Late Holocene Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Pollen and high-resolution charcoal data from Bluff Lake and Crater Lake, California, indicate similar changes in climate, vegetation and fire history during the last 15 500 years. Pollen data at Bluff Lake suggest that the vegetation between c. 15 500 and 13 100 cal. BP consisted of subalpine parkland with scattered Pinus and Abies. After 13 100 cal. BP a relatively closed forest of P. monticola, P. contorta and Abies developed, and fire-event frequency was low. The inferred climate then was cooler and wetter than present. Pinus and Quercus vaccinifolia dominated at both sites during the early Holocene, when conditions were warm and dry. As climate became wetter and cooler in the late Holocene, Abies spp. at both sites and Tsuga mertensiana at Crater Lake increased in importance, displacing Pinus and Quercus. The two lake records have similar trends in fire history, with high event frequencies at c. 8400, 4000 and 1000 cal. BP and low values at c. 4800 cal. BP. The fire and vegetation history at both sites suggests a similar response to large-scale changes in climate during the Holocene.

- by
- •
- Geology, Climatology, Palynology, Fire History
- by Erik Brown
- •
- Evolutionary Biology, Palaeogeography, Geology, Ecology

Microlaminated sediment cores from the Kalya slope region of Lake Tanganyika provide a near-annually resolved paleoclimate record between~2,840 and 1,420 cal. yr B.P. demonstrating strong linkages between climate variability and lacustrine productivity. Laminae couplets comprise dark, terrigenous-dominated half couplets, interpreted as low density underflows deposited from riverine sources during the rainy season, alternating with light, planktonic diatomaceous ooze, with little terrigenous component, interpreted as windy/dry season deposits. Laminated portions of the studied cores consist of conspicuous dark and light colored bundles of laminae couplets. Light and dark bundles alternate at decadal time scales. Within dark bundles, both light and dark half couplets are significantly thinner than within light bundles, implying slower sediment accumulation rates during both seasons over those intervals.

- by Pierre Denis Plisnier and +1
- •
- Geology, Time Series, Climate variability, Paleolimnology
- by B. Eitel
- •
- Archaeology, Geology, Remote Sensing, Clay Minerals

Sedimentological, mineralogical and compositional analyses performed on short gravity cores and long Kullenberg cores from meromictic Montcortès Lake (Pre-Pyrenean Range, NE Spain) reveal large depositional changes during the last 6,000 cal years. The limnological characteristics of this karstic lake, including its meromictic nature, relatively high surface area/depth ratio (surface area *0.

- by Ana Moreno
- •
- Geology, Climate variability, Paleolimnology, Shallow Lakes

Palaeoclimate and palaeoecological study was carried out using palynological and thecamoebian evidences buried in ~ 4 m vertically exposed sediment section (12 km inland from the present shoreline) of Late Holocene age along the banks of Gautami-Godavari River and from three shallow cores from its Nilarevu tributary, Andhra Pradesh. Inferred climatic periods include (1) a basal cold/arid period (~3000-2000 yrs BP) with dominance of Botryococcus and other fresh water algal remains coupled with abundance of 25 species of thecamoebians indicating shallow and lentic ecosystem during most of the period and (2) a relatively warm/wet conditions (since ~2000 yrs BP) reveal lotic fresh water ecosystem characterized by the evidences of tree palynotaxa and low percentage of thecamoebians. The three shallow cores (0.5-1 m) near the mouth (~8 km stretch) of the Nilarevu tributary reveal fluvio-marine deposition in the top 50-80 cm sediment unlike the deeper fresh water depositional environment suggesting sea water ingression in the recent decades. The study illustrates that the Gautami-Godavari River delta gradually prograded since ~3000 yrs BP until 100-150 yrs unlike the intermittent relative sea level rise and fall recorded during the same period in the contemporary southeast deltaic areas.

- by Anjum Farooqui
- •
- Geology, Sea Level, Andhra Pradesh, Late Holocene

During the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), the San Juan Mountains of southern Colorado, USA were covered by one of the largest ice caps in North America. The deposits formed subsequent to LGM retreat provide a record of the interaction between post-LGM climate change and late Quaternary landscape evolution. In order to determine the role of post-LGM climate change in alpine landscape modification, a high resolution surficial geologic map was produced for the four primary tributaries and the main stem of the upper Conejos River watershed in the southeastern San Juan Mountains.

- by Martha Cary Eppes
- •
- Human Geography, Geology, Climate Change, Landscape Evolution

This study documents the pattern and rate of reef growth during the late Holocene as revealed by unique geological conditions at the subsiding NW Gulf of Aqaba. We discovered that the modern fringing reef near the city Elat grows on top of a fossil submerged mid-Holocene reef platform. Four coral cores from the fossil platform were dated using the radiocarbon and U-Th methods. The fossil corals range from 5.6±0.1 to 2.4±0.03 ka, constraining the initiation of the modern reef to 2,400 years ago at most. We documented the detailed morphology of the reef using aerial photographs and scuba diving. The survey shows that at its northern end, growth of the 2-km-long reef is inhibited by an active alluvial fan, and it is composed of isolated knolls that are just approaching the sea surface. Towards the south, the knolls are progressively larger and closer together, until they form a continuous reef platform. Along this north-to-south trend we follow the evolution of reef morphology, changes in coral distribution, and the development of a lagoon separated from the open sea. Based on these observations, we suggest a four-stage reef growth model: (a) the reef initiates as coral colonies, forms knolls, and begins to grow upward, limited by the sea surface. (b) Upon reaching the surface, the knolls spread laterally, preferentially parallel to the dominant wave direction assuming an elongated morphology. (c) Continued growth results in adjacent knolls eventually coalescing to form a continuous jagged reef. We interpret the spurs-and-grooves morphology that can be traced across the reef at Elat as remnants of the original trends of knolls. (d) While reef expansion continues, the original knoll trends may be obscured as a massive reef front takes shape. Considering reef growth rates and observations from the modern reef at Elat, this evolution scheme predicts an age range of 10 3 years for corals on the reef platform. The range and distribution of radiometric ages we obtained from the fossil reef platform underlying the living Elat reef confirm this hypothesis.

