Morphometric Analysis Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Encarsia sophia is a cosmopolitan parasitoid of whitefly pests and is regarded as a potential biocontrol agent of the Bemisia tabaci species-complex. However, the possibility exists that under this specific name a complex of cryptic species may be contained, whose correct identification is essential for their effective use in biological control programmes. In this paper two populations native to Pakistan and Spain, respectively, were characterized by means of morphometric analysis, crossing experiments and karyological analysis. The two populations, indistinguishable on the basis of single morphological characters, were distinguished through a canonical discriminant function analysis. Mating tests showed rare copulation attempts and no transfer of spermatozoa into the spermatheca in heterogamic crosses, thus suggesting that the Pakistani and Spanish populations are reproductively isolated. Although the two populations shared the same karyotype formula (2n ¼ 2m þ 2sm þ 6a), consistent differences were found in their chromosome sets. In the Spanish population the metacentric chromosome was almost one half of the whole genome set (rl ¼ 44.23), while in the Pakistani one, it was shorter (rl ¼ 29.55) and as long as the sub-metacentric chromosome. Moreover, silver staining provided evidence of a different localization of the active nucleolus organizer regions (NORs). Results obtained in this study suggest that the Pakistani and Spanish populations are distinct cryptic species.

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- Zoology, Systematics, Morphometry, Biological Control

The extent of Sertoli cell proliferation during fetal and neonatal development determines the final adult testis size and potential for sperm output. To gain further knowledge of the factors that regulate Sertoli cell proliferation, the present study used a new approach to analyse changes in morphology and proliferation in the postnatal testis by combining organ culture with morphometric analysis. Fragments of rat testes from days 0 to 10 postpartum were cultured in contact with DMEM for 6 h or 72 h and fixed. The effects of ovine folliclestimulating hormone (FSH) and activin were studied in an additional 72-h organ culture experiment using day 9 testes. Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) was added for the last 6 h of culture to mark proliferating cells. Two-µm sections of the fragments were analysed for morphological changes of the seminiferous cords, and the proportion of BrdU-labelled Sertoli and germ cells was determined. Assessment of 6-h samples revealed growth characteristics consistent with those observed in vivo during days 1-10 of postnatal development. From day 2 onwards, the volume fraction of seminiferous cords began to increase, while significant growth in cross-sectional area of the cords occurred only after day 6. In these culture conditions, germ cell proliferation and testicular architecture was consistent with that expected for the age of the tissue at time of explant. The proportion of dividing Sertoli cells declined from 15-20% at days 0-4 postpartum to below 10% at day 10 postpartum in the 6-h culture, and it was low or abolished in the 3-day culture at all time points. Activin and FSH together, but not singly, stimulated Sertoli cell proliferation in the 72-h culture. This paper presents a new approach to analysis of in vitro testis development. The combination of fragment culture and stereological analysis permits rigorous and detailed assessment of developmental changes in the postnatal testis.

- by S. Schlatt
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- Cell Division, Medical Physiology, tESTIS, Sertoli cells

A morphometric analysis was performed on horse muscle tissue to quantify mitochondrial distribution relative to capillaries. Samples of M. vastus medialis, M. semitendinosus, M. masseter and M. cutaneus thoracicus were preserved in a glutaraldehyde fixative for electron microscopy, or frozen for biochemical and histochemical analysis. These four muscles varied from highly oxidative in type, consisting nearly completely of type I fibres, in masseter, to highly glycolytic, primarily type lib fibres, in cutaneus. In all four muscles, mitochondria were found in highest volume density near capillaries at the fibre border, with a sharp, decline in volume density towards the fibre centre. This distribution was independent of myoglobin concentration, muscle fibre type and the activities of three key metabolic enzymes, citrate synthase, 3-OH-acyl-CoA dehydrogenase and lactate dehydrogenase.

- by Susan Kayar
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- Electron Microscopy, Biological Sciences, Muscles, Horses

A new species ofOryzomysis described for the coastal Atlantic region of Brazil.Oryzomys seuanezisp. nov.was collected in eight localities throughout the Atlantic Forest from the south of the State of Bahia to the State of the Rio de Janeiro, mostly in lowlands. Belonging to theO. capitospecies group,O. seuanezidiffers from the other species by its karyotype equal 2n=48, FN=60. A morphometric analysis

- by Rui Cerqueira
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- Evolutionary Biology, Zoology, Evolution, Mammalogy

The representation of the two eyes in striate cortex (V1) ofCebus monkeys was studied by electrophysiological single-unit recordings in normal animals and by morphometric analysis of the pattern of ocular dominance (OD) stripes, as revealed by cytochrome oxidase histochemistry in V1 flat-mounts of enucleated animals. Single-unit recordings revealed that the large majority of V1 neurons respond to the stimulation of either eye but are more strongly activated by one of them. As in other species of monkey, neurons with preference for the stimulation of the same eye are grouped in columns 300–400 µm wide, spanning all cortical layers. Monocular neurons are clustered in layer IVc, specially in its deeper half (IVc-beta), and constitute less than 10% of the population of other layers. Neurons with equal responses to each eye are more commonly found in layer V than elsewhere in V1. In the supragranular layers and in granular layer IVc-alpha neurons strongly dominated by one of the eyes tend to be broadly tuned for orientation, while binocularly balanced neurons tend to be sharply tuned for this parameter. No such correlation was detected in the infragranular layers, and most neurons in layer IVc-beta responded regardless of stimulus orientation. Ocular dominance stripes are present throughout most of V1 as long, parallel or bifurcating bands alternately dominated by the ipsi- or the contralateral eye. They are absent from the cortical representations of the blind spot and the monocular crescent. The domains of each eye occupy nearly equal portions of the surface of binocular V1, except for the representation of the periphery, where the contralateral eye has a larger domain, and a narrow strip along the border of V1 with V2, where either eye may predominate. The orderliness of the pattern of stripes and the relationship between stripe arrangement and the representation of the visual meridians vary with eccentricity and polar angle but follow the same rules in different animals. These results demonstrate that the laminar, columnar and topographic distribution of neurons with different degrees of OD in V1 is qualitatively similar in New- and Old World monkeys of similar sizes and suggest that common ancestry, rather than parallel evolution, may account for the OD phenotypes of contemporaneous simians.

- by Juliana Soares
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- Electrophysiology, Binocular vision, Visual Cortex, Brain Mapping

When epimastigote forms of Trypanosoma cruzi grown in a rich medium (LIT) are transferred to a simple, chemically defined medium (TAU3AAG, containing Ca 2+, Mg 2+, K +, Na +, L-proline, L-glutamate, and L-aspartate in phosphate buffer), they transform into trypomastigote forms. Morphometric analysis of transmission electron micrographs of thin sections of parasites collected at different steps of the transformation process showed that no changes occurred in the volume density of mitochondria and cytoplasmic vacuoles. However, a significant increase in the volume density of the kinetoplast DNA network as well as the lipid inclusions and a decrease in that of the reservosome (a special type of endosome) was observed. These observations suggest that during differentiation, T. cruzi accumulates lipids and uses molecules contained in the reservosome as its main energy source.

