Digital Terrain Models Research Papers (original) (raw)

Abstract We propose an automatic method for the detection and correction of anomalous values in matrix elevation digital models. This method uses statistical criteria and allows us to estimate the error probability of a point together... more

Abstract We propose an automatic method for the detection and correction of anomalous values in matrix elevation digital models. This method uses statistical criteria and allows us to estimate the error probability of a point together with the statistical parameters derived from the same model, so that they are adapted to the characteristics of the area relief.

The road network is a work of infrastructure, capable in contribution substantially in the sustainable development and exploitation of mountainous regions. Given the need to improve the Greek forest road networks taking into account the... more

The road network is a work of infrastructure, capable in contribution substantially in the sustainable development and exploitation of mountainous regions. Given the need to improve the Greek
forest road networks taking into account the environmental component and the severe constraint on the natural resources needed to plan these improvements to target these efforts based upon the available
information. In sustainable managed forests, roads, their network and technical specifications have to be in accordance with natural conditions and land uses, expected logging operations and landscape
aesthetics. The principal objective of this research is the use and contribution of the digital terrain model and GIS for the charting and evaluation of the impacts of an already existing forest road network and their accuracy. The results of this analysis, obtained by use of Geographical Information System (GIS), help the forest manager to allocate efficiently the resources to specific forest areas. The results are based on data that are easily obtained with GIS. The Forest Road construction deals with the study of setting out data and the construction of forest roads, which present particular requirements, while simultaneously they are of essential importance for the most excellent opening up of forests, the rational exploitation of these and
development of sylviculture. Generally speaking the construction of roads ought to follow criteria that are necessary and capable in order to protect the environment and the viable or better sustainable
development of a region. The existence of a compatibility control of a forest road with the natural environment is necessary, particularly when the road runs an area with steep terrain. Up to now forest
roads which were constructed by the forest service improved their passage areas without creating big problems in the ecosystem.

Gridding methods produce a regularly spaced, rectangular array of Z values from irregularly spaced XYZ data. Gridding generates a Z value at each grid node by interpolating or extrapolating the data values. Different gridding methods... more

Gridding methods produce a regularly spaced, rectangular array of Z values from irregularly spaced XYZ data. Gridding generates a Z value at each grid node by interpolating or extrapolating the data values. Different gridding methods provide different interpretations of data because each method calculates grid node values by using a different algorithm. In this paper, we apply and compare different gridding methods including Inverse Distance Weighting, Kriging, Minimum Curvature, Modified Shepard's Method, Natural Neighbor, Nearest Neighbor, Polynomial Regression, Radial Basis Function, Triangulation with Linear Interpolation, Moving Average and Local Polynomial for various pilot regions with varied elevations. Grid method parameters which are able to set when producing a grid file, control the interpolation procedures. We also change these parameters to evaluate their effects on the resulted precision. We use a set of checkpoints to compare the precision of these methods. To implement these methods, various elevation data with equal precision is used; therefore, the results are affected only by the interpolation method. In other words, the influences of data and other environmental factors on the resulted precision are reduced by using them similarly in all gridding methods. Eventually, RMSE is computed for each method with its special parameters in different regions using checkpoints. The resulted precision acquired from applying these methods as well as their advantages and disadvantages in various topographic regions are represented in this study.

The long-term landscape evolution of southern Africa has been a concern of geologists, geomorphologists, palaeontologists and ecologists since early studies on macroscale patterns of metalliferous rock types and topography, summarized by... more

The long-term landscape evolution of southern Africa has been a concern of geologists, geomorphologists, palaeontologists and ecologists since early studies on macroscale patterns of metalliferous rock types and topography, summarized by du Toit (1954) and King (1963). These early workers showed that (1) there is a close relationship between geology, topography and geomorphology in southern Africa, and (2) that different landscape elements are of different ages. From this, it can be inferred that the southern African landscape has evolved in different ways, in different places, and at different times, and that there is no single ‘narrative’ of landscape evolution. These large-scale surveys also highlighted the diversity of different landscapes in southern Africa, according to rock type, tectonic history and climate. Based on this information, these workers identified large-scale geomorphic provinces: King (1942) identified 26 such provinces, and later refined them to 18. Using a satellite-derived digital terrain model (DTM), Partridge et al. (2010) identified 34 provinces and 12 subprovinces, the boundaries of which are distinguished largely by river watersheds. Today, the main utility of identifying such large-scale landscape patterns is that they may inform on wider theories of landscape development, related to regional uplift/mountain-building, weathering and denudation over long time periods.