- by Mordechai Stein
- •
- Earth Sciences, Coral Reefs, Biological Sciences, Environmental Sciences

The fossil remains of 43 bowhead whales were mapped on the raised beaches of western Wollaston Peninsula, Victoria Island, Canadian Arctic, near the historic summer range limit of the Bering Sea stock in the Beaufort Sea. The elevations and radiocarbon ages of the remains demonstrate that the bowhead ranged commonly into the region following the submergence of Bering Strait at ca. 10,000 14 C yr B.P. until ca. 8500 14 C yr B.P. During the same interval, bowheads ranged widely from the Beaufort Sea to Baffin Bay. Subsequently, no whales reached Wollaston Peninsula until ca. 1500 14 C yr B.P. Late Holocene populations evidently were small, or occupations were brief, in comparison to those of the early Holocene. Although the late Holocene recurrence may relate to the expansion of pioneering Thule whalers eastward from Alaska, there are few Thule sites and limited evidence of Thule whaling in the area surveyed to support this suggestion. C 2001 University of Washington.

- by J. Savelle and +1
- •
- Archaeology, Geology, Quaternary, Late Holocene

A wide variety of environmental records is necessary for analysing and understanding the complex Late Quaternary dynamics of permafrost-dominated Arctic landscapes. A NE Siberian periglacial key region was studied in detail using sediment records, remote sensing data, and terrain modelling, all incorporated in a geographical information system (GIS). The study area consists of the Bykovsky Peninsula and the adjacent Khorogor Valley in the Kharaulakh Ridge situated a few kilometres southeast of the Lena Delta. In this study a comprehensive cryolithological database containing information from 176 sites was compiled. The information from these sites is based on the review of previously published borehole data, outcrop profiles, surface samples, and our own field data. These archives cover depositional records of three periods: from Pliocene to Early Pleistocene, the Late Pleistocene and the Holocene. The main sediment sequences on the Bykovsky Peninsula consist of up to 50 m thick ice-rich permafrost deposits (Ice Complex) that were accumulated during the Late Pleistocene. They were formed as a result of nival processes around extensive snowfields in the Kharaulakh Ridge, slope processes in these mountains (such as in the Khorogor Valley), and alluvial/proluvial sedimentation in a flat accumulation plain dominated by polygonal tundra in the mountain foreland (Bykovsky Peninsula). During the early to middle Holocene warming, a general landscape transformation occurred from an extensive Late Pleistocene accumulation plain to a strongly thermokarst-dominated relief dissected by numerous depressions. Thermokarst subsidence had an enormous influence on the periglacial hydrological patterns, the sediment deposition, and on the composition and distribution of habitats. Climate deterioration, lake drainage, and talik refreezing occurred during the middle to late Holocene. The investigated region was reached by the post-glacial sea level rise during the middle Holocene, triggering thermo-abrasion of ice-rich coasts and the marine inundation of thermokarst depressions.

- by Stefano Branca
- •
- Geology, Geomorphology, Stratigraphy, Remote Sensing

CULVER, S.J.; AMES, D.V.; REIDE CORBETT, D.; MALLINSON, D.J.; RIGGS, S.R.; SMITH, C.G., and VANCE, D.J., 2006. Foraminiferal and sedimentary record of late Holocene barrier island evolution, Pea Island, North Carolina: the role of storm overwash, inlet processes, and anthropogenic modification. Journal of Coastal Research, 22(4), 836-846. West Palm Beach (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.

- by Reide Corbett
- •
- Engineering, Earth Sciences, Ground Penetrating Radar, Coastal

Definitive evidence for the onset of monsoon moisture in northern Australia following the arid phase of the Last Glacial Maximum has been elusive, in large part due to the lack of long, continuous sediment records. Here we report new evidence from two separate drainage basins in the Kimberley region of monsoonal northwestern Australia. At both sites, radiocarbon ages on (basal) biogenic materials in flood deposits indicate stream flow, as high or higher than maximum historic levels, began about 14 cal ka BP. These results suggest that the Australian summer monsoon was fully active several millennia earlier than previously expected. The early onset of the monsoon and the widespread evidence for diminished monsoon activity in the late Holocene cannot be reconciled with primary forcing of the Australian monsoon by changes in low-latitude summer insolation over Australia. r

- by Karl-Heinz Wyrwoll
- •
- Archaeology, Geology, Quaternary, Late Holocene

Microscopic charcoal preserved in sediments from ten wetlands in the Indonesian and Papua New Guinea region provide a proxy record of regional ®re events during the last 20,000 years. Two periods of high regional charcoal frequency are encountered during the last glacial transition (17,000±9000 years B.P.) and the middle to late Holocene (5000 years B.P. to the present). Despite the presence of humans in the region throughout the last 20,000 years, there is no suggestion that, on a regional spatial scale, ®re frequencies were solely related to changing subsistence patterns of the human population. Pollen data from these same sites suggest that during times of high charcoal the rate at which vegetation changes, represented by the fossil pollen spectra, also increases. High climate variability may promote a greater community turnover rate and in turn a more ®re susceptible forest community. Rapid climate change and high variability during the last glacial transition and intensi®cation of El Nin Äo-related climate variability during the middle to late Holocene, may have been important mechanisms for promoting ®re in rainforest environments and maintaining diversity of tropical rain forests. q

- by Geoff Hope and +2
- •
- Evolutionary Biology, Palaeogeography, Geology, Climate Change

Dinoflagellate cysts and XRF core scanning data from two marine sediment cores from embayments north (Bonavista Bay) and south (Placentia Bay) of Newfoundland show significant changes in ocean and atmospheric conditions of the SW Labrador Sea region during the last 5700 years. Fresh and cold conditions, probably accompanied by seasonal sea ice, prevailed both north and south of Newfoundland from c. 5.7 to 4.0 cal. kyr BP. This may be linked to intensified Labrador Current export of cold meltwater and/or sea ice from the Arctic, presumably related to warmer conditions in the northernmost latitudes and the prevalence of strong (north)westerly winds. After c. 4.0 cal. kyr BP, sea-surface conditions warmed up and sea ice decreased northeast of Newfoundland, but conditions were still cold south of Newfoundland. This suggests a decrease in Arctic meltwater export and westerly wind strength. After 2.9—2.5 cal. kyr BP, only minor changes in sea-surface conditions affected the study sites. S...