- by Thais Souto-padrón
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- Microbiology, Parasitology, Electron Microscopy, Medical Microbiology

Dexamethasone is one of a number of synthetic corticosteroids illegally used to promote growth in food-producing animals. Since these low-level drug cocktails evade detection by currently available http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/tfac Email: fac@tandf.co.uk Food Additives and Contaminants peer-00722241, version 1significant decrease in the cortex: medulla ratio in the treated animals (p<0.0005). We can 43 conclude that this histological approach offers encouraging prospects as a screening method 44 to overcome current limitations in controlling growth promoter abuse. 45 46 47 48 Chemical analysis 126 Urine samples of 10 treated animals and 10 controls were collected when spontaneous 127 urination occurred, the day before the first administration, 10 days later, and the last day of 128 treatment; urine was also collected after the last treatments, 1, 2, 5 and 10 days later, and at 129 the slaughterhouse. Each sample, without preservative, was divided into 6 mL aliquots and 130 stored at -80 °C until use. 131 132 Sample preparation 133 Urine samples (5 mL) spiked with triamcinolone acetonide-d 6 used as the internal standard 134 (IS) were added with acetate buffer solution 1 M, pH=4.8 and β-glucuronidase-arylsulphatase 135 enzyme solution (Helix pomatia). The samples were then incubated for 12 h at 37°C,

- by Elena Bozzetta
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- Animal Production, Dexamethasone, Low Dose, Morphometric Analysis

Permissions] link. and click on the [Reprints and jbjs.org article, or locate the article citation on to use material from this order reprints or request permission Click here to Background: Although cervical spine pedicle screws have been shown to provide excellent fixation, widespread acceptance of their use is limited because of the risk of injury to the spinal cord, nerve roots, and vertebral arteries. The risks of pedicle screw insertion in the cervical spine can be mitigated by a three-dimensional appreciation of pedicle anatomy. Normative data on three-dimensional subaxial pedicle geometry from a large, young, and asymptomatic North American population are lacking. The purpose of the present study was to determine three-dimensional subaxial pedicle geometry in a large group of young volunteers and to determine level and sex-specific morphologic differences.

- by Brian Stemper
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- Orthopedic Surgery, Biomedical Engineering, Treatment, Tomography
- by Nigel Blackstock
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- Evolutionary Biology, Principal Component Analysis, Plant Biology, Hybridization

The experimentally induced neurotoxic effects of paclitaxel and docetaxel have never been compared, since no animal models of docetaxel peripheral neurotoxicity have yet been reported. In this experiment, we examined the effect of the chronic administration of these two taxanes in the Wistar rat using neurophysiological, neuropathological and morphometrical methods.

- by Gabriella Nicolini
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- Animal Model, Paclitaxel, Microtubules, Morphometric Analysis

This research was about morphometric analysis of macroalgae, density and diversity, located in marine waters of Dara Mara, Anarae Village, Ndao Nuse Sub District, Rote Ndao Regency. This study aims to identify and measure the morphometric, density and diversity of macroalgae. Transect line method using quadrants were used in this study. The results showed that there were 21 macroalgae species consisting of 11 species of Cholorophyta, 3 species of Phaeophyta and 7 species of Rhodophyta. The highest species and relative density of macroalgae were found in Caulerpa species which were 6.8 individuals/m 2 and 51.127%, while the lowest were Codiumedule, Halimeda opuntia, Monostroma nitidum, Dictyota cervicornis, and Padina japonica, which were 0.033 individuals/m 2 and 0.250%. The diversity index were low with the value of H '0.76, while the morphometric analysis of each species showed significant differences in each type of algae, presumably due to differences of environmental factors.

- by Anggreini Rupidara
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- Morphometric Analysis, line transect method

Observation by transmission electron microscopy, coupled with morphometric analysis and estimation procedure, revealed unique ultrastructural features in 25.94% of noradrenaline (NA)-containing granules and 16.85% of adrenaline (A)-containing granules in the rat adrenal medulla. These consisted of evaginations of the granule limiting membrane to form budding structures having different morphology and extension. In 14.8% of NA granules and 12.0% of A granules, outpouches were relatively short, looked like small blebs emerging from the granule surface and generally contained electron-dense material. A proportion of 11.2% of NA granules and 4.9% of A granules revealed the most striking ultrastructural features. These secretory organelles presented thin, elongated, tail-like or stemlike appendages, which were variably filled by chromaffin substance and terminated with spherical expansions of different electron density. A cohort of vesicles of variable size (30-150 nm in diameter) and content was found either close to them or in the intergranular cytosol. Examination of adrenal medullary cells fixed by zinc iodide-osmium tetroxide (ZIO) revealed fine electron dense precipitates in chromaffin granules, budding structures as well as cytoplasmic vesicles. These data indicate that a common constituent is revealed by the ZIO histochemical reaction in chromaffin cells. As catecholic compounds are the main tissue targets of ZIO complexes, catecholamines are good candidates to be responsible for the observed ZIO reactivity. This study adds further to the hypothesis that release of secretory material from chromaffin granules may be accomplished by a vesiclular transport mechanism typical of piecemeal degranulation.

- by Diego Guidolin
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- Cognitive Science, Transmission Electron Microscopy, Zinc, Medical Physiology

Tectonic activity of SE Spain is evaluated through the application of a general morphometric analysis over 17 different mountain fronts. The selected fronts are distributed along the two most prominent crustal-scale structures of the Mediterranean sector of Spain: The Eastern Betic Shear Zone (EBSZ) and the Valencia Trough. Geomorphic indexes used in this study are Mountain-front sinuosity index (Smf) and Valley floor/width ratio (Vf). This work is largely based on the Smf/Vf regression analysis of the studied fronts together with previous available data from SW USA. The development of mountain fronts in both different lithologies and tectonic contexts enabled characteristic morphometric signatures for different activity scenarios (tectonic activity classes) to be obtained. This study thus indicates that variations of mountain front geomorphology triggered by different styles of faulting can be detected by morphometric analysis. It is demonstrated that discrete uplift rates of 0.15 -0.08 m/ka are sufficient to keep relatively low Smf values down to 1.4 in Active fronts (Class 1). Taking into account the reported uplift rates and preliminary palaeoseismic data for some of the Class 1 studied fronts, recurrence periods for surface rupture events can be theoretically bracketed for SE Spain. Recurrence periods for Class 1 fronts could theoretically range between 10,000 and 12,500 years for maximum slip conditions, and 1750 and 2600 years for minimum slip conditions. Inactive fronts (Class 3) develop under uplift rates down to 0.03 m/ka, and tested recurrence intervals for rupture events range between 25,000 and 50,000 years. Class 2 fronts of intermediate characteristics and activity display uplift rates between 0.07 and 0.03 m/ka. D

