Middle East & North Africa Research Papers (original) (raw)

Short of the war, the destruction, and the massive loss of life, Ukraine is in many ways similar to the Gulf crisis in which the UAE, together with Saudi Arabia, led a 3.5-year-long economic and diplomatic boycott of Qatar that, like the... more

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- Eastern European Studies, Russian Studies, Middle East Studies, Middle East & North Africa

We invite applications for our panel "Figuring It Out: Crises and Resistance in Graphic Novels, Comics, and Cartoons" at the XV Conference of the Italian Society for Middle Eastern Studies (SeSaMO). The conference will be held in presence... more

[The paper “Visual Grammar in South Asia: Meaning of Mathematics in Antiquity” on the occasion of Science and Technology in Premodern Asia: Coffee Break Conference, Oxford 2018, was presented for the session Mathematics & Astronomy chaired by Matt Kimberley, Research Curator, Asian & African Collections, The British Library.]
Design defines a culture’s aesthetic. In ancient South Asia, society and craftsmen understood the value of mathematical adornment for cult purpose. Through learned skill the mathematically defined space on pottery, seals and sculpture display geometric patterns. The Flower of Life pained on the funerary pottery and the Hagal Rune incorporated in the hieroglyphic text on the Indus Valley tablet seals are repeated on the offering trays of Gandhara. From Swastika to series of Vesica Pisces, the arrangement of space extend to elaborate arrangement of symbolic motifs on disc stones, Pi-disks, homage tablets and seals, which are by themselves marvels in mathematical precision. The geometric elements on wide range of votive objects communicate faith in celestial spheres. The link between mathematics and astronomy is particularly discernible in the arched entrance to Lomas Rishi cave on the Barabar Hills in Bihar, India, which is similar to the first-century CE ivory torana gateway found in the royal stash in Begram, Afghanistan. The imagery on the Syrian arch high on symmetry and balance comparable to the Grand Royal Arch of the Freemasons not only convey meaning but the different moods of astronomical body in movement. By questioning the cognitive foundation on which such exceptional sacred objects were produced it is possible to uncover prior knowledge.

This article traces the historical background of the term 'belly dance', the English-language name for a complex of solo, improvised dance styles of Middle Eastern and North African origin whose movements are based on articulations of the torso. The expression danse du ventre -- literally, "dance of the belly" -- was initially popularised in France as an alternate title for Orientalist artist Jean-Léon Gérôme's 1863 painting of an Egyptian dancer and ultimately became the standard designation for solo, and especially women's, dances from the Middle East and North Africa. The translation "belly dance" was introduced into English in 1889 in international media coverage of the Rue du Caire exhibit at the Parisian Exposition Universelle. A close examination of the historical sources demonstrates that the evolution of this terminology was influenced by contemporary art, commercial considerations, and popular stereotypes about Eastern societies. The paper concludes with an examination of dancers' attitudes to the various English-language names for the dance in the present day.

‘Based on exhaustive work in numerous archives and in several languages, Lorenzo Kamel has produced what I think is one of the most definitive works on the transition from empire to nation-state. It is impressively ambitious and does what many major historians have been promising to do: to show how hard, Western conceptions of identity shaped and formed the thinking and decisions of statesmen and other political elites in the 19th and early 20th centuries. It also deals with the penetration of hard national categories among the various peoples of the empire. It is an authoritative book and will be very widely consulted.’
NICHOLAS DOUMANIS
Author of Before the Nation and Professor, School of Humanities and Languages, The University of New South Wales – Sydney
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‘This book will make an important mark on the field. From Empire to Sealed Identities shows the ways in which ethnic and other divisions were historically constructed in the Middle East under the influence of imperial powers. The work combines meticulous archival research in multiple languages with careful analysis of broader trends to map the transition from empire to homogenized nation-states. This ability to document with rich detail and at the same time be able to present the larger picture with great clarity is rare. The author pulls off the feat with great erudition.’
BETH BARON
Distinguished Professor of History, The Graduate Center and City College, CUNY
Past President, Middle East Studies Association (MESA)
Director, Middle East and Middle Eastern American Center
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‘In this engaging revisionary study, Lorenzo Kamel shows how modern Western-ist intellectual prejudices have distorted our understanding of identity and conflict in the modern Middle East. Based on original archival research and an exhaustive survey of secondary literature, the author reveals a world that can only be characterized as “medieval” if one misunderstands the Middle Ages. Focussing on the long nineteenth century, the book provides a chronological continuation of much of the most interesting work being done in pre-modern Mediterranean Studies.’
BRIAN A. CATLOS
Author of Muslims of Latin Christendom and Professor, Faculty of Religious Studies, University of Colorado Boulder
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‘Lorenzo Kamel is a dedicated and meticulous scholar, extremely experienced and internationally recognized for his research methodology. His extensive archival work, which forms the basis of many of his most important publications, is impressive by any academic standard. His archival research, informed by exemplary linguistic skills, has, without question, created new understandings of the complex dynamics shaping our inquiry into modern European empires, and the history of the Middle East in the 19th and 20th centuries. The Middle East from Empire to Sealed Identities will continue this outstanding trend.’
SARA ROY
Senior Research Scholar, Harvard University’s Center for Middle Eastern Studies (CMES)