- by Marit-Solveig Seidenkrantz
- •
- Geology, Oceanography, Sea Ice, Sea surface temperature

Given the difficulty of separating the three Picea species—P. glauca, P. mariana, and P. rubens (white, black, and red spruce)—in the pollen record, little is known about their unique histories in eastern North America following deglaciation. Here we report the first use of a classification tree analysis (CART) to distinguish pollen grains of these species. It was successfully applied to fossil pollen from eight sites in Maine and one in Massachusetts. We focused on the late glacial/early Holocene (14,000 to 8000 cal yr B.P.) and the late Holocene (1400 cal yr B.P. to present)—the two key periods since deglaciation when Picea has been abundant in the region. The result shows a shift from a Picea forest of P. glauca and P. mariana in the late glacial to a forest of P. rubens and P. mariana in the late Holocene. The small number of P. rubens grains identified from the late glacial/early Holocene samples…

- by Matts Lindbladh
- •
- Archaeology, Geology, Paleoecology, Quaternary

Past phases of aggradation and incision have been studied along a 10 km reach in the Naas Valley in south-eastern Australia. Detailed mapping of the stratigraphy and an ambitious dating exercise, involving 23 optical dates, have been used to distinguish the different periods of aggradation and incision. The dated alluvial sequence shows that a period of aggradation occurred in the very late Pleistocene (ca. 14,000-12,000 years ago). Alluvial deposits are absent for the period 12,000-3300 years ago. Whether this truly reflects no deposition or a series of aggradation and erosion cycles remains unresolved. Aggradation dominated between 3300 and 900 years ago, punctuated by a short incision event around 1300 years ago. Gully erosion contemporaneous with this incision phase is also recorded. Incision has dominated during the last 900 years, cutting down to bedrock. This incision, which is still ongoing, has not been a continuous process, but involved short periods of aggradation. The exposed bedrock and large boulders display numerous scour holes indicating that bedrock has been exposed and abraided for lengthy periods in the past. The aggradation and incision cycles in the late Holocene gave rise to three groups of terraces, today visible along the study reach. Possible causes for the different periods of erosion and deposition are discussed in the context of late Pleistocene and Holocene climate change, land use impacts, and intrinsic factors.

- by Robert Wasson
- •
- Geology, Geomorphology, Climate Change, Fluvial Geomorphology

Over the past three decades, numerous Late Holocene-long tree-ring (TR) chronologies have been developed for different parts of Europe that allow archaeological, historical and cultural wood remains to be dated with annual precision. Ironically, palaeoclimatic evidence inherent in such composites is limited as modern updates essential for calibration/verification with instrumental measurements are often inappropriate, incomplete or even missing. Here we proposes a novel approach to updating historical TR records while preventing statistical over-fit with the target data and advocate 'horizontal' splitting between historical (early) and recent (modern) TR samples prior to their standardization (detrending). This split-technique will help to overcoming unprecedented effects of increased atmospheric greenhouse-gas, biospheric fertilization, forest management, sample replication, age-structure and chronology development associated with modern proxy updates.

- by Willy Tegel
- •
- Earth Sciences, History and archaeology, Forest Management, Late Holocene

Radiocarbon-dated elevated marine deposits and the record of anthropogenic and natural debris in archaeological deposits on the west coast of South Africa indicate that significant coastal remodelling has taken place in the past 4300 years in response to sea level change. Geological and archaeological investigation of elevated deposits of sub-fossil shell, abandoned lagoons, and washover bars has shown that many

- by Antonieta Jerardino
- •
- Archaeology, Geology, Quaternary, South Africa

Lakes are excellent repositories of air-borne and especially stream-borne materials. It has long been recognised that lake sediments contain a strong record of catchment soils via the inputs of minerogenic and chemical erosional products. To these may be added a variety of palaeoecological indicators including pollen, fungi, Sphagnum leaves and faunal remains. Pollen analysis, in particular, enables land use change to be assessed over many millennia and demonstrates the landscape impacts of woodland clearance, grazing and crop cultivation. Radiocarbon dating provides a chronology for environmental and agricultural change and acts as an indicator of erosion in its own right. The use of such indicators to reconstruct past instances and patterns of erosion is demonstrated with reference mainly to 50 British and Irish lake sites and especially those which have produced signals of erosion in the form of accelerated sediment accumulation and inversed or reversed sequences of radiocarbon dates during the mid and late Holocene.

- by Kevin Edwards
- •
- Geology, Palynology, Land Use Change, Erosion

Occupied from ca. 7040 B.C. to A.D. 1400, the Eel Point Site (CA-SCLI-43) on San Clemente Island, California represents one of the longest sequences of near-continuous marine resource exploitation on the west coast of North America. Faunal remains suggest transitions from heavy exploitation of fur seals and sea lions during the early Holocene, to increased hunting of cetaceans at mid-Holocene, to a focus on sea otters and fish during the late Holocene. These trends are consistent with patterns of overexploitation and economic intensification on the California and Oregon mainland, but they also suggest watercraft-based hunting earlier on the island than elsewhere. Fur seal and sea lion bones mainly represent females and juveniles, indicating that exploitation of island rookeries was guided more by self-interest than by principles of game conservation. Two intervals of temporary site abandonment, ca. 6150–3970 B.C. and A.D. 1020–1400, were both followed by periods of increased marine mammal exploitation and may reflect intervals during which marine mammal populations rebounded. Broad-scale diachronic trends in the zooarchaeological remains do not correlate with flux in paleo-sea temperatures and are best interpreted as products of overhunting and increased use of watercraft over time.

- by Mark Raab
- •
- Archaeology, Anthropology, Ethnology, Economy

Modern tidal notches on rocky coastlines are well developed in the Mediterranean Sea because of its microtidal regime, and occur around much of the coast of Italy. Uplifted fossil notch couplets (here called ''double notches'') are well developed in some sites. The two notches within a couplet have an average vertical separation of 2-4 m, and are systematically observed at an elevation of a few metres above present sea level on tectonically stable coastal sites of western Italy. The upper notch has a morphology similar to that of the notch developed at present-day mean sea level in the modern tidal regime. However, the lower notch has a smoother morphology and larger vertical dimension than the upper one, and is pervasively bored by Lithophaga activity. Although the upper notch is attributed to the MIS 5.5 stage (last interglacial, $125 ka), the origin of the lower one has so far remained enigmatic. Based on a quantitative assessment of the glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA) expected at each single site from updated models, we argue that both notches within a couplet were formed during a single highstand of the MIS 5.5 substage, and the superposed morphology resulted from isostatic motion and tidal erosion. The lower notch of the couplet is argued to be formed during the earlier part of the highstand and its smooth vertically extended morphology is attributed to glacio-hydro-isostatic vertical movements ( ¼ crustal subsidence) that extended tidal erosion over a large vertical distance as the crust slowly subsided. In contrast, the upper notch of the couplet is considered to develop in the later part of the highstand due to tidal action at times when eustatic and isostatic movements almost ceased. The ridge between the two notches in a couplet was the site of organic encrustation, protecting the rock there, but subsequently removed by subaerial erosion when the notch couplet was uplifted. Observations of double notches formed on the present coastline show that a similar process has been active also during the late Holocene transgression. r

