------ Main points: (1) The existence of another Xenophon, elder that the... more

Article included in: M. Gigante e G. Maddoli (eds.), L’Athenaion Politeia dello Pseudo-Senofonte (Napoli, Edizioni Scientifiche Italiane, 1997), 141-158. ------
Main points:
(1) The existence of another Xenophon, elder that the historian, who had important connections with Aspasia, Socrates, and Prodicus, has to be acknowledged
(2) it is not unlikely that Pseudo-Xenophon's Athenaion politeia was authored by the elder Xenophon and was later incorporated in the Corpus Xenophonteum when awareness of the distinction between the homonyms dissolved
(3) the young Xenophon who meets Aspasia together with his bride, according to what Socrates is said to have reported in the Aspasia of Aeschines of Sphettus (source: Cic. de inv. I 31 = SSR VI A 70), is likely to have been the elder one
(4) a lost dialogue by Antisthenes too may have portrayed the elder Xenophon.

Through the use of selected contemporary sociological research and prolific collections of largely unpublished memoirs, this article analyzes men’s attitudes toward the paid employment of women—particularly married women—in post-Stalinist... more

Through the use of selected contemporary sociological research and prolific collections of largely unpublished memoirs, this article analyzes men’s attitudes toward the paid employment of women—particularly married women—in post-Stalinist Poland. The personal narratives reveal an increasing acceptance of women’s work outside the household over time and across generations. A significant shift in Polish men’s attitudes to a greater acceptance of women’s paid employment took place in the younger generation, born in the 1930s and 1940s and socialized after World War II. However, hostile attitudes of working-class men toward working women persisted, based on a continuing aspiration to uphold the male breadwinner family model.

an age of reform reaction 1848 failed absolutism and liberal reform hungary after 1867 austria after 1867 foreign policy in the final decades bibliography. This article discusses the timing and character of women's philanthropy in... more

an age of reform reaction 1848 failed absolutism and liberal reform hungary after 1867 austria after 1867 foreign policy in the final decades bibliography. This article discusses the timing and character of women's philanthropy in Carniola, now part of Slovenia, in the period from 1848 to 1914. Based on primary research, it explores the beginnings of women's work for the poor; the impact of religion, especially Catholicism, on women's involvement in charity; and finally the rise of women's secular social care. I argue that in Carniola, Catholic women's organizations largely filled the space that opened up for women's philanthropic initiatives. By the late nineteenth century, a re-Catholicization of modern industrial society took place, which particularly focused on women, as seen in the phenomenon of the feminization of the Catholic religion. Catholic women's associations started to proliferate; some of these associations were charity associations that introduced new principles to charity work.

Judith Szapor, Hungarian Women’s Activism in the Wake of the First World War: From Rights to Revanche, New York: Bloomsbury Academic, 2018, 207 pp. 102.60 USD (hardback), ISBN 978-1-350-02049-8.Iveta Jusová and Jiřina Šiklová, eds., Czech... more

Judith Szapor, Hungarian Women’s Activism in the Wake of the First World War: From Rights to Revanche, New York: Bloomsbury Academic, 2018, 207 pp. 102.60 USD (hardback), ISBN 978-1-350-02049-8.Iveta Jusová and Jiřina Šiklová, eds., Czech Feminisms: Perspectives on Gender in East Central Europe, Bloomington: Indiana University Press 2016, 325 pp., no price listed (hardback), ISBN 978-0-25302-189-2.

Milena Kirova, ed., Mara Belcheva: Poezia (Mara Belcheva: Poetry), Volume 1, Sofia: Kibea, 2018, 268 pp., BGN 17 (paperback), ISBN 978-954-474-728-2.Milena Kirova, ed., Mara Belcheva: Proza i prevodi (Mara Belcheva: Prose and... more

Milena Kirova, ed., Mara Belcheva: Poezia (Mara Belcheva: Poetry), Volume 1, Sofia: Kibea, 2018, 268 pp., BGN 17 (paperback), ISBN 978-954-474-728-2.Milena Kirova, ed., Mara Belcheva: Proza i prevodi (Mara Belcheva: Prose and translations), Volume 2, Sofia: Kibea, 2018, 350 pp., BGN 19 (paperback), ISBN 978-954-474-729-9.Vanya Georgieva, Ekaterina Karavelova—Lora Karavelova: Kulturnoistoricheskiat sjuzhet “maiki-dushteri” v bulgarski context (Ekaterina Karavelova—Lora Karavelova: The cultural-historical subject “mothers-and-daughters” in the Bulgarian context), Sofia: Iztok-Zapad, 2017, 543 pp., BGN 25 (paperback), ISBN 978-619-01-0073-7.