The objectives of this design and analysis of an ATV fun to drive, versatile, safe, durable, and high performance off road vehicle. We have to ensure that the vehicle spastics the limits of set rules. This vehicle must be capable of... more

The objectives of this design and analysis of an ATV fun to drive, versatile, safe, durable, and high performance off road vehicle. We have to ensure that the vehicle spastics the limits of set rules. This vehicle must be capable of negotiating the most extreme terrain with confidence and ease. We met these objectives by dividing the vehicle into its major component subsystems. The ATV design on the basis to apply the principles of engineering science to expose their proficiency in the automotive world. The design focuses towards explaining the procedure and methodology used for designing the off road vehicle. We have tried to design an all terrain vehicle that meets international standards and is also cost effective at the same time. We have focused on every single system to improve the performance of each component. Our vehicle can navigate through almost all terrain, which ultimately is the objective behind the making of any all terrain vehicles. We began the task of designing by conducting extensive research of each main component of the vehicle. We did not want to design certain areas such as the frame, and then make the rest to fit. We considered each component to be significant, and thereby designed the vehicle as a whole trying to optimize each component while constantly considering how other components would be affected. This forced us to think outside the box, research more thoroughly, and redesign components along the way in order to have a successful design.

In the large forests of the eastern Harz Mountains thousands of archaeological structures lie hidden under woodland canopies – many of them hitherto unknown and undocumented. Because of their enormous number and the forest vegetation,... more

In the large forests of the eastern Harz Mountains thousands of archaeological structures lie hidden under woodland canopies – many of them hitherto unknown and undocumented. Because of their enormous number and the forest vegetation, “conventional” surveys as well as aerial archaeology and/or geophysical prospection quickly reach their limits. Laser scanning can be used as a tool for a highly precise and effective documentation of these sites and monuments, and to develop a protection programme for them.

Using Montarice in central Adriatic Italy as a case study, this paper focuses on the extraction of the spectral (i.e., plant colour) and geometrical (i.e., plant height) components of a crop canopy from archived aerial photographs,... more

Using Montarice in central Adriatic Italy as a case study, this paper focuses on the extraction of the spectral (i.e., plant colour) and geometrical (i.e., plant height) components of a crop canopy from archived aerial photographs, treating both parameters as proxies for archaeological prospection. After the creation of orthophotographs and a canopy height model using image-based modelling, new archaeological information is extracted from this vegetation model by applying relief-enhancing visualisation techniques. Through interpretation of the resulting data, a combination of the co-registered spectral and geometrical vegetation dimensions clearly add new depth to interpretative mapping, which is typically based solely on colour differences in orthophotographs.

Background: With myriad geospatial datasets now available for terrain information extraction and particularly streamline demarcation, there arises questions regarding the scale, accuracy and sensitivity of the initial dataset from which... more

Background: With myriad geospatial datasets now available for terrain information extraction and particularly streamline demarcation, there arises questions regarding the scale, accuracy and sensitivity of the initial dataset from which these aspects are derived, as they influence all other parameters computed subsequently. In this study, digital elevation models (DEM) derived from Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER V2), Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM V4, C-Band, 3 arc-second), Cartosat-1 (CartoDEM 1.0) and topographical maps (R.F. 1:250,000 and 1:50,000), have been used to individually extract and analyze the relief, surface, size, shape and texture properties of a mountainous drainage basin. Results: Nestled inside a mountainous setting, the basin is a semi-elongated one with high relief ratio (>90), steep slopes (25°–30°) and high drainage density (>3.5 km/sq km), as computed from the different DEMs. The basin terrain and stream network is extracted from each DEM, whose morphometric attributes are compared with the surveyed stream networks present in the topographical maps, with resampling of finer DEM datasets to coarser resolutions, to reduce scale-implications during the delineation process. Ground truth verifications for altitudinal accuracy have also been done by a GPS survey. Conclusions: DEMs derived from the 1:50,000 topographical map and ASTER GDEM V2 data are found to be more accurate and consistent in terms of absolute accuracy, than the other generated or available DEM data products, on basis of the morphometric parameters extracted from each. They also exhibit a certain degree of proximity to the surveyed topographical map.