This book aims to analyze the local meaning and practices of food sovereignty in Egypt. The study based on fieldwork in two villages in Upper Egypt. Using agrarian political economy and sociological approaches, we analyze How do local food systems diverge and intersect with the global food system? The results of the study deepening our understanding of food sovereignty at the local level and it may help in building an alternative food system based on food sovereignty principles.
The book contains six chapters, an introduction, and a conclusion. The first chapter deals with theoretical concepts, methodology, and description of the study villages, while the second chapter analyzes the history of urban-rural relations and agrarian transformations in Egypt. The third and fourth deals with the food sovereignty challenge at the local level and the integration of small farmers in the global market, while the fifth chapter deals with the small farmer's strategies to secure minimum food sovereignty for their families, and the sixth chapter discuss women in local food sovereignty strategies.

- by Saker El Nour
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- Rural Sociology, Middle East Studies, Middle East & North Africa, Peasant Studies
- by Baki Tezcan
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- Ottoman History, Middle East Studies, Middle East & North Africa, Middle East History

The need to define and implement adaptation solutions has emerged since the early 1990s when the IPCC started assessing the changes, causes, potential impacts and responses to climate change. Yet, limited information exists on the context-specific effectiveness of local adaptation of agronomic practices. The Near East and North Africa (NENA) region is one of the world’s regions with the lowest per capita natural resources availability and one of the most vulnerable to climate change. For these reasons, there is an urgent need to improve the development and implementation of adaptation plans and actions to cope with climate change. This research implements the systematic review (SR) methodology to assess the scientific literature in adopting climate change adaptation practices for agriculture at the farm level in the NENA region. Results highlight a significant knowledge gap in adaptation in the region and recommend intensifying targeted research and funding to cope with urgent regional climate risks to rural and agricultural livelihoods.

- by Valentina Mereu and +2
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- Climate Change, Middle East & North Africa, Climate Change Adaptation, Adaptation to Climate Change
- by James M. Dorsey
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- Sociology of Sport, Labor Economics, Football (soccer), Middle East Studies

The national trade union as an institution was created as a result the industrial revolution and has depended on the simultaneous proliferation of the industrial sector in each country. As labor was forced into modernity via the leveraging of wages, so too was the work force galvanized to stave off the most harmful working conditions by means of the formation of trade and labor unions. Many countries have significant proportions of their working populations involved in a trade union. However, the efficacy and impact of these unions as effective avenues to pursue labor rights remains contentious.

- by William C. Chittick
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- Islamic Law, Persian Literature, Arabic Literature, Theology

Youth are coming of age in a digital era and learning and exercising citizenship in fundamentally different ways compared to previous generations. Around the globe, a monumental generational rupture is taking place that is being facilitated—not driven in some inevitable and teleological process—by new media and communication technologies. The bulk of research and theorizing on generations in the digital age has come out of North America and Europe; but to fully understand the rise of an active generation requires a more inclusive global lens, one that reaches to societies where high proportions of educated youth live under conditions of political repression and economic exclusion. The Middle East and North Africa (MENA), characterized by authoritarian regimes, surging youth populations, and escalating rates of both youth connectivity and unemployment, provides an ideal vantage point to understand generations and power in the digital age. Building toward this larger perspective, this article probes how Egyptian youth have been learning citizenship, forming a generational consciousness, and actively engaging in politics in the digital age. Author Linda Herrera asks how members of this generation who have been able to trigger revolt might collectively shape the kind of sustained democratic societies to which they aspire. This inquiry is informed theoretically by the sociology of generations and methodologically by biographical research with Egyptian youth.