- by Pablo G. Silva
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- Geology, Geomorphology, Regression Analysis, Morphometric Analysis

Acupuncture needle rotation has been previously shown to cause specific mechanical stimulation of subcutaneous connective tissue. This study uses acupuncture to investigate the role of mechanotransduction-based mechanisms in mechanically-induced cytoskeletal remodeling. The effect of acupuncture needle rotation was quantified by morphometric analysis of mouse tissue explants imaged with confocal microscopy. Needle rotation induced extensive fibroblast spreading and lamellipodia formation within 30 min, measurable as an increased in cell body cross sectional area. The effect of rotation peaked with two needle revolutions and decreased with further increases in rotation. Significant effects of rotation were present throughout the tissue, indicating the presence of a response extending laterally over several centimeters. The effect of rotation with two needle revolutions was prevented by pharmacological inhibitors of actomyosin contractility (blebbistatin), Rho kinase (Y-27632 and H-1152), and Rac signaling. The active cytoskeletal response of fibroblasts demonstrated in this study constitutes an important step in understanding cellular mechanotransduction responses to externally applied mechanical stimuli in whole tissue, and supports a previously proposed model for the mechanism of acupuncture involving connective tissue mechanotransduction.

- by Alan Howe
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- Applied Mechanics, Acupuncture, Confocal Microscopy, Cytoskeleton

In the present study, the eighteen miniwatersheds of Kadam watershed of Middle Godavari sub basin (G-5) have been prioritized using GIS based on morphometric analysis. The highest Bifurcation ratio is found to be 11.95 for 4E3C5a. The Maximum values of Circularity ratio of 0.642 and Drainage density of 3.510 have been found in Lothuvara miniwatershed. The Maximum values of Stream frequency of 7.25 and Texture ratio of 15.81 have been found in Dorlavagu miniwatershed. Ranks have been assigned to each parameter based on their value with highest value as I rank and the rank values of all parameters have been cumulated to obtain compound parameter. Priorities are arrived at based on compound parameter values. The miniwatershed with the lowest compound parameter value is given the highest priority and vice versa. Allampalli vagu (4E3C4f), Gangapuram vagu (4E3C4h) and Batkamma vagu (4E3C4g) miniwatersheds have been found to be under high priority.

- by giridhar mvss
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- Geomatics, Remote Sensing, Watershed Hydrology, ArcGIS

The analysis of shape is a fundamental part of much biological research. As the field of statistics developed, so have the sophistication of the analysis of these types of data. This lead to multivariate morphometrics in which suites of measurements were analyzed together using canonical variates analysis, principal components analysis, and related methods. In the 1980s, a fundamental change began in the nature of the data gathered and analyzed. This change focused on the coordinates of landmarks and the geometric information about their relative positions. As a by-product of such an approach, results of multivariate analyses could be visualized as configurations of landmarks back in the original space of the organism rather than only as statistical scatter plots. This new approach, called "geometric morphometrics", had benefits that lead Rohlf and Marcus (1993) to proclaim a "revolution" in morphometrics. In this paper, we briefly update the discussion in that paper and summarize the advances in the ten years since the paper by Rohlf and Marcus. We also speculate on future directions in morphometric analysis.

- by F. James Rohlf
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- Zoology, Principal Component Analysis, Canonical Variate Analysis, Shape Analysis

The development of image analysis systems has facilitated progress and diversification of morphometric methods and expands the potential for using morphometry as a tool for stock identification. Identifying intraspecific groups with different life histories according to shape variation has become more powerful, based on a review of published studies and our experiences with American lobster and Atlantic salmon. Traditional multivariate

- by Steven Cadrin
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- Fisheries, Life history, Image Analysis, Ecology

Gandaki province has the good potentiality of hydroelectricity generation with existing twenty-nine hydroelectricity projects. Since the Province is rich in water resources, analysis of watersheds needs to be done for management, planning and identification of water as well as natural resources. GIS offers integration of spatial and no spatial data to understand and analyze the watershed processes and helps in drawing a plan for integrated watershed development and management. The Digital Elevation Model (DEM) available on the NASA-Earth data has been taken as a primary data for morphometric analysis of watershed in Gandaki Province using QGIS. Delineation of watershed was conducted from a DEM by computing the flow direction and using it in the Watershed tool. Necessary fill sink correction was made before proceeding to delineation. A raster representing the direction of flow was created using Flow Direction tool to determine contributing area. Flow accumulation raster was created f...

The study area, Hesaraghatta watershed is located between 77° 20′ to 77° 42′ E longitude and 13° 10′ to 13° 24′ N latitude with an area of 600.01 km2. Thematic layers such as Land Use/Land Cover, drainage, soil and hydrological soil group were generated from IRS–1D LISS III satellite data (FCC). An attempt was made to estimate runoff using Soil Conservation Service (SCS) curve number model and it was estimated to be 1960, 2066, 1870 and 1810 mm for sub-watersheds 1, 2, 3 and 4 respectively. Quantitative morphometric analysis was carried out for the entire watershed and the four sub-watersheds independently by estimating their (a) linear aspects like stream order, stream length, stream length ratio, bifurcation ratio, length of overland flow, drainage pattern (b) aerial aspects like shape factor, circulatory ratio, elongation ratio and drainage density and (c) relief aspects like basin relief, relief ratio, relative relief and ruggedness number. Drainage density was estimated to be 1.23 km/km2 designating the study area as a very coarse textured watershed.

- by P Ravikumar
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- Geomatic Engineering, Curve Number, Morphometric Analysis, Satellite Data

Land and water are the two vital natural resources, the optimal management of these resources with minimum adverse environmental impact are essential not only for sustainable development but also for human survival. Satellite remote sensing with geographic information system has a pragmatic approach to map and generate spatial input layers of predicting response behavior and yield of watershed. Hence, in the present study an attempt has been made to understand the hydrological process of the catchment at the watershed level by drawing the inferences from moprhometric analysis and runoff. The study area chosen for the present study is Yagachi catchment situated in Chickamaglur and Hassan district lies geographically at a longitude 75⁰52'08.77"E and 13⁰10'50.77"N latitude. It covers an area of 559.493 Sq.km. Morphometric analysis is carried out to estimate morphometric parameters at Micro-watershed to understand the hydrological response of the catchment at the Micro-watershed level. Daily runoff is estimated using USDA SCS curve number model for a period of 10 years from 2001 to 2010. The rainfall runoff relationship of the study shows there is a positive correlation.

- by Editor IJRET
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- Hydrology, Remote sensing and GIS, Morphometric Analysis, Runoff

Geographical information system (GIS) has emerged as an efficient tool in delineation of drainage pattern and ground water potential and its planning. GIS and image processing techniques can be employed for the identification of morphological features and analyzing properties of basin. The morphometric parameters of basin can address linear, areal and relief aspects. The review related to 'Morphometric analysis of drainage basin using remote sensing and GIS techniques' is discussed in the present paper.