Land use primarily indicates the degree of human activity and the nature of interventions and modifications into the natural landscape. It is also reflective of the lifestyle of the inhabitants. Though land use is mainly controlled by... more

Land use primarily indicates the degree of human activity and the nature of interventions and modifications into the natural landscape. It is also reflective of the lifestyle of the inhabitants. Though land use is mainly controlled by climatic, pedological, socioeconomic and political conditions, yet the local geology and geomorphology too play an important role, since the basic landscape formation depends mainly on the inherent lithology and structure, with certain landform types or assemblages being more amenable to a particular type of land use. In turn, human modification of the Earth's surface results in the creation of different anthropogenic landforms. In the present study, the different terrain components and landscape units present in Garbeta-I Block of Paschim Medinipur District of West Bengal were examined and demarcated through analysis of topographical maps and information extraction from Digital Elevation Models (DEM) in a Geographic Information System (GIS) environment for morphometric parameter enumeration and mapping, coupled with overlays of the area's lithological and pedo logical attributes. The ambient land cover and land use aspects and vegetation conditions were extracted from multi-temporal satellite images and existing maps and secondary databases, followed by rigorous field verification. Detailed local mouza level mapping was undertaken for a part of the Block to correlate the micro-terrain attributes with their Land use. Statistical correlations were finally drawn between the extracted terrain parameters and the various types of land use coverage classes. It was discerned that the local landscape units and their geomorphological attributes, specifically the relative relief and mean elevation and the nature of erosional activity, as apparent from riverbank erosion and gullying processes. determined the extent and nature of cultivation.

The processing of aerial imagery acquired over Montarice hill (central Adriatic Italy) during the Potenza Valley Survey will form the key focus of this paper. Since this site has repeatedly revealed itself in terms of interesting... more

The processing of aerial imagery acquired over Montarice hill (central Adriatic Italy) during the Potenza Valley Survey will form the key focus of this paper. Since this site has repeatedly revealed itself in terms of interesting vegetation and soil marks, the most interesting footage, acquired during two observer-directed sorties more than a decade ago, will be examined. First, the potential of state-of-the-art image-based modelling (IBM) techniques is explored to create high-resolution orthophotographs from these analogue frame images. Since dense image matching-as a part of IBM-allows to model the vegetation surface at the moment of the photographic survey, a geometrical three-dimensional representation of the plant canopy is possible. This contribution shows how the latter can be the focus of its own information extraction process, using techniques mainly developed in the field of airborne laser scanning. However, the true interpretative power lies in the combination of the co-registered spectral and geometrical dimensions of the vegetation. Using Montarice as a case study, it will become clear that crop height data allows for powerful visualisations that can aid and even alter interpretative mapping that is solely based on colour differences in orthophotographs.

The unique nature of the Early Iron Age fortified settlements of Wielkopolska, in terms of their internal development, alleged function, genesis and chronology, places them in a group of monuments that have a fundamental meaning. Studying... more

The unique nature of the Early Iron Age fortified settlements of Wielkopolska, in terms of their internal development, alleged function, genesis and chronology, places them in a group of monuments that have a fundamental meaning. Studying these sites goes beyond understanding this particular aspect of Polish prehistory. The recognition of these settlements, studied over the years and considered under various spatial and subject-specific angles, is very uneven and, in general, unsatisfactory, as has long been pointed out in the literature. Apart from the sites explored in long-term excavation campaigns, there
are sites where reconnaissance work was carried out over only one or two seasons (excepting Biskupin and Sobiejuchy) or where only sondages were made. Furthermore, the analysis of the results of these investigations is, in general, also fairly unsatisfactory. Despite the opportunities offered by the current methods of absolute dating, we
still know very little about the chronology of the fortified Hallstatt settlements of Wielkopolska. Hence the authors have started a new project aimed at gathering key information that has not so far been obtained or that has been insufficiently investigated. The most important element is absolute dating by dendrochronological and radiocarbon
methods (timber structural elements, organic material from culture layers, osteological material) and luminescence (ceramics). Another important aspect consists of attempts at correlating the absolute dates obtained with the mass of archaeological material to verify and modify the traditional dating methods (changes in pottery styles). Last but not least we aim to obtain broader information regarding the development of all Hallstatt fortified sites from the study area through remote sensing, which includes aerial reconnaissance, geophysical surveys, digital terrain models (magnetometry maps, 3D models, orthophotographs).
This article is a preliminary report on the new investigations of the Wielkopolska fortified settlements currently being conducted by the authors.

En educación superior, para las titulaciones de ingeniería y arquitectura es precisa la adquisición y desarrollo de competencias como la creatividad y la visión espacial. La competencia espacial se puede desarrollar mediante la... more