- by Linda Herrera
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- Youth Studies, Middle East Studies, Middle East & North Africa, Critical Pedagogy

The political and diplomatic relations between Turkey and Syria have often been characterized by tensions and conflicts. Among the critical moments that have constantly occurred between these two Middle Eastern countries there is a particular common thread that is rarely subjected to critical analysis: water conflicts. In these respects, Ankara and Damascus have given rise to decades of strenuous disputes in order to obtain a geopolitical advantage in terms of hydro-hegemony. The battlefield was the Euphrates River, one of the most iconic waterways in western Asia. Dangerous tensions between Turks and Syrians occurred until 1998, when the Adana Protocol was signed. Since then, the two so-called ‘riparian’ states have inaugurated a new phase in their foreign relations, particularly concerning the common management of transboundary waters. To cement this new era of peace and stability, both governments have launched a joint project renamed ‘Friendship Dam’, a water infrastructure on the Orontes River, located on the border between Turkey and Syria. However, the crisis erupted in 2011 and the umpteenth military operation carried out by the Turkish army on Syrian soil in October 2019 have significantly thwarted the political coordination process aimed at building this mutually beneficial project.

- by Kevin Blankinship
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- Middle East Studies, Middle East & North Africa, Literature, Political Science
- by Ryan K. Schroth
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- Queer Studies, Middle East & North Africa, Francophone Literature

The Islamic Dawa Party was the first modern Islamist group to be formed in Iraq. It went through a long struggle with the Iraqi government that resulted in its banning by the Baathists, open warfare with Saddam Hussein’s regime, which forced it to go underground, and led many of its members to go into exile. Below is an interview with Dr. Rodger Shanahan, a former officer in the Australian army and senior adviser in the Australian Department of Foreign Affairs. He is currently a non-resident fellow at the Lowy Institute for International Policy who specializes in the Middle East. Dr. Shanahan goes through the history of the Dawa Party, and how that has shaped the worldview of Iraq’s Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki.

- by Joel Wing
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- Middle East Studies, Middle East & North Africa, Middle East History, Iraqi History

Archaeological sites at Affad (Sudan) are the only ones in northeastern Africa providing ostological remains of both African aurochs (Bos primigenius), dated to 50 kya, and domestic cattle, dated to 7–6 kya. The evidence enables studies of behavioral diversity between taurids. Strontium isotope analyses of the tooth enamel of both Pleistocene and Holocene ruminants suggest the local origin of these animals. The archaeozoological analysis reveals the temporal variability of environmental conditions was linked to a humid climate during the Marine Isotope Stage 3 (MIS3), which was more humid than the dry fluctuations during the African Humid Period. In addition, changes in the phenotype of cattle indicate that humans influenced domesticated animal behavior in the sub-Saharan region.

- by Piotr Osypiński
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- Geography, Prehistoric Archaeology, Zooarchaeology, Stable Isotope Analysis

Britain, France and the rest. Similarly Portuguese retained it coastal in Guinea, Angola and Mozambique. While among some the African country whom resisted against colonial masters and live free are: Liberia, Ethiopia and Morocco. Though Europeans conquest of Africa continent was not achieved without heavy resistance. Most African whom were living in their tribal villages they were ignorant of the revolutionary changes that Christian missionaries brought, because they adhere to their Traditional Religious believes. Changing the pagans way of life into Europeans conceptions it was not until the vacancy of labors in the public works, mines, railways, buildings, farming and taxation methods was offered. Inevitable the recruitment affected able-bodied to the condition that people were not been able to do so. But police and soldiers enjoyed for better living the laborers. The conquerors considered Traditional custom and chiefdoms beside the colonial rules. Governments had to search for revenue from mining, farming, and companies. Above mentioned had impacted the African social life, that is why Europeans settle in the African land. Europeans set an indirectly rules which had affected the Africans lives. Education became important for the mission while economic left to the private sectors. The most important it's color prejudice, Africans often cherished the Europeans life styles and their way of life. Which affected the personality lives of the Africans and the character of the society. Thus; what we can figured out in that era it is that; there is lack of imagination, humility and compassion on the minds of Europeans. Though it was the era of medieval and dogmatism in Europe. while Africans perceived it as a science and technology era because they were wonderers of European sciences and developments. On the other hand it was brutality, barbaric, supernatural beliefs, customs and the cultural practices of the Africans Tribal which impressed Europeans to explore the continent of Africa. This is partially true that Africa is a multicultural diversificated continent, which is the real background of the Europeans exploration and colonization of Africa. Indeed Africa was blessed with natural resources, tribal handcrafts, politics, culture, philosophy and natural knowledge. but unfortunately Africans are lazy, lack of initiatives and they are lacking the sense of responsibility. Just few Africans realized the epidemic of colonial era. In fact many African communities recently resemble to the European medieval stone ages. Likewise many Africans are extremely superstitious because they lack the efficient of explaining the natural phenomena, brutal enemies of one another and victims of traditional practices, this is because they think little for the future plans, they had never embarked on the humanitarian