Articolo di Maria Leonarda Leone.

Ordinary women are among the least known subjects of Ottoman Turkish historiography. One of the most important reasons for this lack of information is that the Turkish archives are not organized in such a way that researchers can easily... more

Ordinary women are among the least known subjects of Ottoman Turkish historiography. One of the most important reasons for this lack of information is that the Turkish archives are not organized in such a way that researchers can easily access documents on ordinary women. However, the difficulty in finding women's voices in historical documents is only one part of the problem. Whereas conventional Ottoman-Turkish historiography prioritizes the acts of those holding power, most Turkish feminist historiography focuses on the organized activities of elite and middle-class women rather than ordinary women due to various paradigmatic and methodological restrictions. This article explains these limitations and proposes less conventional methods for conducting research on ordinary Ottoman women, who were important actors on the home front during World War I. It discusses theoretical approaches, methodology, and alternative sources that can be used to conduct research on women in the Turkish archives. It also presents some examples of ordinary Ottoman women's voices and everyday struggles against the violence they suffered during World War I, using new, alternative sources like women's petitions and telegrams to the state bureaucracy as well as folk songs.

This article explores the role of foreign governesses in the early nineteenth century in the province of Wallachia, a principality in the southeastern part of present-day Romania and a peripheral territory at the intersection of the... more

This article explores the role of foreign governesses in the early nineteenth century in the province of Wallachia, a principality in the southeastern part of present-day Romania and a peripheral territory at the intersection of the Habsburg, Russian, and Ottoman empires. It focuses on the professional integration of governesses into Romanian society, exploring their complementary routes of activity, both in private educational networks for the elite and in the emerging educational institutions for girls. Their cultural identities as transnational teachers sometimes collided with local perceptions and employers’ ambitions, and the study sheds light on the different categories of governesses and how they succeeded in keeping up with a certain model for governesses that prevailed in this period.

Simonides, Empedocles.Aspasia, Sophocles, and an unknown poet

Review Essay by Željka Jankovic´ and Svetlana Stefanovic´ Jasmina B. Milanović, Delfa Ivanić: Zaboravljene uspomene (Delfa Ivanić: Forgott en memoirs), Belgrade: Evoluta, 2015, 350 pp., €18.42 (paperback), ISBN 978-8-68595-773-4. Ana... more

Review Essay by Željka Jankovic´ and Svetlana Stefanovic´
Jasmina B. Milanović, Delfa Ivanić: Zaboravljene uspomene (Delfa Ivanić: Forgott en memoirs),
Belgrade: Evoluta, 2015, 350 pp., €18.42 (paperback), ISBN 978-8-68595-773-4.
Ana Stolić, Sestre Srpkinje: Pojava pokreta za emancipacij u žena i feminizma u Kraljevini
Srbij i (Serbian sisters: The emergence of the women’s emancipation movement and
feminism in the Kingdom of Serbia), 2nd updated edition, Belgrade: Evoluta, 2015, 209
pp., €17.22 (paperback), ISBN 978-86-85957-69-7.

This essay aims at showing that ll. 582-606 of Euripides’ Ion alludes to the political figure of Pericles the Younger. Ion and Pericles’ son are reluctant to join the political stage because of their not entirely Attic ancestry. In... more

This essay aims at showing that ll. 582-606 of Euripides’ Ion alludes to the political figure of Pericles the Younger. Ion and Pericles’ son are reluctant to join the political stage because of their not entirely Attic ancestry. In particular, Pericles’ law of 451/450 BC prevented Pericles the Younger from being Athenian citizen, even though he was instated into the citizenship later thanks to a reform which took place in 430 BC. In the year 411 BC, a likely date for the performance of the play, when the Four Hundreds established an oligarchic government, Pericles the Younger was thirty-years old (or more) and, as argued in the essay, he could take part in political activity but he was hesitant and this attitude of his was shown by the character of Ion in Euripides’ tragedy and by a line of Eupolis’ Demoi. Even Xenophon was concerned with the figure of Pericles the Younger (Men. III,5) after the trial of the Arginusae in which the latter had been put to death.