En educación superior, para las titulaciones de ingeniería y arquitectura es precisa la adquisición y desarrollo de competencias como la creatividad y la visión espacial. La competencia espacial se puede desarrollar mediante la realización de ejercicios y la creatividad mejora, si el diseño de los ejercicios permite múltiples soluciones. La comprensión del relieve topográfico es necesaria para la integración de proyectos de arquitectura e ingeniería en el entorno. Sin embargo, en la formación universitaria se han detectado carencias para la interpretación de las formas del relieve. Las maquetas de terreno, pueden ayudar a suplir esta carencia. La aparición de tecnologías de fabricación digital de bajo coste permiten la creación de maquetas de terreno y su incorporación en la docencia reglada. En este artículo se presentan los resultados de dos experiencias. En la primera, llevada a cabo durante el curso 2015-16 con 33 alumnos universitarios, se realizan maquetas topográficas utilizando secciones apiladas, con el objetivo de mejorar la interpretación tridimensional de las formas del terreno. La segunda parte de la experiencia, llevada a cabo durante el curso 2016-17 se realiza con alumnos de Máster. Se trata de una validación preliminar, con pocos alumnos, en la que se pretende incorporar aspectos creativos a la realización de maquetas de terrenos. Para medir la variación de la competencia creativa en los alumnos se utiliza el Test de Abreacción de la Creatividad (TAEC), antes y después de la experiencia.

In this work we studied the available techniques for mapping prototyping. The study focus on methods controlled by computer especially additives methods 3D print and material removal methods by machining. It is necessary comment about the... more

In this work we studied the available techniques for mapping prototyping.
The study focus on methods controlled by computer especially additives methods 3D print and material removal methods by machining.
It is necessary comment about the main applications of 3D mapping because it is a market that is not exploited and there are many working areas can benefit of those maps prototypes.
Finally both methods are compared and analyzed watching advantage in each case and a working line for reusing those terrain model is proposed by removing material, especially indicated for planning works it allows to see the evolution of architecture projects.

In floodplains, anthropogenic features such as levees or road scarps, control and influence flows. An up-to-date and accurate digital data about these features are deeply needed for irrigation and flood mitigation purposes. Nowadays,... more

In floodplains, anthropogenic features such as levees or road scarps, control and influence flows. An up-to-date and accurate digital data about these features are deeply needed for irrigation and flood mitigation purposes. Nowadays, LiDAR Digital Terrain Models (DTMs) covering large areas are available for public authorities, and there is a widespread interest in the application of such models for the automatic or semiautomatic recognition of features. The automatic recognition of levees and road scarps from these models can offer a quick and accurate method to improve topographic databases for large-scale applications. In mountainous contexts, geomorphometric indicators derived from DTMs have been proven to be reliable for feasible applications, and the use of statistical operators as thresholds showed a high reliability to identify features. The goal of this research is to test if similar approaches can be feasible also in floodplains. Three different parameters are tested at different scales on LiDAR DTM. The boxplot is applied to identify an objective threshold for feature extraction, and a filtering procedure is proposed to improve the quality of the extractions. This analysis, in line with other works for different environments, underlined (1) how statistical parameters can offer an objective threshold to identify features with varying shapes, size and height; (2) that the effectiveness of topographic parameters to identify anthropogenic features is related to the dimension of the investigated areas. The analysis also showed that the shape of the investigated area has not much influence on the quality of the results. While the effectiveness of residual topography had already been proven, the proposed study underlined how the use of entropy can anyway provide good extractions, with an overall quality comparable to the one offered by residual topography, and with the only limitation that the extracted features are slightly wider than the investigated one. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

In this paper we describe a series of software modules and a workflow for high quality and efficient 3D visualization of large terrain data sets and corresponding texture by means of image sequences. We here take different terrain data... more

In this paper we describe a series of software modules and a workflow for high quality and efficient 3D visualization of large terrain data sets and corresponding texture by means of image sequences. We here take different terrain data sets with varying resolution acquired in the framework of the Nasca-Palpa Archaeological Project in south Peru as an example.

In 2005 Niels Chr. Nielsen from University of Southern Denmark created a digital terrain model of the entire Black Sea area based on data made available by the American National Geospatial Intelligence Agency. The cell size in the model... more

In 2005 Niels Chr. Nielsen from University of Southern Denmark created a digital terrain model of the entire Black Sea area based on data made available by the American National Geospatial Intelligence Agency. The cell size in the model is 50 m. On the basis of this, contours with equidistance of 25 meters have been extracted. The paper here is the technical report written by Niels Chr. Nielsen:

This presentation was made to the Gurob Harem Palace Conference in 2012 and concerns the topographic survey at the New Kingdom site of Gurob in 2012, its inclusion with the survey from 2011 and the creation of a digtal terrain model from... more

This presentation was made to the Gurob Harem Palace Conference in 2012 and concerns the topographic survey at the New Kingdom site of Gurob in 2012, its inclusion with the survey from 2011 and the creation of a digtal terrain model from the combined data.