- by IJLTEM Journal
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- Rs, Morphometric Analysis, River Basin, GIS

This study measured the carrying angle of the elbow joint in full extension in 600 students, using the supplementary angle to that between the longitudinal axis of the arm and that of the forearm. The mean carrying angle was 12.88°±5.92: 10.97°±4.27 in men and 15.07°±4.95 in women. The carrying angle changes with skeletal growth and maturity. The angle is always greater on the side of the dominant hand. We confirmed the inverse relationship between the carrying angle and the intertrochanteric diameter. Also, the type of constitution influences the value of the carrying angle, especially in women.

- by Helena Argiriadou
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- Anthropometry, Adolescent, Probability, Medical Physiology

Türkiye’nin güneyinde yer alan ve Amanos Dağlarının doğu yamaçları ile Kurt Dağlarının batı yamaçları arasında, Doğu Afrika rift vadisinin kuzey segmentine karşılık gelen Karasu Çayı Havzasının ele alındığı bu çalışmada, Türkiye ve Suriye topraklarından oluşan havzanın hidrografik açıdan planlaması yapılmıştır. Coğrafi bakış açısı ve bütüncül yaklaşım, insan ve doğal çevre temelli olarak sürdürülebilirlik ilkesine uygun bir şekilde çalışmanın her aşamasına yayılmış ve entegre havza yönetiminden farklı olarak en ekonomik değil, hem doğal ortamın hem de insanın en yüksek faydayı temin edebileceği en doğru kullanımın ne şekilde olacağı üzerinde yoğunlaşılmıştır. Üç bölüm üzerine kurgulanan çalışmanın ilk iki bölümü ağırlıklı olarak verilerin sistematize edilmeleri ile ölçüm ve analizler ekseninde veri tabanının güçlü kılınmasına, üçüncü bölümü ise güçlendirilen bu veri tabanına dayanarak havzanın hidrografik açıdan planlamasının yapılmasına ayrılmıştır.
Giriş bölümünde amaç, kapsam ve metot ortaya konularak, Karasu Çayı Havzasının hidrografik özelliklerinin şekillenmesinde etkili olan genel coğrafi faktörler üzerinde durulmuştur. Sırasıyla fiziki coğrafya unsurları ile beşeri ve ekonomik coğrafya unsurları alt başlıklarıyla birlikte ayrı ayrı ele alınmıştır. İlgili haritaların oluşturularak gereken kısımlara iliştirilmesi ile anlatım güçlendirilmiş ve ifade zenginliğinin ortaya çıkması sağlanmıştır.
Havzanın hidrolojik ve hidrometrik özelliklerinin incelendiği birinci bölümde havzadaki su potansiyeli belirlenmiş, yeraltı ve yerüstü sularının durumu gözden geçirilerek, akarsu şebekesinin oluşum ve gelişimi üzerinde durulmuştur. Ayrıca havzanın hidrolik ve hidrolojik özelliklerinin daha iyi kavranması için gerek mevcut literatürde yer alan, gerekse bu çalışmaya özgü bir takım yeni yöntemlere göre analiz ve hesaplamalar yapılmıştır. Sonuçta havzanın ortalama akış dağılışı, su kalitesi, yük ve sedimantasyon durumu, taşkın özellikleri ve kullanılabilir su potansiyeli hakkında somut verilere ulaşılmıştır. Böylelikle herhangi bir ölçüm ve rasadın bulunmadığı birçok alt Havza hakkında tümdengelim mantığı ile verilere ulaşılmış, bu veriler sayesinde de her alt havza kendi dinamikleri içerisinde değerlendirilmiştir.
Çalışmanın ikinci bölümünde Karasu Çayı Havzasının morfometrik karakteristikleri üzerinde durulmuştur. Morfometrik özellikler alansal (areal), çizgisel (linear) ve yüzeysel (relief/superficial) parametreler olmak üzere üç gruba ayrılarak değerlendirilmiştir. Böylelikle havzanın jeomorfolojik ve hidrografik yapısına analitik yolla somut bir görünüm kazandırılmıştır. İzlenen yolu ve elde edilen sonuçları daha anlaşılır kılmak için morfometrik analizlerin dayandırıldığı formüller, analiz sonuçlarını görsel hale getiren haritalar, grafikler ve şekillerden faydalanılmıştır. Bu şekilde elde edilen havzanın alansal, çizgisel ve yüzeysel bileşenlerine dair veriler Karasu Çayı Havzası ile alt havzaları ölçeğinde yorumlanmıştır.
Çalışmanın son bölümü, önceki iki bölümün hülasası konumundadır. Burada daha önceki veriler ışığında öncelikle havzanın su bilançosu çıkarılmıştır. Ardından da güncel durum ile 10, 25, 50 ve 100 yıl sonranın muhtemel şartlarına göre su bütçesi oluşturulmuştur. Bu kapsamda katastrofik, ekonomik, sosyo-kültürel değerlendirmeler ile jeo-stratejik ve hidro-politik durum tespiti yapılarak, en uygun fiziki ve beşeri şartların tesis edilmesine ön ayak olacak planlama önerileri geliştirilmiştir.
Sonuç itibariyle, ideal havza planlamasına bir adım daha yaklaşma gayesiyle ortaya çıkan bu çalışmada, multi-disipliner karaktere sahip olan havza yönetimi meselesine coğrafi bakış açısı ile yeni ve daha kuşatıcı bir perspektif kazandırılmaya çalışılmıştır. Zaten doğası gereği değişken ve çok bileşenli olan su kaynaklarının yorumlanıp planlanması da ancak doğal çevrenin bütün unsurlarını ve bu unsurlar arasındaki ilişkileri aynı pota içerisinde harmanlayıp muhasebe edebilecek olan coğrafi bakış açısıyla bihakkın yapılabilecektir.

- by Atilla KARATAŞ
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- Hydrography, Hydrology, Water resources, River Basin Management

Using of GIS in geomorphology is based on the digital terrain model (DTM) analysis. At present, the most powerful method of representing relief is to construct a mathematical model of the earth's surface: a digital terrain model (DTM) or digital ellevation model (DEM). The choice of data sources, terrain sampling techniques and interpolation method used in model construction are critical for the quality of the resulting DTM. The accuracy of the DTM is essential in further geomorphological analysis with GIS.