- by Luigi Ferranti
- •
- Archaeology, Geology, Sea Level, Quaternary

During the Late Holocene, a number of new technologies (single-piece fishhooks, toggling harpoons, plank canoes, etc.) are thought to have significantly enhanced the fishing capabilities of California coastal peoples. The single-piece fishhook, perhaps the most common of these artifacts, appears to correlate with a regional intensification of marine fishing and a period of increased population growth. Determining the antiquity of the single-piece fishhook has been complicated by a variety of taphonomic and methodological factors. Consequently, age estimates for the initial appearance of these artifacts range from about 5500 to 2500 cal-. To help clarify the chronology of this important artifact type, we had eight of the potentially oldest shell fishhooks in the region AMS radiocarbon dated. These dates indicate that the single-piece shell fishhook appeared throughout the southern and central California Coast by at least 2500 cal-. Our data illustrate the utility of direct AMS dating of individual artifacts as a method of documenting site disturbances (bioturbation, historical land use, etc.) and refining artifact, site, and regional chronologies.

- by Rene Vellanoweth
- •
- Archaeology, Geochemistry, Archaeological Science, Accelerator Mass Spectrometry

Between Point Grenville, Washington, and Point Conception, California (1500 km distance) 21 dune fields record longshore transport in 20 littoral cells during the late Holocene. The direction of predominant littoral transport is established by relative positions of dune fields (north, central, or south) in 17 representative littoral cells. Dune field position is north of cell midpoints in northernmost Oregon and Washington, but is south of cell midpoints in southern Oregon and California. Downdrift sand trapping occurs at significant changes in shoreline angle and/or at bounding headlands that project at least 2.5 km seaward from the general coastal trend. Sand bypassing occurs around small headlands of less than 0.5 km in projection distance. A northward shift of the winter low-pressure center in the northeast Pacific Ocean is modeled from 11 ka to 0 ka. Nearshore current forcing in southern Oregon and northern California switched from northward in earliest Holocene time to southward in late Holocene time. The late Holocene (5-0 ka) is generally characterized by net northward littoral drift in northernmost Oregon and Washington and by net southward littoral drift in southernmost Oregon and California. A regional divergence of net transport direction in central Oregon, i.e. no net drift, is consistent with modeled wind and wave forcing at the present time (0 ka).

- by Roger Hart
- •
- Geology, Geomorphology, Coastal Dunes, Paleoclimate

- by Abdul Malik
- •
- Urban Planning, Case Study, Late Holocene, Environmental degradation

Late Quaternary paleoclimatic changes in the Levant are difficult to extract from carbonate oxygen isotope records partly because the factors controlling the terrestrial d 18 O signals are not fully understood in this region characterized by sharp climatic gradients. Here, we address this purpose by presenting the first 14 C-dated isotope record from the northern Levant. The record is based on oxygen isotopes from ostracod shells from lacustrine-palustrine deposits accumulated in a small karstic, hydrologically open basin (Yammoû neh), located on the eastern flank of Mount Lebanon. We have first constructed a composite isotopic record obtained from three different ostracod taxa. This yields an oxygen isotope record of ostracods (d ost) related to the most widespread species (Ilyocypris inermis), and converted to d 18 O values coeval with calcite precipitated in equilibrium (d C) with the lake water (d L). As with other records from the Mediterranean region, the Yammoû neh profile shows maximum and minimum d C values during the LGM and the early Holocene, respectively, and a slight late Holocene increase. In order to discuss the potential causes of the observed d 18 O values fluctuations (e.g., changes in the isotopic composition of the moisture source, temperature, precipitation minus evaporation (P-E) balance, or atmospheric circulation), we tentatively reconstruct the lake water isotope composition by correcting the d C values for lake water temperature using regional paleotemperature estimates. Inferred d L values were then corrected for the isotopic composition of the Eastern Mediterranean sea surface water (the moisture source) derived from planktonic foraminifera d 18 O values corrected for alkenone-based sea surface temperature. Our study suggests that Holocene d L fluctuations are primarily linked to changes in the sea surface water composition (source effect) amplified by enhanced inland rainfall during the early Holocene. During the LGM, low d L values at Yammoû neh are likely due to the ground-temperature effect on the rainfall isotope composition, possibly associated with a steeper altitudinal thermal gradient inland, and with changes in air mass trajectories over the Mediterranean Sea.

- by Alex Sursock
- •
- Earth Sciences, Planktonic Foraminifera, Sea surface temperature, Mediterranean Sea

A 7000 year spring sea ice record for Victoria Strait (ARC-4) and Dease Strait (ARC-5) in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago (CAA) has been determined by quantification of the sea ice diatom-derived biomarker IP 25 in two marine sediment piston cores obtained in 2005. The chronologies of the ARC-4 and ARC-5 cores were determined using a combination of 14 C AMS dates obtained from macrobenthic fossils and magnetic susceptibility measurements. The ages of the tops of the piston cores were estimated by matching chemical and physical parameters with those obtained from corresponding box cores. These analyses revealed that, while the top of the ARC-4 piston core was estimated to be essentially modern (ca. 60 cal yr BP), a few hundred years of sediment appeared to be absent from the ARC-5 piston core. Downcore changes to IP 25 fluxes for both cores were interpreted in terms of variations in spring sea ice occurrence, and correlations between the individual IP 25 flux profiles for Victoria Strait, Dease Strait and Barrow Strait (reported previously) were shown to be statistically significant at both 50 and 100-year resolutions. The IP 25 data indicate lower spring sea ice occurrences during the early part of the record (ca. 7.0e3.0 cal kyr BP) and for parts of the late Holocene (ca. 1.5e0.8 cal kyr BP), especially for the two lower latitude study locations. In contrast, higher spring sea ice occurrences existed during ca. 3.0e1.5 cal kyr BP and after ca. 800 cal yr BP. The observation of, consecutively, lower and higher spring sea ice occurrence during two periods of the late Holocene, coincides broadly with the Medieval Warm Period and Little Ice Age epochs, respectively. The IP 25 data are complemented by particle size and mineralogical data, although these may alternatively reflect changes in sea level at the study sites. The IP 25 data are also compared to previous proxy-based determinations of palaeo sea ice and palaeoclimate for the CAA, including those based on bowhead whale remains and dinocyst assemblages. The spatial consistency in the proxy data which, most notably, indicates an increase in spring sea ice occurrence around 3 cal kyr BP, provides a potentially useful benchmark for the termination of the Holocene Thermal Maximum for the central CAA.