The Airborne Laser Scanning (ALS) technology has been implemented in operational forest inventories in a number of countries. At the same time, as a cost-effective alternative to ALS, Digital Aerial Photogrammetry (PHM), based on aerial... more

The Airborne Laser Scanning (ALS) technology has been implemented in operational forest inventories in a number of countries. At the same time, as a cost-effective alternative to ALS, Digital Aerial Photogrammetry (PHM), based on aerial images, has been widely used for the past 10 years. Recently, PHM based on Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) has attracted great attention as well. Compared to ALS, PHM is unable to penetrate the forest canopy and, ultimately, to derive an accurate Digital Terrain Model (DTM), which is necessary to normalize point clouds or Digital Surface Models (DSMs). Many countries worldwide, including Croatia, still rely on PHM, as they do not have complete DTM coverage by ALS (DTMALS). The aim of this study is to investigate if the official Croatian DTM generated from PHM (DTMPHM) can be used for data normalization of UAV-based Digital Surface Model (DSMUAV) and estimating plot-level mean tree height (HL) in lowland pedunculate oak forests. For that purpose, HL estimated from DSMUAV normalized with DTMPHM and with DTMALS were generated and compared as well as validated against field measurements. Additionally, elevation errors in DTMPHM were detected and eliminated, and the improvement by using corrected DTMPHM (DTMPHMc) was evaluated. Small, almost negligible variations in the results of the leave-oneout cross-validation were observed between HL estimated using proposed methods. Compared to field data, the relative root mean square error (RMSE%) values of HL estimated from DSMUAV normalized with DTMALS, DTMPHM, and DTMPHMc were 5.10%, 5.14%, and 5.16%, respectively. The results revealed that in the absence of DTMALS, the existing official Croatian DTM could be readily used in remote sensing based forest inventory of lowland forest areas. It can be noted that DTMPHMc did not improve the accuracy of HL estimates because the gross errors mainly occurred outside of the study plots. However, since the existence of the gross errors in Croatian DTMPHM has been confirmed by several studies, it is recommended to detect and eliminate them prior to using the DTMPHM in forest inventory.

Predmet istraživanja rada je reljefna izoliranost, morfometrijska funkcija određena razlikom u nadmorskoj visini vrha i sedla koje taj vrh odvaja od drugoga, višega vrha. Temeljem neparametrijskih testova izrađena je (geo)statistička... more

Predmet istraživanja rada je reljefna izoliranost, morfometrijska funkcija određena razlikom u nadmorskoj visini vrha i sedla koje taj vrh odvaja od drugoga, višega vrha. Temeljem neparametrijskih testova izrađena je (geo)statistička analiza reljefne izoliranosti, a osim deskriptivnih opisa odrađene su korelacijske analize. Problem statističke analize topografskog elementa sa prostornim podatcima ispravljen je zonalnom statistikom. Morfometrijskim analizama odredio se prostor relativnog izdizanja, a korelacijama reljefne izoliranosti sa morfometrijskim funkcijama definirao primarni utjecaj strukturnih značajki. Strukturno-geomorfološkim analizama uspoređivala se reljefna izoliranost i strukturni blokovi, a prostorno se reljefna izoliranost smjestila u blizini granica strukturnih blokova.. Time rečeno, strukturno-tektonske značajke glavni su uzrok većoj izoliranosti vrha, a nelinearnom korelacijom reljefne izoliranost s vrijednostima vertikalne raščlanjenost te njenog 1. i 2. trenda reljefna izoliranost postaje dobar pokazatelj strukturne razmrvljenosti reljefa. U geomorfološkom kartiranju izoliranost je kvantificirala velike i male vrhove čime se zaključuje njezina važnost u intepretaciji morfoevolucije.

The text highlights the possibilities for archaeology offered by documentation of the anthropogenic terrain relief using digital terrain models. The basic steps and their related problems are briefly described with a special regard to... more

The text highlights the possibilities for archaeology offered by documentation of the anthropogenic terrain relief using digital terrain models. The basic steps and their related problems are briefly described with a special regard to interpolation methods.

This book present the results of Lebanese terrain quantitative analysis based on digital models. Terrain analysis applied for the extraction and analysis of geomorphological elements from digital elevation models. Shuttle Radar... more

This book present the results of Lebanese terrain quantitative analysis based on digital models. Terrain analysis applied for the extraction and analysis of geomorphological elements from digital elevation models. Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) and Global Digital Elevation Map (GDEM) are used for GIS linear and areal morphological structure analysis and discretization of the Earth's surface according to its curvature with the extraction of primary terrain morphological elements.
Methods and results of this book enlarge the possibilities of subsequent
genetic, historic and geodynamic terrain interpretations by applying Geographical Information Systems (GIS) and Digital Elevation Models (DEM) and their uses in geosciences.