- by Marcel Török-Oance
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- Morphometric Analysis, Mathematical Model, Sampling Technique

In this paper, an attempt has been made to study the detailed morphometric characteristics of Vincharna watershed, tributary of the Sina river basin in Ahmednagar district, Maharashtra. The drainage patterns are dendritic and parallel, covering 390 sq. km. Morphometric analysis was done to determine the drainage characteristics of Vincharna watershed using topographic maps, ASTER and SRTM DEM (30 m Resolution). For detailed study, ASTER and SRTM data was used for preparing Digital Elevation Model (DEM). The relief data was derived from SOI toposheets and GIS-RS techniques were used to evaluate Linear, Areal and Relief aspects of morphometric parameters. Watershed boundary, flow accumulation, flow direction, flow length, stream ordering were prepared using Hydrology Tool; and contour, Slope, Aspect, Hillshade have been prepared using Surface Tool in ArcGIS-10 software. Different thematic maps like Stream Network, Slope, Relief, Aspect and Hillshade were prepared by using ArcGIS software. Based on all morphometric parameters achieved, it can be concluded that the development in erosive processes of the area by the river has been progressed beyond the maturity which indicates the lithology had an influence on the drainage development. These studies are very useful for planning rainwater harvesting and watershed management.

- by Lalit Thakare
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- Morphometric Analysis

The morphometric analysis of the drainage basin and stream network deals with the measurement and geometrical analysis of the different aspects of a drainage basin. In the present study, morphometric analysis has been carried out using Geographical Information System (GIS) techniques to evaluate the different morphometric characteristics by considering three parameters: linear, areal and relief aspects. The basin is characterized by dendritic drainage pattern. The bifurcation ratio (Rb) between different successive orders varies revealing the geo structural control. The shape parameters (Rf = 0.37, Rc = 0.31, Fr = 0.18, Re = 0.52 and Wb = 11.88) indicate the elongated shape of the basin in association with areal (D = 0.99 km 2 , Dt = 1.66 km 2 etc.) and relief (H, S b etc.) parameters express that the basin has low discharge of runoff with permeable basement rock condition, high infiltration capacity and good groundwater storage and a flatter peak of flow of longer duration.

- by JASH MATHEW
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- Morphometric Analysis
- by Dr. Summer J . Decker
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- Computed Tomography, Molecular Biology, Computer Aided Design, Cell Biology

Sia gli agonisti dell'ormone rilasciante le gonadotropine (GnRH) che i farmaci progestinici sono comunemente utilizzati prima dell'intervento chirurgico al fine di indurre una riduzione di volume nei leiomiomi dell'utero. I quadri istologici alla base di tale effetto di riduzione non sono ben noti. È probabile che i dati contraddittori attualmente disponibili su questo argomento siano dovuti all'utilizzo di metodiche qualitative e soggettive nella gran parte dei lavori precedenti. In questo studio abbiamo preso in esame 42 leiomiomi suddivisi in 3 gruppi: pazienti trattate con agonisti del GnRH (14 campioni), pazienti trattate con progestinici (14 campioni) e pazienti non trattate (gruppo controllo, 14 pazienti), utilizzando metodiche qualitative (microscopia ottica) e quantitative (valutazione morfometrica attraverso un software dedicato). Per ciascun campione abbiamo valutato i seguenti parametri: aree di necrosi, aree di ialinosi, densità dei vasi, trombi vasali, spessore della parete dei vasi, dimensioni dei lumi vasali, diametro massimo dei nuclei, diametro massimo dei citoplasmi, indice mitotico. L'analisi ha evidenziato che i leiomiomi di donne trattate con analoghi del GnRH presentano più estese aree di necrosi, aumentata densità cellulare, e lumi vasali più ampi, mentre le neoplasie di pazienti trattate con progestinici hanno pareti vasali più spesse se confrontate rispettivamente con gli altri due gruppi. I nostri risultati inducono ad ipotizzare che alla base della riduzione di volume dei leiomiomi in seguito a terapia con analoghi del GnRH ci siano modificazioni a carico della parete vasale.

Geomorphic models such as the glacial buzz saw and denudational unloading and understanding the significance of active tectonics on geomorphic systems can be elucidated by quantitatively defining rates of erosion and sediment transfer in active mountain systems. To this end, we examine the topographically and morphometrically asymmetrical Ladakh Range to quantify the significance of tectonic influence on geomorphic systems. Morphometric analysis and10Be cosmogenic radionuclide dating of 13 fluvial sediment samples from active channels was undertaken in 6 catchments to define erosion rates. North facing catchments of the central Ladakh Range have erosion rates of 0.056±0.012 mm/yr and 0.074±0.011 mm/yr, while south facing catchments have rates of 0.020±0.003 mm/yr, 0.020±0.003 mm/yr, and 0.039±0.008 mm/yr. Rates of erosion in north facing catchments are approximately two times higher than rates of erosion in south facing catchments. This data confirms that the tectonic tilting of the Ladakh Range and active rock uplift (~ 1 mm/yr) on the northern side of the range has had a significant impact on the rate of erosive geomorphic processes. However, the increased erosion on the northern side of the range is not keeping pace with rock uplift on the northern side of the range. Morphometric analysis shows that the maximum and average elevations increase at nearly the same rate across the Ladakh Range with higher elevation on the northern side. This precludes the possibility of long-term denudational unloading from having a significant feedback into the tectonic tilting of the range.

- by Lewis A Owen
- •
- Geology, Active Tectonics, Landscape Evolution, Morphometric Analysis

In this work we investigate the self-organized critical (SOC) properties of palaeosurfaces with the aim of distinguishing regions with a different Quaternary tectonic activity. Palaeosurface reconstruction provides information on palaeo-environments and a method of assessing neotectonic effects. Techniques such as remote sensing and GIS can give a useful means for the rapid and insightfull quantification of spatial data properties. The

ÖZET Son yıllarda önemi artan morfometrik çalışmalar yani yüzeyin şekillenmesi ve etkili olan nedenlerin belirlenmesi, coğrafyanın bilim dallarından jeomorfolojinin içerisinde önemli bir yer tutmaktadır. Bu anlamda farklı araştırmacılar tarafından birçok morfometrik indis geliştirilmiş ve yaygın olarak kullanılmaktadır. Hiç şüphesiz bu indisler sonucunda elde edilen sayılar tek başına bir anlam ifade etmez. Bu değerlerin yorumlanması gerekir. Bu çalışmada yaygın olarak kullanılan jeomorfometrik analizlerden; Akarsu Uzunluk Oranı (Rl), Drenaj Yoğunluğu (Dd), Akarsu Sıklığı (Fs), Havza Rölyefi (Bh), Engebelilik Değeri (Rn), Tekstür Oranı (Rt), Vadi Genişlik-Yükseklik Oranı (V), Hipsometrik Eğri, Hipsometrik İntegral (Hi) analizleri kullanılarak Beyazçay Havzası değerlendirilmektedir. Çalışmada 1/25000 ölçekli topoğrafya paftaları Coğrafi Bilgi Sistemleri (CBS) ortamına aktarılarak Sayısal Yükseklik Modeli, Eğim, Bakı ve Kabartma katmanları üretilmiştir. Beyazçay Havzasında Litolojik birimlerde görülen farklılık drenaj yapısına yansımaktadır. Farklı litolojik birimler üzerinde gelişen drenaj ağı ile hesaplanan indis değerleri farklı sonuçlar vermektedir. ABSTRACT In recent years, a considerable increase in morphometric studies (i.e. surface features and their identified reasons) occupy an important place in geomorphology which is a dicipline of geography. For this reason, different researchers have improved a lot of morphometric indices and this indices are used commonly. Undoubtely, numbers obtained from indices does not mean singly. This values should be interpreted. In this study, the commonly used geomorphological analysis (River Length Ratio (Rl), Drainage Density (Dd) , Frequency of River (Fs), Basin Relief (Bh), Ruggedness Number (Rn), Texture Ratio (Rt), Valley's Wideness vs Height Ratio (V), Hypsometric Curve (Hc), Hypsometric Integral(Hi)) are appliyed for evaluating the Beyazçay Basin. By transferring the 1/25000 scaled topography map sheets into Geographic Information System (GIS) ,Digital Elevation Model, slope, aspect and hillshade layers are produced. In Beyazçay Basin, the differences in Lithologic units affect drainage structure. Indices values which are calculated from drainage network from different Lithologic units gives different results.