The Arab Spring led to a major transformation of political systems of the region's most countries; an increase in the significance of radical Islam in the political life; a degradation of the security environment. In addition , changes in the region's economy cannot be overlooked. The events connected with the Arab Spring gave the Russian Federation completely new challenges. The country has to yet again define the character of its relations with Muslim countries and adapt its foreign policy to the new post-revolutionary reality. The Arab Spring also represents a challenge for Russia in its internal affairs.

While NATO was created with a primary outlook to the East, its Southern rim was neglected strategically until the end of the Cold War. Since then, the Alliance has undertaken a number of efforts to build strategic relationships with the Middle East and North Africa, recognizing the region’s importance for Allied security. However, looming obstacles may well interfer with NATO's efforts to enhance relations with the region. Geostrategic realities are not in NATO’s favor: it is a region of crisis; suspicious of the West in general; riddled with internal instability; and is a difficult to build ties with. This monograph examines the existing relationships as well as the remaining obstacles, and proposes solutions to the latter.

- by Florence Gaub
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- Strategy (Military Science), Middle East & North Africa, North Africa Studies, NATO

TABLE OF CONTENTS
THE TABOO OF ATHEISM IN EGYPT 3
By Hakim Khatib
NEW ORDER HAS JUST BEGUN IN THE MIDDLE EAST 6
By Fadi Elhusseini
TURKEY–ISRAEL NORMALIZATION – WHY EVER NOT? 9
By Neville Teller
MUSLIMS AND HUMAN LIBERTY 12
By Irshad Manhi
ISIS ATTACK IN ISTANBUL – TWO TARGETS IN ONE 14
By Rick Francona
PRESSURE ON SHEIKH SALMAN TO RESPOND TO HUMAN RIGHTS ALLEGATIONS 15
By James M. Dorsey
SAUDI POLITICAL INTOLERANCE 18
By Hakim Khatib
CULTURAL BRIDGE HAS NOT BEEN DESTROYED IN AFGHANISTAN 21
By Homayun Alam
ANCIENT SYRIA: ARE SYRIANS REALLY ARABS? 23
By Mohanad Albaaly

The Iraq War’s enduring conflict has proven resilient in its on-and-off relationship with the US and international forces occupying. Streamlining a more sustainable counterinsurgency plan remains a critical link to securing stability designed to promote Iraqi nation-rebuilding efforts. While the smart power approach to foreign policy has yet to realize its potential full effect, recruitment of younger generations into recurrent violence via Islamist co-optation persists with threat to bleed across the region. Military, diplomatic and politically weighed strategies struggle to contain the violence by advancing innovative methods to counter and disengage while supporting Iraqi democracy, not altogether unlike US operations in Afghanistan. COIN directive requires in-depth analysis of the socialization of teenage youth as they undertake transnational violence into adulthood. Nation building through better concerted and inclusive effort of relief, intelligence, military and policymaking drive is the key to tapping the potential of next generation Iraqis as immediate and future leaders. Youth at risk raised with a history of violence will otherwise require constant intervention. Policy transition moving towards internal stability and an exit strategy has the resources to launch effective social programming for political infrastructure and business strategy to guide better negotiation in resource and conflict management. Media’s role in promoting proactive social networks promises to be a game-changer for ground game where youth are enabled to access it. International support and inter-alia networking then remain to be fully realized if Iraq and the US are to emerge from the war in two pieces.