- by Hayley Manners
- •
- Earth Sciences, Environmental Science, Remote Sensing, Climate Change

A review of Holocene climate patterns in eastern Australia is presented on the basis of a series of high-resolution pollen records across a north-to-south transect. Previously published radiocarbon data are calibrated into calendar years and fitted with an age-depth model. The resulting chronologies are used to compare past environmental changes and describe patterns of climate change on a calendar-age scale. Based on the present-day Australian climate patterns and impact of the El Nin˜o-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), the palynological data are interpreted and the prevalent climate mode throughout the Holocene reconstructed. Results show that early Holocene changes are strongly divergent and asynchronous between sites, while middle to late Holocene conditions are characterized by more arid and variable conditions and greater coupling between northern and southern sites, which is in agreement with increasing influence of ENSO. r

- by Timme Donders and +2
- •
- Earth Sciences, Climate Change, Environmental Change, Quaternary Science

Pollen analysis, soil micromorphology and radiocarbon dating have been the main scientific tools to unlock palaeoecological information from palaeosols during the past decades. In recent years, the application of optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating on polycyclic driftsand profiles and plaggic deposits has been shown to be of great added value to understand the geochronology of the evolution of soils and

- by Jakob Wallinga and +1
- •
- Archaeology, Geology, Restoration Ecology, Quaternary

The eastern Mediterranean region witnessed changes in human culture of the highest importance between ~9000 and ~2500 cal. BP (7000-500 bc) and over the same time period was affected by very significant shifts in climate. Stable isotope data from lake and deep-sea sediment cores and from cave speleothems show an overall trend from a wetter to a drier climate during the mid Holocene. Superimposed on this trend were multicentennial oscillations in climate, with notable arid phases occurring around 5300-5000 BP, 4500-3900 BP, and 3100-2800 BP (all ages are expressed in calibrated/ calendar years). These phases coincide with major archaeological transitions across the eastern Mediterranean region (Chalcolithic to early Bronze Age, EBA to MBA, and LBA to Iron Age) implying that environmental stress or opportunity may have acted as a pacemaker for cultural change and reorganisation. We use 14 C and δ 13 C analysis of archaeobotanical samples from two protohistoric sites in Syria to illustrate the linkage between water availability, climate and cultural change during the third and second millennia bc. Specific societal responses to environmental change were not predictable in advance, but resulted instead from contingent processes involving antecedent conditions, human choice and adaptive strategies. Pollen analysis highlights how changes in climate were coupled to increasing human impacts to transform the region's landscapes. Initial human-induced land-cover transformation commonly took place during Bronze Age times, sometimes coinciding with phases of drier climate, although the pattern and precise timing varied between sites. Changes in climate between the early and late Holocene thus helped to transform eastern Mediterranean landscape ecologies and human cultures, but in complex, non-deterministic ways.

- by Warren Eastwood
- •
- History, Landscape Ecology, Archaeology, Near Eastern Archaeology
- by Dirk Enters
- •
- Geology, Land Use Change, Land Use History, Soil Erosion

The New Georgia Island Group of the Solomon Islands is one of four places where an active or recently active spreading ridge has subducted beneath an island arc. We have used coral reef terraces, paleobathymetry of Neogene sedimentary rocks, and existing marine geophysical data to constrain patterns of regional Quaternary deformation related to subduction of the recently active Woodlark spreading center and its overlying Coleman seamount. These combined data indicate the following vertical tectonic history for the central part of the New Georgia Island Group: (1) subsidence of the forearc region (Tetepare and Rendova Islands) to water depths of ¾1500 m and deposition of marine turbidites until after 270 ka;

- by Burr, George
- •
- Geology, Geochemistry, Geophysics, Sea Level

We present a synthesis of the palaeolimnological and palaeoclimatic reconstructions of four sites in Colombia. The record from Lake El Caimito, the westernmost site on the Pacific Coast, dates from the Late Holocene and shows lacustrine sedimentation frequently interrupted by fluvial pulses. These pulses probably reflect periods of increased precipitation related to La Niña phases. East of El Caimito site is the Patía swamp, situated between the Western and Central Andean Cordilleras. The Patía records the dynamics of forest expansion/reduction and changes in water levels. Although the climatic signal of the Patia core is difficult to reconstruct, there is a clear increase in humidity in the Mid-Holocene. The Fú quene Lake record, on the Eastern Andean Cordillera, records dry and cold conditions during the Late Pleistocene, very humid conditions for the early Mid-Holocene, and dry conditions during the mid-Late Holocene. Las Margaritas site, on the eastern savannas, records dry conditions during the Early Holocene and overall humid conditions for the Mid-and Late Holocene. Climate conditions from the Fuquene and Las Margaritas sites seem to reflect the Holocene movements of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ); the latter site being more affected by humidity coming from the Amazon region. D

- by Juan Berrio
- •
- Evolutionary Biology, Palaeogeography, Geology, Climate Change

Until recently, little attention has been devoted to palaeoclimate records in western Central Asia although the potential for improving our understanding of the connections between local and regional climate changes in this region is high. The location of the Aral Sea in the heart of western Central Asia offers a unique opportunity to scrutinise palaeoenvironmental changes during the Holocene, and particularly over the last few thousand years, in a region that is dominated by a continental climate regime and is relatively isolated from the monsoons to the south and southeast. Aral Sea sediments provide an excellent opportunity for high-resolution studies of past climatic and hydrological changes in the catchment area. We review recent palaeoenvironmental work in the region and focus on recent investigations on core material from the Aral Sea that details marked 'sea level' oscillations over the past ca. 2000 years as the Aral responded to local climate forcing. Furthermore, archaeological and digital terrain modelling reveal that the previously proposed mid-Holocene highstand of the Aral Sea at 72-73 m a.s.l. cannot have been achieved, a revised Holocene highstand is set at about 54-55 m a.s.l.