- by İsmail Ölmez
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- Morphometrics, Geomorphometry, Basin analysis, Morphometric Analysis

The importance of drainage basin as a planning unit for water resources development and management cannot be overemphasized and this requires accurate characterization of the drainage basin. This study takes a closer look at the Osun drainage basin with a view to updating the existing records, estimate the morphometric features and make hydrological inferences. The data used in this study include a 30m resolution Digital Elevation Model (DEM) acquired from the United State Geological Survey (USGS), geology map of Nigeria acquired from Nigeria Geological Survey Agency (NGSA), Harmonized World Soil Database (HWSD) prepared by the Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO), and the 1991 locality population data of Nigeria acquired from National Population Commission (NPC). Remote sensing and GIS techniques were adopted in the analysis of the data using ArcGIS 10.2. The acquired DEM was used to delineate Osun drainage basin and 21 morphometric parameters were estimated. The results revealed that Osun drainage basin is a 4th order drainage basin, with an area of 9926.22km 2 , and a length of 213.08km. The area covered by the two geology types and the four soil types were quantified and it revealed that 93.28% of the basin is underlain by the Basement Complex rocks, while 50.89% of the basin is covered by sandy clay loam soil. All these will influence the basin discharge rate, chances of flood occurrence, peak flow, infiltration rate and recharging of the Osun basin groundwater system among others. Based on these results, this study serves as a scientific database for further detailed hydrological investigation of Osun drainage basin while benefiting the sustainable drainage basin management and development programmes of the Ogun-Osun Rivers Basins Development Authority.

- by Eniola Damilola Ashaolu
- •
- Nigerian Literature, Water, Morphometrics, Hydrology

We used quantitative scanning acoustic microscopy (SAM) to assess tissue acoustic impedance and microstructure of cortical bone of human radii with the aim to provide data on regional distribution of acoustic impedance along the circumferential and across the radial directions in the entire cross-section of the radius diaphysis as well as to determine the range of impedance values in transverse (perpendicular to bone axis) and longitudinal (parallel to bone axis) cross-sections. Several microstructural features related to cortical porosity were analyzed in order to determine whether these features differ in different parts of the cortex and to assess the relationship between the microstructure and tissue acoustic impedance. Fifteen fresh bone specimens (human radius) were investigated using a SAM (center frequency of 50 MHz and −6 dB lateral resolution of approximately 23 µm). The sample acoustic impedance was obtained by means of a calibration curve correlating the reflected signal amplitude of reference materials with their corresponding well-known acoustic impedance. Tissue acoustic impedance and microstructural features were derived from the morphometric analysis of the segmented impedance images. A higher porosity was found in the inner cortical layer (mean ± SD = 8.9 ± 2.3%) compared to the peripheral layer (2.7 ± 1.5%) (paired t-test, p b 10 − 5 ). ANOVA showed that most of the variance can be explained by the regional effect across the radial direction with a minor contribution due to between-sample variability. Similar to porosity, the number and diameter of pores were greater in the inner layer. In contrast to porosity, ANOVA showed that impedance variability can mostly be explained by between-specimen variability. Two-way ANOVA revealed that after compensation for the between-sample variability the variation in acoustic impedance across the radial direction was much larger than that along the circumferential direction. In addition to the significant difference between the inner cortical layer (8.25 ± 0.4 Mrayl) and peripheral layer (8.0 ± 0.5 Mrayl) (unilateral paired t-test, p b 10 − 4 ), the values in the anterior region (8.2 ± 0.5 Mrayl) were found to be significantly higher than those of the posterior region (7.9 ± 0.6 Mrayl). Impedance mean value of longitudinal sections was lower than mean value measured in transverse cross-sections, resulting in an impedance acoustic anisotropy ratio of 1.17 ± 0.03 in the inner cortical layer and 1.19 ± 0.02 in the peripheral layer. SAM is a valuable tool to provide data on the spatial distribution of microstructural and microelastic bone properties that is useful to improve our understanding of the impact of bone microstructure on tissue material properties.

- by Ingrid Leguerney and +1
- •
- Engineering, Anisotropy, Biological Sciences, Porosity

This paper focuses on the design of a robotic arm inspired to the anatomy and morphology of an octopus arm. The octopus is a boneless animal and its amazing dexterity is due to its muscular structure where longitudinal (axial), transverse (radial) and oblique muscles seamlessly interact while preserving hydrostaticity i.e. volume conservation ("muscular hydrostat" [19]). Mimicking some features of the octopus is instrumental to design a dexterous and compliant system. After analysing the relevant anatomical and morphological characteristics of the octopus arm, the key biomechanical features of interest to the design of a robotic arm have been identified. A design methodology has been developed based on the analysis of the muscular hydrostat properties. A prototype arm has been built using bespoke contracting pneumatic muscles and expanding elements. In the current stage of development the system has 15 actuated degrees of motion (DOM) and 8 degrees of freedom (DOF), all independently controllable through valves and a dedicated electronics and software interface. Pros and cons of the current design as well as practical prototyping trade-offs are thoroughly described.