Another chapter offers up to Milton scholars the discovery, laid out in abundant citations, of a new source for Paradise Lost. The figure of Satan, we find, with all the conflicts and contrivances, is none other than Alberti's Momus, unnoticed even by David Quint. What does this say about the Puritan poet? And whose side is he on, in giving us such an engaging adversary, a Satan who is also ( pace Christopher Hill) the poet in disguise? By the time we get to Jonathan Swift, in view of the secularizing trend, literary criticism begins to share the field with religious doubt; and siding with Howard Weinbrot rather than Phillip Harth, Mc-Clure proposes the Tale of a Tub and the Battle of the Books as two prongs in a single attack on religion and learning. No wonder Momus is touted as the god of criticism in a digression on the subject appended by the author to the 1710 edition. The equation of frank speech with modernity rounds out the modernist portion here and also (we are told) completes the historical picture left unfinished by Michel Foucault in his 1983 Berkeley lectures on frank speech which omitted the Momus figure entirely.

- by Daniel Hershenzon and +1
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- Religion, History, European Studies, Ottoman History

This report provides policy recommendations to European Union (EU) policy makers with regard to the EU’s engagement in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region. It draws on the inputs and insights gathered during three years of research conducted by the MENARA Project. It argues that designing a new flexible roadmap to advance mutual engagement and cooperation between the EU and the MENA is a key priority and an opportunity that should not be missed. This endeavour should take into account global and regional geopolitical shifts.

- by Istituto Affari Internazionali (IAI) and +1
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- Middle East & North Africa, European Union

Unemployed protests are the most important form
of socioeconomic contention in Tunisia. Calls
for employment and condemnations of corrupt
recruitment procedures have fueled large-scale
protests since the mid 2000s. Despite massive discontent, unemployed
mobilization has thus far lacked political leverage.
In this working paper, we assess if the dynamics
of mobilization in Tunisia can explain unemployed
protests’ lack of political leverage. Our study reveals
that the majority of unemployed mobilization can
be characterized as unorganized and spontaneous.
Protest actors raised limited claims, mostly demanding
their own employment, and making use of disruptive
protests, such as street and railway blockages. The
nation-wide scene of unemployed mobilization, on the
other hand, is captured by the 2006-formed Union des
diplômés chômeurs (Union of Unemployed Graduates,
UDC). In this working paper we compare these
two forms of activism by the unemployed: those of the
UDC and the unorganized unemployed protests, using
the Gafsa mining basin as our case study.
We have identified two divergent trajectories since
2011. The UDC has expanded its membership, offices,
and contentious actions, and increased its levels of
organization and professionalism. By contrast, the
Gafsa mining basin protesters fragmented, despite an
increase in discrete protest events. We try to explain
these dynamics by explicating the social meaning
of the activists’ grievances. We then compare their
mobilization networks before looking at how diverse
activists have perceived political opportunities
and threats since 2011. Finally, we will try to draw
conclusions on the different forms of unemployed
activism and their interplay with political change in
Tunisia.

- by Irene Weipert-Fenner
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- Middle East & North Africa, Social Movement, Unemployment, Tunisia

TABLE OF CONTENTS
SEVEN DIFFERENT OPINIONS IN GERMANY ABOUT REFUGEES 96
By Yvette Hovsepian Bearce
CANADIANS KEEP ASKING QUESTIONS ABOUT SAUDI ARMS DEAL 99
By Erika Simpson
EVOLUTION OF TURMOIL IN THE MIDDLE EAST: WESTERN ROLE 102
By Hakim Khatib & Syed Qamar Afzal Rizvi
EGYPT’S REGIME BOOSTS CALLS FOR SECURITY SECTOR REFORM 112
By James M. Dorsey
POSITIVE ACTION IN YEMEN YIELDS POSITIVE RESULTS 115
By Neville Teller
ATHEIST PERSPECTIVE ON TERROR AND ANTI-MUSLIM RHETORIC 118
By Ilham Bint Sirin
OUR LONG STORY IN SYRIA 120
By Hasan Moussa/HOS
WHERE IS LGBT COMMUNITY IN THE ARAB-MUSLIM MAJORITY WORLD? 121
By M. Kh. & A. D.