- by patrick austin
- •
- Archaeology, Geology, Climate Change, Central Asian Studies

Core GC9A, a 6.7 m long gravity core collected from the central region of the Okhotsk Sea during Cruise YK0712 on R/V Yokosuka (JAMSTEC), was used to reconstruct the changes in surface water conditions by measuring biogenic components (biogenic opal, CaCO 3 , total organic carbon and d 15 N of sediment organic matter) of sediment samples. The age of Core GC9A was determined indirectly by graphic correlation comparing the b n (psychometric yellow-blue chromaticness) values with those of well-dated Core MD01-2415, with complement to the tephra layer (K3; 50 ka). The bottom age of Core GC9A was estimated to be about 180 kyr; therefore it provides the history of surface water conditions from MIS 1 to MIS 6. The biogenic opal, CaCO 3 , and TOC contents were high during the interglacial periods as expected, indicating enhanced surface water production under warm climatic conditions. This condition resulted from sufficient nutrient supply to the surface waters by active vertical mixing, which was validated by low d 15 N values of the sediment organic matter. In contrast, surface water productivity was depressed during the colder glacial periods, probably due to the expanded sea-ice distribution and limited nutrient supply. However, the glacial sediments had moderately high d 15 N values, indicating enhanced nitrate utilization resulting from the limited nutrient supply caused by strong stratification of the surface water.

- by Boo-Keun Khim
- •
- Geochemistry, Oceanography, Ecology, Stratification

Paleoseismic data from 11 trenches at seven sites excavated across the southern Johnson Valley, Kickapoo, and Homestead Valley faults that ruptured in the 1992 Landers earthquake, as well as the northern Johnson Valley fault which did not fail in 1992, indicate that the return period for large surface rupturing events in this part of the eastern California shear zone is in the range of 5-15 ka. The inferred slip rates, based on their respective recurrence intervals, are in the range of 0.2-0.6 mm/yr for each of the faults studied.

- by Thomas Rockwell and +2
- •
- Civil Engineering, Geophysics, Late Holocene, Mojave Desert

Introduction 1.1. Historic Garry oak ecosystems and First Nations burning Garry oak (Quercus garryana Dougl.) meadows (called prairies in the adjacent northwest United States) are considered one of Canada's most endangered ecosystems (Pojar, 1980; Fuchs, 2001; Stewart, 2001), occurring uniquely in the province of British Columbia on southeast Vancouver Island, adjacent Gulf Islands, and in the Fraser Valley (Erickson, 1993). Urban encroachment, changes in disturbance regime and exotic species threaten the ecosystem. On moist sites, shade-intolerant Garry oaks are replaced by Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) unless maintained by disturbance, such as fire (Roemer, 1972; Stewart, 2001). The majority of historic and present-day Garry oak meadows are located within the traditional territories of the Coast Salish First Peoples, who, prior to European settlement, utilized a wide-range

- by Richard Hebda
- •
- Forestry, Fire, Environmental Design, Forest Ecology

The objective of this paper is to evaluate if changes in the social organisation of hunter-gatherer groups from northeastern Patagonia (Argentina) during the Final Late Holocene (ca. 1000-250 years BP) may be understood as a regionalisation process. A portion of this region, the lower course of the Colorado River, is taken as a case study. This arid/semi-arid area is part of an ecotone between the Pampas and northeastern Patagonia situated beside the Atlantic coast. Most of the evidence for occupation is concentrated in the Late Holocene, more precisely from 1000-250 BP. The archaeological record of this period indicates increased human population, along with a greater intensity of site occupation, the first systematic evidence of coastal occupation, reduced mobility and territoriality, diversification and intensification of subsistence practices, changes in the procurement and use of exotic raw materials, more complex funerary practices, and decreased circulation of specific images in portable artefacts. Based on these data, it is proposed that in some sectors of northeastern Patagonia during the Initial Late Holocene (3000-1000 BP) relatively open social networks operated, while for the Final Late Holocene (1000-250 BP) relatively closed social networks took their place within a framework of increasing regionalisation. Factors relating to the latter are likely to have included demographic packing, spatial circumscription, territorial behaviours, and changes in population dynamics that were accompanied by social differentiation and more intense and competitive social interaction networks.

- by Gustavo Martínez and +5
- •
- Archaeology, Argentina, Hunter-Gatherer Archaeology, Territoriality

A new earth system climate model of intermediate complexity has been developed and its climatology compared to observations. The UVic Earth System Climate Model consists of a three-dimensional ocean general circulation model coupled to a thermodynamic/dynamic sea-ice model, an energy-moisture balance atmospheric model with dynamical feedbacks, and a thermomechanical land-ice model. In order to keep the model computationally efficient a reduced complexity atmosphere model is used. Atmospheric heat and freshwater transports are parametrized through Fickian diffusion, and precipitation is assumed to occur when the relative humidity is greater than 85%. Moisture transport can also be accomplished through advection if desired. Precipitation over land is assumed to return instantaneously to the ocean via one of 33 observed river drainage basins. Ice and snow albedo feedbacks are included in the coupled model by locally increasing the prescribed latitudinal profile of the planetary albedo. The atmospheric model includes a parametrization of water vapour/ planetary longwave feedbacks, although the radiative forcing associated with changes in atmospheric CO 2 is prescribed as a modification of the planetary longwave radiative flux. A specified lapse rate is used to reduce the surface temperature over land where there is topography. The model uses prescribed present-day winds in its climatology, although a dynamical wind feedback is included which exploits a latitudinally-varying empirical relationship between atmospheric surface temperature and density. The ocean component of the coupled model is based on the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL) Modular Ocean Model 2.2, with a global resolution of 3.6°( zonal) by 1.8°(meridional) and 19 vertical levels, and includes an option for brine-rejection parametrization. The sea-ice component incorporates an elastic-viscous-plastic rheology to represent sea-ice dynamics and various options for the representation of sea-ice thermodynamics and thickness distribution. The systematic comparison of the coupled model with observations reveals good agreement, especially when moisture transport is accomplished through advection.

- by Andrew Weaver
- •
- Oceanography, Thermodynamics, Atmospheric Modeling, Sea Ice
- by Heather Builth
- •
- Geology, Climate Change, Land management, Cultural change

The Outer Banks barrier islands of North Carolina, USA, contain a geologic record of inlet activity that extends from ca. 2200 cal yr BP to the present, and can be used as a proxy for storm activity. Optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating (26 samples) of inlet-fill and flood tide delta deposits, recognized in cores and geophysical data, provides the basis for understanding the chronology of storm impacts and comparison to other paleoclimate proxy data. OSL ages of historical inlet fill compare favorably to historical documentation of inlet activity, providing confidence in the technique. Comparison suggests that the Medieval Warm Period (MWP) and Little Ice Age (LIA) were both characterized by elevated storm conditions as indicated by much greater inlet activity relative to today. Given present understanding of atmospheric circulation patterns and sea-surface temperatures during the MWP and LIA, we suggest that increased inlet activity during the MWP responded to intensified hurricane impacts, while elevated inlet activity during the LIA was in response to increased nor'easter activity. A general decrease in storminess at mid-latitudes in the North Atlantic over the last 300 yr has allowed the system to evolve into a more continuous barrier with few inlets.