- by Emanuele Guglielmino
- •
- Design Methodology, Morphometric Analysis, Robot Arm, Artificial Muscle
- by Ada Czerwonogora
- •
- Evolutionary Biology, Geology, Morphometrics, Ecology

Recently discovered bone implements from Middle Stone Age (MSA) deposits at Sibudu Cave, South Africa, confirm the existence of a bone tool industry for the Howiesons Poort (HP) technocomplex. Previously, an isolated bone point from Klasies River provided inconclusive evidence. This paper describes three bone tools: two points and the end of a polished spatula-shaped piece, from unequivocal HP layers at Sibudu Cave (with ages greater than w61 ka). Comparative microscopic and morphometric analysis of the Sibudu specimens together with bone tools from southern African Middle and Later Stone Age (LSA) deposits, an Iron Age occupation, nineteenth century Bushman hunter-gatherer toolkits, and bone tools used experimentally in a variety of tasks, reveals that the Sibudu polished piece has use-wear reminiscent of that on bones experimentally used to work animal hides. A slender point is consistent with a pin or needle-like implement, while a larger point, reminiscent of the single specimen from Peers Cave, parallels large un-poisoned bone arrow points from LSA, Iron Age and historical Bushman sites. Additional support for the Sibudu point having served as an arrow tip comes from backed lithics in the HP compatible with this use, and the recovery of older, larger bone and lithic points from Blombos Cave, interpreted as spear heads. If the bone point from the HP layers at Sibudu Cave is substantiated by future discoveries, this will push back the origin of bow and bone arrow technology by at least 20,000 years, and corroborate arguments in favour of the hypothesis that crucial technological innovations took place during the MSA in Africa.

- by Francesco D'Errico
- •
- Archaeology, Geochemistry, Archaeological Science, Technological Innovation

Evaluation of the morphometric parameters requires preparation of drainage map, contour map, ordering of the various streams and measurements of catchment area, perimeter, relative relief, relief ratio, length of drainage channels, drainage density, drainage frequency, bifurcation ratio, texture ratio, circulatory ratio and constant channel maintenance, which help to understand the nature of the drainage basin. The present study involves the Geographic Information System (GIS) analysis techniques to evaluate and compare linear, relief and aerial morphometry of the five subwatersheds of Song River (tributary of the Ganga River) with special reference to landslide incidences, for future development and planning of the watershed. Jakhan Rao, Song River, Bandal Nadi, Baldi Nadi and Suswa Nadi are the five major subwatersheds of the Song River basin. All the subwatersheds are basically of 5 th to 6 th order. Drainage patterns are mainly dendritic to sub dendritic. The drainage pattern of the Song River basin is mainly structurally controlled and the area is characterized by high to moderate relief. The asymmetric factor indicates that the tectonic rotation of the four subwatersheds is upward on the right side of the drainage basin and only one sub-watershed is downward. The numbers of the landslide incidences are also more in the upward side, than the downward side of the Song River basin.

Geo-visualization concept has been used for positioning water harvesting structures in Varekhadi watershed consisting of 26 mini watersheds, falling in Lower Tapi Basin (LTB), Surat district, Gujarat state. For prioritization of the mini watersheds, morphometric analysis was utilized by using the linear parameters such as bifurcation ratio (Rb), drainage density (Dd), stream frequency (Fu), texture ratio (T), length of overland flow (Lo) and the shape parameter such as form factor (Rf), shape factor (Bs), elongation ratio (Re), compactness constant (Cc) and circularity ratio (Rc). The different prioritization ranks were assigned after evaluation of the compound factor. 3 Dimensional (3D) Elevation Model (DEM) from Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) and DEM from topo contour were analyzed in ArcScene 9.1 and the fly tool was utilized for the Geo-visualization of Varekhadi mini watersheds as per the priority ranks. Combining this with soil map and slope map, the best feasibility of positioning check dams in mini-watershed no. 1, 5 and 24 has been proposed, after validation of the sites.

- by Geo Balan
- •
- Geomatic Engineering, Morphometric Analysis, Dimensional, Overland Flow

La microcuenca de drenaje de la quebrada Curucutí se ubica en la vertiente norte del Macizo del Ávila (10º33’08”-10º36’23” LN y 66º57’38”-66º59’14” LO), en el sector centro occidental del estado Vargas (Venezuela). Este pequeño sistema fue una de las más de veinte cuencas que se activaron hidromorfodinámicamente, como respuesta a las excepcionales precipitaciones ocurridas en Diciembre de 1999, en el Litoral Central de Venezuela. Es por ello que el propósito de este trabajo es, analizar e interpretar la dinámica hidrogeomorfológica de la microcuenca de drenaje de la quebrada Curucutí, en términos del control que ejercen sus parámetros morfométricos en las características de la respuesta hidrológica. La metodología comprendió: (a) Cálculos y mediciones de parámetros morfométricos de la microcuenca y de su red de drenaje, con apoyo en cartas topográficas del área a escalas 1:5.000 y 1:10.000, y ortofotomapa a escala 1:25.000; (b) cálculo del tiempo de concentración de la microcuenca, y de la velocidad media del flujo; y (c) estimación de los hidrogramas unitarios y caudales pico de crecientes. También se realizó un trabajo de campo, para medir el ancho de la sección hidráulica de interés (ápice del abanico). La microcuenca de drenaje de la quebrada Curucutí, es un sistema hidrogeomorfológico cuya respuesta hidrológica está determinada por la pequeña área del mismo, fuertes pendientes en las vertientes y cauces del sector montañoso, la densidad de drenaje media, el orden 5 de la microcuenca, una relación de bifurcación media de 3,73, alta torrencialidad, las dimensiones de las tormentas y la intensidad y duración de las lluvias. En breves palabras, la respuesta hidrológica de la microcuenca, es condicionada y controlada por las características morfométricas del sistema y de su red de drenaje. Los cortos tiempos de concentración, así como las magnitudes estimadas de los caudales pico de crecientes y los picos y tiempos al pico de los hidrogramas unitarios obtenidos, corroboran la influencia que ejercen las características fisiográficas de la microcuenca y la estructura de la red de drenaje, en las respuestas rápidas y violentas del sistema. Ello definen escenarios críticos de inundaciones, para eventos de períodos de retorno de 50, 100 y 500 años principalmente, y en el peor de los casos de 1000 años. Este trabajo aporta elementos de gran importancia para la concepción y/o reevaluación de ser el caso, del diseño hidráulico e hidrológico de estructuras para el control de crecientes y de sedimentos, así como para el análisis, evaluación y zonificación de la amenaza por inundaciones, y el diseño de sistemas de alertas tempranas.

- by Williams José Méndez Mata
- •
- Geomorphology, Hydrology, Fluvial Geomorphology, Watershed Hydrology

Sediment Yield Index (SYI) model and results of morphometric analysis have been used to prioritize watersheds and to locate sites for checkdam positioning in Tarafeni watershed in Midnapur district. West Bengal. Various thematic maps such as land use/land cover, slope, drainage, soil etc. were prepared from 1RS ID LISS III digital data, SOI toposheets of 1:50,000 scale and other reference maps. Morphometric parameters such as bifurcation ratio (Rb). drainage density (Dd), texture ratio (T), length of overland flow (Lo), stream frequency (Fu), compactness coefficient (Cc), circularity ratio (Rc), elongation ratio (Er), shape factor (Bs) and form factor (Rf) were computed. Automated demarcation of prioritization of micro-watersheds was done by using GIS overlaying technique by assigning weight factors to all the identified features in each thematic map and ranks were assigned to the morphometric parameters. Five categories of priority viz., very high, high, medium, low and very low, were given to all the watersheds in both the methods. Sixty-two micro-watersheds using SYI method and twenty-three micro-watersheds using morphometric have been prioritized as very high priority. Final priority map was prepared by considering the commonly occurred very high-prioritized micro-watersheds in both SYI model and morphometric analysis. Twenty-four suitable sites were identified for check dam construction in 21 highly prioritized watersheds. It is proved that integrated study of SYI model and morphometric analysis yield good result in prioritization of watersheds.