The paper illustrates some of the first results of a project focused on the 3d reconstruction of the territory of the middle valley of Fiastra’s river and of the main monuments of the roman colony of Urbs Salvia that develops itself in... more

The paper illustrates some of the first results of a project focused on the 3d reconstruction of the territory of the middle valley of Fiastra’s river and of the main monuments of the roman colony of Urbs Salvia that develops itself in this area starting from the middle of the II century b.C. One of the objectives of the project, at a preliminary stage yet, was to develop an experimental model of study and data collection finalized to widen the archaeological knowledge about this area and to elaborate new modes of communication concerning the promotion of archaeological sites and the valorisation of the archaeological park. Detailed DTM (realized with Regional Topographic Map) and OrthoPhotoMosaic (from aerophotogrammetric shots) permitted to obtain a digital and interactive navigable model in which the roman city with its main buildings has been inserted.
The reconstruction of the suburban and urban territory is based on an already existent GIS that collects all the archaeological and topographic data (ancient road network, centuriation tracks, bridges, villae, domus, cemeteries, funeral monuments) obtained from the surveys in the area.

Digital elevation models (DEMs) are an important basis for many archaeological GIS studies like predictive modelling, visibility and least-cost path analysis. Issues in DEM data have been discussed in textbooks dealing with archaeological... more

Digital elevation models (DEMs) are an important basis for many archaeological GIS studies like predictive modelling, visibility and least-cost path analysis. Issues in DEM data have been discussed in textbooks dealing with archaeological GIS applications and in some papers published more than ten years ago. But lately hardly any archaeological GIS study relying on DEM data refer to these issues though the problems connected with DEM use have not decreased with increasing availability of DEM data. This contribution presents a case study in the East Andean slopes of Ecuador analysing the impact of DEM choice on slope and aspect calculation as well as least-cost site catchments and least-cost paths. Four freely available elevation data sets are considered: ASTER GDEM2, SRTM at 3 arc-second and 1 arc-second resolution as well as a DEM derived from digitised contour lines of the official 1:50,000 maps provided by the Military Geographical Institute of Ecuador. Issues discussed are DEM resolution, horizontal and vertical accuracy, filling voids, and creating a DEM from contour lines.

The ridges of Wekerom (province of Gelderland): research at a Celtic field in the central Netherlands. In July 2011, two plots within the 80 ha Celticfield system of Wekerom were selected for archaeological fieldwork. This excavation is... more

The ridges of Wekerom (province of Gelderland): research at a Celtic field in the central Netherlands. In July 2011, two plots within the 80 ha Celticfield system of Wekerom were selected for archaeological fieldwork. This excavation is part of a multi-year project targeting the agricultural use through time of Dutch Celtic fields. The two locations were selected on the basis of laser altimetry data and, being woodland plots, showed less levelling of the surface morphology through later agricultural use. After an initial coring campaign to determine the most suitable spots
for test-trenches, sixteen small (< 1 x 1 m) test-pits were dug at the locations of Celtic-field banks and fields. The sections of the pits were documented and sampled for OSL and AMS dating,
as well as geochemical and archaeological analysis. On the basis of the preliminary results now available, it is clear already that Celtic-field ridges were not constructed from stones cleared
from the adjacent fields. Geochemical analysis of phosphate content showed no indications for intensification of manuring over time, as conventional wisdom would have it. The combined
lithological, archaeological and geochemical analyses suggest that the ridge was most probably constructed from a mixture of soil, manure and settlement debris that was brought to the
plots from nearby.

Morphological analysis of landforms has traditionally relied on the interpretation of imagery. Although imagery provides a natural view of an area of interest (AOI) images are largely hindered by the environmental conditions at the time... more

Morphological analysis of landforms has traditionally relied on the interpretation of imagery. Although imagery provides a natural view of an area of interest (AOI) images are largely hindered by the environmental conditions at the time of image acquisition, the quality of the image and, mainly, the lack of topographical information, which is an essential factor for a correct understanding of the AOI's geomorphology. More recently digital surface models (DSMs) have been incorporated into the analytical toolbox of geomorphologists. These are usually high-resolution models derived from digital photogrammetric processes or LiDAR data. However, these are restricted to relatively small areas and are expensive or complex to acquire, which limits widespread implementation. In this paper, we present the multi-scale relief model (MSRM), which is a new algorithm for the visual interpretation of landforms using DSMs. The significance of this new method lies in its capacity to extract landform morphology from both high-and low-resolution DSMs independently of the shape or scale of the landform under study. This method thus provides important advantages compared to previous approaches as it: (1) allows the use of worldwide medium resolution models, such as SRTM, ASTER GDEM, ALOS, and TanDEM-X; (2) offers an alternative to traditional photograph interpretation that does not rely on the quality of the imagery employed nor on the environmental conditions and time of its acquisition; and (3) can be easily implemented for large areas using traditional GIS/RS software. The algorithm is tested in the Sutlej-Yamuna interfluve, which is a very large low-relief alluvial plain in northwest India where 10 000 km of palaeoriver channels have been mapped using MSRM. The code, written in Google Earth Engine's implementation of JavaScript, is provided as Supporting Information for its use in any other AOI without particular technical knowledge or access to topographical data.