- by Shannon Mahan
- •
- Archaeology, Geology, Ground Penetrating Radar, Sea surface temperature

We present a continuous record of the Asian monsoon over the last 16 ka from y 18 O measurements of stalagmite calcite. Over 900 oxygen isotopic measurements providing information on shifts in monsoon precipitation are combined with a chronology from 45 precise 230 Th dates. y 18 O and therefore Asian monsoon intensity generally follows changes in insolation, although changes in y 18 O are generally accommodated in abrupt shifts in contrast to smoothly varying insolation, indicating that threshold effects may be important. y 18 O decreased dramatically (~3x) at the start of the Holocene (~11.5 ka) and remained low for~6 ka. Four positive y 18 O events centered at 11225F97 yr BP (1.05x), 10880F117 yr BP (1.15x), 9165F75 yr BP (1.4x), and a double event centered at 8260F64 yr BP (1.1x) and 8080F74 yr BP (1.0x) punctuated this period of high monsoon intensity. All four events correlate within error with climate changes in Greenland ice cores. Thus, the relationship between the Asian monsoon and the North Atlantic observed during the glacial period appears to continue into the early Holocene. In addition, three of the four events correlate within error with outburst events from Lake Agassiz. The decline of monsoon intensity in the mid-late Holocene is characterized by an abrupt positive shift in y 18 O which occurs at 3550F59 yr BP (1.1x in~100 yr). In addition, the Holocene is punctuated by numerous centennial-and multi-decadal-scale events (amplitudes 0.5 to 1x) up to half the amplitude of the glacial interstadial events seen in the last glacial period. Thus, Holocene centennialand multi-decadal-scale monsoon variability is significant, although not as large as glacial millennial-scale variability. The monsoon shows a strong connection with northern South American hydrological changes related by changes in ITCZ position. Spectral analysis of the y 18 O record shows significant peaks at solar periodicities of 208 yr and 86 yr suggesting variation is influenced by solar forcing. However, there are numerous other significant peaks including peaks at El Niño frequencies (observed for high-resolution portions of the record between 8110 and 8250 yr) which suggest that changes in oceanic and atmospheric circulation patterns in addition to those forced by solar changes are important in controlling Holocene monsoon Earth and Planetary Science Letters 233 www.elsevier.com/locate/epsl climate. In addition, for this high-resolution portion, we observe a distinctive biennial oscillation of the Asian monsoon, which has been associated with the Tropospheric Biennial Oscillation (TBO).

- by Justin Revenaugh
- •
- Earth Sciences, Climate Change, Solar Activity, North Atlantic
- by Helen Lewis
- •
- Palaeogeography, Archaeology, Prehistoric Archaeology, Geology

The Mekong River Delta, southern Vietnam, is a typical mixed tide and wave energy delta with a wide delta plain formed during the last 6 ka and is one of the largest deltas in the world. Three cores were taken from Bentre Province in the lower delta plain, with the objective to describe the sediment facies and to clarify the changes from tide-dominated to tide-wave-dominated delta of the Mekong River Delta during the Late Holocene. Three cores (BT1, BT2, and BT3) were obtained in 1997. Holocene sediments in BT1 and BT3, with thickness ranging from 10 to 20 m, were mainly composed of deltaic sediments unconformably overlying the Late Pleistocene sediments. The BT2 core, however, consisted of transgressive estuarine sediments covered by deltaic sediments infilling the paleo-Mekong River incised valley, which is more than 70 m deep and was formed during the last glacial period. The deltaic sediment facies and succession in the BT2 and BT3 cores taken from the outer delta plain, with beach ridges, were different from those of the BT1 core taken from the inland delta plain. The BT2 and BT3 cores provide a good example of tide-and wave-dominated delta sediments and were characterized by a coarsening-upward delta front facies covered by a fining-upward subtidal to intertidal flat facies, followed by a coarsening-upward foreshore/dune facies. These changes from the inland delta plain to the beach ridge delta plain were accompanied by changes in progradation rates and subaqueous delta topography caused by increased wave influence. D

- by Yoshiki Saito
- •
- Geology, Wave Energy, Vietnam, Late Pleistocene

Relative changes in Holocene sea level are reconstructed from foraminiferal assemblages in seven cores recovered from the intertidal zone of North Norfolk (Eastern England). A total of 33 radiocarbon and infra-red stimulated luminescence dates provide a detailed chronological framework for these changes. A transfer function approach, developed from modern UK foraminiferal datasets, establishes a series of 21 new sea-level index

- by Ian Boomer
- •
- Evolutionary Biology, Geology, Ecology, Sea Level

Two sediment cores from inner Loch Etive, a deep fjord basin on the west coast of Scotland, reveal a continuous sediment sequence spanning the last 10,000 yr. Benthic foraminiferal assemblages indicate that marine conditions prevailed in Loch Etive throughout the Holocene. However, changes in sediment grain size composition and magnetic susceptibility suggest that the strength and frequency of deep water

- by T. Shimmield
- •
- Earth Sciences, Marine Geology, Benthic foraminifera, Magnetic Susceptibility

A late-Holocene fall in relative sea level in northwest Scotland, from ca. 1.3 mm yr-' to ca. 1.0 mm yr-', is interpreted from lithostratigraphic, biostratigraphic, chronostratigraphic and numerical analyses of fossil tidal marsh and acidic peat bog communities elevated by isostatic uplift. Pollen, diatom and stratigraphic data from contemporary depositional environments are used to define the indicative range (+0.2 m) and reference water level (mean high water of spring tides or highest astronomical tide) of thirteen dated sea-level index points. No Holocene intertidal sediments are recorded above +7.7 m OD and all sea-level index points are younger than ca. 4 kyr B.P. In parts of Kentra Moss, beyond the limit of Holocene intertidal elastic sedimentation, raised bog communities were established by at least 8.3 kyr B.P. These age and altitude parameters differ from those interpolated for the "Main Postglacial Shoreline", but support a regional model in which isostatic uplift continues at present in the Kentra Moss area.