At the beginning of December 2011 a conference on "The Challenge of Gender in O oman, Turkish, and Middle-Eastern Studies: A empting an Interdisciplinary Approach" was held at the University of Athens. While there was a general strike... more

At the beginning of December 2011 a conference on "The Challenge of Gender in O oman, Turkish, and Middle-Eastern Studies: A empting an Interdisciplinary Approach" was held at the University of Athens. While there was a general strike going on outside the university building, gender researchers from Southeastern Europe gathered in the university hall to discuss the politics of location from the perspective of a common O oman history and a present European controversy. The sessions of the conference were organized according to some key topics in gender history such as "Gender Historiograpies," "Gender, Agency, and Community Boundaries," and "Gender and Fiction in the Arab World." Other sessions treated debatable political issues such as "Gender, Violence, and Justice in the O oman World" and "Gender in Contemporary Debates on Religion in the Middle East." The main organizer of the conference, Efi Kanner, presented her hypothesis of a shared cross-cultural space in the past between O oman women of diff erent ethnicities who studied in the same elite Istanbul schools such as Zappio and Robert College. Based on the publications of recent Aspasia forums, Krassimira Daskalova discussed "the city of gender studies" and specifi cally the institutionalization of women's and gender history in Central, Eastern and Southeastern Europe. Nadezhda Aleksandrova off ered some solutions to the challenges that all gender studies programs in Europe face in the present time of austerity measures. The historians Lerna Ekmegcioglu, Paris Papachronachis, Eleni Gara, and Dario Miccoli dug deep into silenced memories of violence that Armenians, Jews, Greeks, and Egyptians shared during the fi rst half of the twentieth century in the severe exclusionist landscapes of Istanbul, Salonika, and Cairo. Nora Şeni, Fotini Tsibiridou, Anasstasia Falierou, and Konstantina Andrianopoulou discussed cities such as Istanbul, Beirut, Cairo, and Damascus as topoi of cultural commonalities and religious diff erences. The interlingual and interreligious gender aspect was the focus of papers by Maria Couroucli, Niki Papageorgiou, and Aggeliki Ziaka. Arzu Öztürkmen, Sophia Nicolaidès-Salloum, and Eleni Kondyli in their contributions focused on the issue of creativity and women's capacity for revolt. New ideas, new projects, and new interconnections of topics came out of this fruitful two-day conference in Athens, which was highly inspired by the calamities in the Greek social arena.

on occasion of its twenty-fourth anniversary, together with Yeditepe University organized the international symposium "Writing Women's Lives: Auto/Biography, Life Narratives, Myths and Historiography," which took place at Yeditepe... more

on occasion of its twenty-fourth anniversary, together with Yeditepe University organized the international symposium "Writing Women's Lives: Auto/Biography, Life Narratives, Myths and Historiography," which took place at Yeditepe University on 19-20 April 2014. The symposium coordinators were Birsen Talay Keşoğlu, Vehbi Baysan, and Şefi k Peksevgen, assisted by eleven more members of the Organizing Committ ee, including Aslı Davaz, director of the Istanbul Women's Library. 1 This symposium was extraordinarily successful. More than two hundred participants from all continents presented papers during forty-four (mostly parallel) sessions. The symposium was less Western dominated than any international women's history conference I have ever att ended, both with regard to the presenters and their topics.

Alin Ciupală, Bătălia lor: Femeile din România în Primul Război Mondial (Their batt le: Women in Romania during World War I), Iași: Polirom, 2017, 392 pp., 48 illustrations, RON 39.95 (paperback), ISBN: 978-9-73466-577-8.Jelena Batinić,... more

Alin Ciupală, Bătălia lor: Femeile din România în Primul Război Mondial (Their batt le: Women in Romania during World War I), Iași: Polirom, 2017, 392 pp., 48 illustrations, RON 39.95 (paperback), ISBN: 978-9-73466-577-8.Jelena Batinić, Women and Yugoslav Partisans: A History of World War II Resistance, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015, 287 pp., 11 illustrations, GBP 24.99 (paperback), ISBN: 978-1-31611-862-7.