ABSTRAK Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melakukan pemodelan banjir di Desa Sirnoboyo guna mengetahui manfaat foto udara format kecil sebagai data masukan dalam menyusun peta bahaya banjir akibat luapan sungai jelok di Kota Pacitan. Metode... more

ABSTRAK Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk melakukan pemodelan banjir di Desa Sirnoboyo guna mengetahui manfaat foto udara format kecil sebagai data masukan dalam menyusun peta bahaya banjir akibat luapan sungai jelok di Kota Pacitan. Metode Penelitian yang dilakukan yaitu dengan mozaik foto udara, analisis filtering untuk ekstraksi digital terrain model (DTM), analisis debit rencana, analisis geometrik sungai, pemodelan banjir dan analisis potensi bahaya banjir. Pemodelan banjir menggunakan perangkat lunak HEC-RAS 5.0.3. Analisis bahaya dihasilkan dari pemodelan kedalaman banjir dan kecepatan aliran banjir periode ulang 50 tahun. Foto udara format kecil mampu menyediakan data ketinggian untuk pemodelan banjir dengan resolusi spasial tinggi yaitu mencapai 0,5 x 0,5 m sehingga dapat digunakan dalam pembuatan geometri sungai Jelok. Perangkat lunak HEC-RAS 5.0.3 mampu untuk melakukan pemodelan kedalaman banjir dan kecepatan aliran. Validasi tingkat kedalaman banjir menunjukan nilai akurasi hasil pemodelan sebesar 83,94% dengan membandingkan antara hasil pemodelan dengan kedalaman banjir yang terjadi di lapangan melalui survei dan wawancara langsung. Hasil pemetaan bahaya banjir menunjukan wilayah dusun yang memiliki bahaya terluas dan tertinggi terjadi pada dusun Krajan yaitu sebesar 43,43 Ha, sedangkan yang terendah terjadi pada dusun Ngemplak yaitu sebesar 3,81 Ha. Dusun Mendole memiliki bahaya banjir dengan luas 14,46 Ha dan dusun Suruhan memiliki luas bahaya banjir sebesar 10,58 Ha. Wilayah prioritas untuk penangan banjir pada wilayah penelitian yaitu pada Dusun Krajan, Suruhan, dan Mendole, sedangkan dusun Ngemplak dapat dijadikan sebagai tempat pengungsian sementara ketika banjir besar terjadi.
Kata Kunci: Foto udara format kecil (FUFK); digital surface model (DSM); digital terrain model (DTM); pemodelan banjir; bahaya banjir

This report details the results of the archaeological mapping and topographic survey undertaken at the Harem Palace of Gurob in 2011-2012. It also provides information concerning the digital terrain model produced from the topographic... more

This report details the results of the archaeological mapping and topographic survey undertaken at the Harem Palace of Gurob in 2011-2012. It also provides information concerning the digital terrain model produced from the topographic data.

This paper examines the effect of raster cell size on hydrographic feature extraction and hydrological modeling using LiDAR derived DEMs. LiDAR datasets for three experimental watersheds were converted to DEMs at various cell sizes.... more

This paper examines the effect of raster cell size on hydrographic feature extraction and hydrological
modeling using LiDAR derived DEMs. LiDAR datasets for three experimental watersheds were converted
to DEMs at various cell sizes. Watershed boundaries and stream networks were delineated from each
DEM and were compared to reference data. Hydrological simulations were conducted and the outputs
were compared. Smaller cell size DEMs consistently resulted in less difference between DEM-delineated
features and reference data. However, minor differences been found between streamflow simulations
resulted for a lumped watershed model run at daily simulations aggregated at an annual average. These
findings indicate that while higher resolution DEM grids may result in more accurate representation of
terrain characteristics, such variations do not necessarily improve watershed scale simulation modeling.
Hence the additional expense of generating high resolution DEM’s for the purpose of watershed
modeling at daily or longer time steps may not be warranted.

Excavation report of the excavation of three field and three bank locations in the celtic field of Zeijen - Noordseveld. The analyses comprise archaeological, pedological, geochemical and palaeobotanical study of the test-trench sections.... more

Excavation report of the excavation of three field and three bank locations in the celtic field of Zeijen - Noordseveld. The analyses comprise archaeological, pedological, geochemical and palaeobotanical study of the test-trench sections. It shows that Celtic field banks were constructed here from (older?) agricultural layers that had dung, settlement debris and organic material (sods?) from the lower, wetter parts of the landscape mixed into them.