- by Hakim Khatib and +2
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- Middle East Studies, Middle East & North Africa, Middle East History, Turkish and Middle East Studies

To study the salient features of colorectal cancer (CRC) in Libya.

- by Zuhir Bodalal
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- Epidemiology, Middle East & North Africa, Cancer, Mediterranean and North Africa

NOTE: EMBARGOED BY PUBLISHER. The latest edition of this renowned textbook explores the states and regimes of the Middle East and North Africa. Presenting heavily revised, fully updated chapters contributed by the world’s leading experts, it analyzes the historical trajectory, political institutions, economic development, and foreign policies of the region’s nearly two dozen countries. The volume can be used in conjunction with its sister volume, The Societies of the Middle East and North Africa, for a comprehensive overview of the region. The chapters are organized and structured identically, giving insightful windows into the nuances of each country’s domestic politics and foreign relations. Data tables and extensive annotated bibliographies orient readers towards further research. In sum, the book provides the most comprehensive and detailed overview of the region’s varied politics available for prospective readers, travelers, journalists, scholars, and policymakers who need usable knowledge about the MENA region.

- by Sean Yom
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- Middle East Studies, Middle East & North Africa, Middle East History, Israel/Palestine

Six ans après la première édition, l'histoire de la communauté grecque de Tunisie est désormais en français.L'étude, qui présente pour la première fois l'histoire de la communauté grecque de Tunisie, est basée exclusivement sur des documents d'archives, résultat de la recherche en Grèce et Tunisie. C’est la première fois que les archives communautaires et consulaires ont été consultées.

- by Leonardo Palma
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- Military History, Middle East & North Africa, Sovereignty, Civil War

Barry Buzan and Ole Wæver’s description of the regional security complex in the Middle East (ME) emphasized the role of the region's states as key actors shaping its structure. The last decade has brought important developments in the ME at the level of the state (civil war in Syria), region (exacerbating Shi'ia-Sunni conflict) and global system (interventions of world powers in Syria, potential American intervention in Iran). New tendencies also included the growing significance of sub-state and transnational actors (the emergence of the so-called Islamic State, build-up of the military potential of Hezbollah and Kurdish organizations). The paper consists of two parts. The first one presents a description of the MERSC’s structure (power relations and patterns of amity and enmity) transformations over the last 15 years. It is an attempt to verify the hypothesis that the processes and events in recent years have brought significant and relatively stable new features to the structure. The second part focuses on the involvement of non-state actors and outside great powers in the region. Firstly, their role in shaping the aforementioned transformations of the MERC’s structure is assessed. Secondly, Buzan and Wæver’s claim that MERC’s structure is determined mainly by the state actors from within the region is revisited.

This article analyses a women’s movement that emerged in the context of increased land commodiﬁcation in Morocco. It focuses on the dynamics that characterised the making of this coalition of actors across the social divide. It mainly analyses the division of tasks among the different partners, highlighting the role played by intermediate organisations and actors in connecting and merging together local, national and international norms, practices and actors. The empowerment of this intermediate layer of leaders indicates a gradual inversion of the power hierarchy and illustrates the ﬂuidity of domination relationships within social movements.

This article will challenge the currently accepted notions of weak British consular presence, influence and activity in the southern Mediterranean during the period 1795–1832 through a case study of the careers of three successive consuls in the Regency of Tripoli: Simon Lucas, William Wass Langford and Hanmer Warrington. Utilising the official correspondence of these agents, the extent of the consular bridgehead in the capital, Tripoli, will be investigated, and how, through these consular and diplomatic agents, it served to define imperial interests and activity at the frontiers of empire. Moreover, the overlapping personal and professional networks within which the consuls embedded themselves, the role of enterprising missions and the development of an intelligence-gathering network will be of central significance in understanding the consequent ruptures in the social and political fabric of the Regency of Tripoli. British imperial interest in North Africa during and immediately post the Napoleonic era remains under-studied and misunderstood within both British diplomatic and imperial history. This article challenges the existing literature that underestimates the diplomatic as well as consular power exercised by the British consuls to Algiers, Tunis and Tripoli, as well as the importance of these three Barbary regencies to wider strategic interests in the Mediterranean.

- by Sara ElGaddari
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- Modern History, Diplomatic History, African Studies, Middle East & North Africa