- by Y K Srivastava
- •
- Remote Sensing, Geomatic Engineering, West Bengal, Thematic Maps

Brandoni, Ferrero, Brunetto (2010, JVP)

- by Diego Brandoni
- •
- Evolutionary Biology, Geology, Ecology, Vertebrate Paleontology

To investigate external facial morphology and cell proliferation patterns and their relationship with cleft lip malformation in mice, we need to compare samples of mice tissue photographs and surface reconstructions from micro-CT scans obtained from mouse embryos. Tissue samples obtained through digital photography are typically misaligned with respect to each other, which prevents further analysis. We have developed a system for fast interactive alignment of these image stacks for volume reconstruction and data visualization and analysis in 3D. The system is designed to work in multiprocessor environments and can utilize an arbitrary number of processors, cutting down significantly the turnaround time and allowing users to quickly process sets of hundreds of high resolution images using a combination of automated and interactive tools. Additional modules are used to reconstruct the shape of the original subject. Our system is interactive, fully scalable and can be applied to any photographic sliced dataset, regardless of subject and reduces significantly the processing time for stack alignment.

- by Julia Boughner and +1
- •
- Digital Photography, Parallel Processing, Image Registration, Data Visualization

The taxonomy of the five Crataegus taxa indigenous in Flanders was studied through a morphometric analysis. The applicability of the taxonomic treatments of Christensen, the botanical authority on Crataegus in Europe, was evaluated. Leaf and fruit characteristics were analysed for a total of 186 individuals. The results show that C. monogyna and C. laevigata can easily be differentiated. The putative hybrids C. ×media, C. ×subsphaerica and C. ×macrocarpa are more difficult to delineate. C. ×media, the putative hybrid between C. monogyna and C. laevigata, shows a remarkably large range and overlap with both parental species for most of the characters studied. This phenotypic variation could be due to a shift in morphological characters through several generations of backcrossing with the parental species.

Sexing individuals in a population is important in many ecological and life‐history studies. Since many bird species are monomorphic, non‐invasive tools are necessary for sex determination. In this study we utilized flow cytometry to sex individuals in a moorhen population of northern Italy. By improving previous laboratory protocols, we were able to obtain clear and repeatable measures of DNA content

- by Giorgio Malacarne
- •
- Zoology, Flow Cytometry, Life history, Gender Discrimination

Die morphologische Variabilität dentaler Strukturen, bei Haien der Familie der Carcharhinidae, ist
sowohl innerhalb als auch zwischen den Arten unzureichend erforscht. Ohne Kenntnis der artspezifischen
Parameter ist eine genaue taxonomische Klassifizierung von fossilen Haien anhand der Zähne
jedoch unmöglich. Die umfassende Analyse der dentalen Strukturen rezenter carcharhinider Haie nach
artspezifischen Merkmalen wurde genutzt, um die Ergebnisse auf die nächsten fossilen Verwandten zu
übertragen. Besonderes Augenmerk galt darüber hinaus dem morphologischen Vergleich fossiler Zähne
westatlantischer und zentralasiatischer Herkunft. Es wurde ein morphometrisches Analyseverfahren
entwickelt, dass entgegen bestehender Methoden, gänzlich auf manuelle Datengewinnung verzichtet. Für
die neue Methode der automatisierten algorithmischen Morphometrie (AAM) wurden erstmals, anhand
von 2340 Einzelzähnen von 112 Individuen aus 41 Arten rezenter Carcharhinidae, die wesentlichen artspezifischen
Merkmalskomplexe definiert und in ein Analyseprogramm samt Datenbank übertragen. Die
Einzeluntersuchung der einzelnen Spezies nach Gesichtspunkten ontogenetischer, sexueller bzw. mono-/
dignather Heterodontie sowie intra- und interspezifischer Varianz der Zahnmorphologie zeigte, dass carcharhinide
Haie allein mit Hilfe zahnmorphologischer Merkmale identifiziert werden können und diese
Merkmale für systematische Zwecke geeignet sind. Der Erfolg der systematischen Zuordnung steht aber
in direkter Abhängigkeit zur Zahnposition und zur betrachteten Spezies. Der Einfluss der Heterodontie
auf die taxonomische Aussagekraft ist mitunter enorm, so dass die Eindeutigkeit der taxonomischen
Klassifizierung stark begrenzt wird. Es existiert eine enorme Bandbreite an morphologischen Überschneidungen
und Durchdringungen, sowohl innerhalb der Arten als auch art- bzw. gattungsübergreifend.
Beim Vergleich allein anhand einzelner Zähne, sowohl fossiler als auch rezenter Herkunft, ist es in vielen
Fällen nicht feststellbar, ob noch innerartliche Varianz oder bereits artliche Differenz vorliegt. Aus den
Erkenntnissen der morphometrischen Analyse und deren Übertragung auf die fossilen Belege, ergab sich
die Notwendigkeit, fossile Zähne carcharhinider Haie zukünftig, neben dem bestehenden deskriptiven
Verfahren der Taxonomie, zusätzlich funktionsmorphologisch zu beurteilen. Dazu wurden erstmals sechs
funktionsmorphologische Gruppen definiert, mit deren Hilfe vor allem ökologische Schlussfolgerungen
bei der Bewertung fossiler Zähne möglich sind.

- by Ronny Maik Leder
- •
- Paleobiology, Paleontology, Geometric Morphometrics, Sharks

... Researchers have dealt with geology ([Pasini, 1960], [Skrivanek, 1964] and [Casoli, 1973]), hydrology (Piccini, 2002), geomorphology ([Piccini, 1994] and [Piccini et al ... has 14 entrances, the highest of which opens at 1637 m asl,... more

- by Leonardo Piccini
- •
- Geology, Geomorphology, Sea Level, Surface Morphology

We perform discriminative analysis of brain structures using morphometric information. Spherical harmonics technique and point distribution model are used for shape description. Classification is performed using linear discriminants and support vector machines with several feature selection approaches. We consider both inclusion and exclusion of volume information in the discrimination. We perform extensive experimental studies by applying different combinations of techniques to hippocampal data in schizophrenia and achieve best jackknife classification accuracies of 95% (whole set) and 90% (right-handed males), respectively. Our results find that the left hippocampus is a better predictor than the right in the complete dataset, but that the right hippocampus is a stronger predictor than the left in the right-handed male subset. We also propose a new method for visualization of discriminative patterns.