Human activities have reshaped the geomorphology of landscapes and created vast anthropogenic geomorphic features, which have distinct characteristics compared with landforms produced by natural processes. High-resolution topography from... more

Human activities have reshaped the geomorphology of landscapes and created vast anthropogenic geomorphic features, which have distinct characteristics compared with landforms produced by natural processes. High-resolution topography from LiDAR has opened avenues for the analysis of anthropogenic geomorphic signatures, providing new opportunities for a better understanding of Earth surface processes and landforms. However, quantitative identification and monitoring of such anthropogenic signature still represent a challenge for the Earth science community. The purpose of this contribution is to explore a method for monitoring geomorphic changes and identifying the driving forces of such changes. The study was carried out on the Eibar watershed in Spain. The proposed method is able to quantitatively detect anthropogenic geomorphic changes based on multi-temporal LiDAR topography, and it is based on a combination of two techniques: the DEM of Difference (DoD) and the Slope Local Length of Auto-correlation (SLLAC). First, we tested the capability of the SLLAC and derived parameters to distinguish different types of anthropogenic geomorphologies in 5 study case at a small scale. Second, we calculated the DoD to quantify the geomorphic changes between 2008 and 2016. Based on the proposed approach, we classified the whole basin into three categories of geomorphic changes (natural, urban or mosaic areas). The urban area had the most clustered and largest geomorphic changes, followed by the mosaic area and the natural area. This research might help to identify and monitoring anthropogenic geomorphic changes over large areas, to schedule sustainable environmental planning, and to mitigate the consequences of anthropogenic alteration.

In this article an attempt was made to analyze the Miechowicka Upland relief changes in 1883-1994 years. It concentrates on the forms which are an effect of the mining and metallurgical activity such as subsidence depressions and dumps.... more

In this article an attempt was made to analyze the Miechowicka Upland relief changes in 1883-1994 years. It
concentrates on the forms which are an effect of the mining and metallurgical activity such as subsidence depressions
and dumps. An area and values of subsidence for areas subjected to the mining activity, changes of the
slopes, an average land altitude in 1883 and 1994 year were determined and an anthropogenic denudation ratio
was also calculated. As the result of research made, it has been established that the area of the subsidence is 5 250
ha (about 50% of the research area) and the maximum value of subsidence is 37 meters, there was growth of the
slopes at a simultaneous drop of the land average altitude, and the anthropogenic denudation ratio is 39 mm/year
(800 greater than the natural denudation ratio).

Este trabajo presenta las acciones que estamos realizando para crear una herramienta de generación y ejecución de entornos virtuales altamente inmersivos de bajo coste. El objetivo de la herramienta es que usuarios no expertos (en las... more

Este trabajo presenta las acciones que estamos realizando para crear una herramienta de generación y ejecución de entornos virtuales altamente inmersivos de bajo coste. El objetivo de la herramienta es que usuarios no expertos (en las tecnologías implicadas) definan entornos de simulación combinando aplicaciones de M&S COTS con un reducido coste operacional. La herramienta debe, además, permitir incorporar y evaluar simuladores que recojan el estado del arte de la investigación permitiendo su evolución con costes reducidos. La integración de aplicaciones de M&S se basa en HLA (High Level Architecture). Este estándar es soportado por numerosos simuladores y garantiza la interoperabilidad, distribución y sincronización de sus ejecuciones en tiempo real. En particular, su implementación por distintos Game Engines (GEs) permite que la capa de interacción con usuario aproveche las ventajas ofrecidas por estos (mulitplataforma, multijugador) pero fundamentalmente la incorporación de nuevos dispositivos de interacción multimodal de bajo coste. La combinación de herramientas de M&S y GEs permite que los escenarios generados sean serious games cada vez más realistas y por lo tanto de mayor aplicabilidad para el entrenamiento en los ámbitos militar (meta tecnológica 6.5.2 del ETID) y civil. Contribuyen, por lo tanto, a la reducción de costes y riesgos implícitos en la ejecución de determinados ejercicios. A pesar de la calidad y especialización de los simuladores existentes, así como, del grado de inmersión generado por los GEs y los dispositivos actuales, siguen existiendo oportunidades de mejora. Este trabajo presenta dos. En primer lugar, el servicio de de terrenos correlados con alta precisión en tiempo real. En segundo lugar, la Síntesis de Sonido 3D (SS3D) en tiempo real. Se analiza también la influencia que la calidad de la descripción del terreno tiene en la SS3D, en particular, en la simulación de sonido en campo cercano.