- by James Innes
- •
- Earth Sciences, Marine Geology, Sea Level, Late Holocene

The Khulna City Corporation (KCC) in southwestern Bangladesh lies on the Late Holocene-Recent alluvium of the Ganges deltaic plain in the north and Ganges estuarine plain in the south. Lithologically the area is composed of coarse to very fine sand, silt, silty clay and clay in various porportion upto a depth of 300m. Stratigraphically shows seven cycles of sedimentation having age connotation from Upper Miocene to Recent age. The SPT (Standard Penetration Test) value of the investigated area range between 1 and 9 from surface to 5m deep and 1 to 27 from 5m to 15m below which was used to prepare a SPT zonation map that clearly delineates the KCC area into 4 zones. Here, the liquid limit, plasticity index and the natural moisture content (NMC) range from 38 to 59%, 9 to 30% and 16.5% to 42% respectively. The shear strength of the upper subsoil horizons in the investigated area is low. Low shearing strength in the upper soil horizon with compressive index from 0.123 to 0.335 is indicative of soil vulnerability to excessive settlement under high load. The cohesive nature of soil in the KCC area with high colloidal content, high liquid and plastic limit indicate medium to high sensitivity of the soil to moisture that could not support heavily loaded buildings and structures. The problems can be avoided by considering special type of foundation, increasing the width of basements of structures and granular backfilling. Based on geomorphology, stratigraphic litho-succession, soil types, percentage of sand, silt and clay in the soil, liquid limit, plasticity index, NMC, liquefaction, settlement and SPT zonation, the study area have been classified into four geotechnical units, where unit-I is best and unit-IV is rank lowest for urbanization. Considering the factors of geotechnical parameters and environmental degradation by natural and anthropogenic hazards a future land suitability map has been prepared for future urban planning of the Khulna City area. mvi ms ‡ ¶c t Ly jbv wmwU K ‡cv© ‡ikb evsjv ‡` ‡ki `w ¶Y-cwðg As ‡k n ‡jvwm ‡bi †kl fvM I wi ‡m›U cj ‡j Aew¯' Z hvi DËi As ‡k i ‡q ‡Q Mv ‡½q eØxc mgfwg Ges `w ¶ ‡Y i ‡q ‡Q †RvqvifvUv m" ó mgfwg| wkjvZvwË¡ K fv ‡e GB GjvKv 300 wgUvi Mfxi ch© š-wewfboe Aby cv ‡Z †gvUv n ‡Z wPKb evjy , wmë I Kv`v Øviv MwVZ| ¯-iZvwË¡ Kfv ‡e GLv ‡b i ‡q ‡Q mvZwU cjj Pµ hv ‡`i eqm EaŸ© gv ‡qvwmb †_ ‡K wi ‡m›U mgq ch© š-| Aby mÜvbK… Z GjvKvq f-DcwifvM †_ ‡K 5 wgUvi MfxiZv ch© š-GmwcwU gvb 1-9 Ges 5 wgUvi †_ ‡K 15 wgUvi ch© š-1-27, hvi Øviv cȪ' ZK… Z GKwU GmwcwU ejq gvbwP ‡Îi wfwË ‡Z Ly jbv wmwU K ‡c© v ‡ikb ‡K PviwU AÂ ‡j fvM Kiv hvq| GLv ‡b wjKz BW wjwgU, c-vw÷wmwU Bb ‡W· I b¨vPvivj g ‡qkPvi Kb ‡U›U h_vµ ‡g 38-59%, 9-30% I 15.6-42%| Aby mÜvbK… Z GjvKvi gvwUi Dc ‡ii ¯- ‡ii wkqvi †÷ª b_ †ek Kg| gvwUi Dc ‡ii ¯- ‡ii Kg wkqvi †÷ª b_ Ges 0.123-0.333 gv ‡bi Kg ‡cÖ wmf Bb ‡W·, AwZwi³ Pv ‡ci Rb¨ `ª "Z gvwU †` ‡e hvIqvi m¤¢ ve¨Zv wb ‡`© k K ‡i| Ly jbv wmwU K ‡c© v ‡ikb GjvKvi gvwUi ‡Kv ‡nwmf cÖ K… wZ, D"P KjqWvj Kb ‡U›U, D"P wjKz BW I c-vw÷K wjwgU gvwUi gvSvwi †_ ‡K D"P ¯úk© KvZiZv wb ‡`© k K ‡i hv D"P fv ‡ii feb I KvVv ‡gv ‡K enb Ki ‡Z cvi ‡e bv| we ‡kl ai ‡Yi wfwË¯' vcb, AeKvVv ‡gv wfwËi cȪ' e" w×Kib Ges †gvUv evjy fivUcẽ© K GB mgm¨v¸wj A ‡bK † ¶ ‡ÎB D ‡c ¶v Kiv hvq| f-cÖ K… wZ, ¯-iZvwË¡ K wkjvweb¨vm, gvwUi cÖ Kvi, gvwUi wb ‡Pi evjy , wmë I Kv`vi cwigvY, wjKz BW wjwgU, c-vw÷wmwU Bb ‡W·, †m ‡Uj ‡g›U I GmwcwU †Rv ‡bkb -Gi wfwË ‡Z Aby mÜvbK… Z GjvKv ‡K PviwU f-cÖ ‡KŠkj AÂ ‡j fvM Kiv hvq hvi g ‡a¨ bMivq ‡bi Rb¨ GK b¤î GKKwU me ‡P ‡q fvj Ges Pvi b¤î GKKwU me ‡P ‡q Lvivc| f-cÖ ‡KŠkj gvcKvwV Ges cÖ vK… wZK I gvbem" ó cwi ‡ek wech© q we ‡ePbv K ‡i Ly jbv wmwU K ‡c© v ‡ikb GjvKvq fwel¨r bMi-Dboe qb cwiKíbvi fy wgi Dchy ³Zv gvbwPÎ ˆZwi Kiv n ‡q ‡Q|

- by Dilip Datta
- •
- Urban Planning, Case Study, Late Holocene, Environmental degradation
- by Mike Macphail
- •
- Earth Sciences, Environmental Sciences, Late Pleistocene, Radiocarbon Dating

Nabukelevu volcano (805 m) is a small (ca. 3.4 km3) hornblende/biotite–andesite dome–breccia complex. It is the youngest in a Plio–Pleistocene series of volcanoes related to a presently inactive subduction zone in southern Fiji. We present new evidence of up to four Holocene eruption episodes from this volcano, with onshore evidence of the latest activity post-1686±40 years BP, and offshore evidence

- by Marie Ferland
- •
- Geology, Geochemistry, Geophysics, Quaternary

- by Abdul Malik
- •
- Urban Planning, Case Study, Late Holocene, Environmental degradation