Old French Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)
The establishment of feudal principalities in the Levant in the wake of the First Crusade (1095-1099) saw the beginning of a centuries-long process of conquest and colonization of lands in the eastern Mediterranean by French-speaking... more
The establishment of feudal principalities in the Levant in the wake of the First Crusade (1095-1099) saw the beginning of a centuries-long process of conquest and colonization of lands in the eastern Mediterranean by French-speaking Europeans. This book examines different aspects of the life and literary culture associated with this French-speaking society. It is the first study of the crusades to bring questions of language and culture so intimately into conversation. Taking an interdisciplinary approach to the study of the crusader settlements in the Levant, this book emphasizes hybridity and innovation, the movement of words and people across boundaries, seas and continents, and the negotiation of identity in a world tied partly to Europe but thoroughly embedded in the Mediterranean and Levantine context.
Genève, Droz, coll. "Texte courant", 2021
Questa sintetica guida è un invito alla lettura del ciclo di prose cavalleresche noto come Lancillotto-Graal: la prima parte esplora la formazione della leggenda di re Artù e lo sviluppo di racconti indipendenti sul Graal, su Lancillotto... more
Questa sintetica guida è un invito alla lettura del ciclo di prose cavalleresche noto come Lancillotto-Graal: la prima parte esplora la formazione della leggenda di re Artù e lo sviluppo di racconti indipendenti sul Graal, su Lancillotto e Merlino; nella seconda parte sono illustrate la struttura del ciclo in prosa e la sua trasmissione nei manoscritti, le principali tecniche narrative elaborate dagli anonimi prosatori, le questioni interpretative più salienti e, per finire, la fortuna del testo dal Medioevo ai giorni nostri.
Seul acteur économique de la vie des campagnes pendant des siècles, le domaine rural a laissé une empreinte profonde dans la toponymie. La trace laissée se révèle être fort ancienne, car on y trouve des descendants d’anciennes structures... more
Seul acteur économique de la vie des campagnes pendant des siècles, le domaine rural a laissé une empreinte profonde dans la toponymie. La trace laissée se révèle être fort ancienne, car on y trouve des descendants d’anciennes structures agraires de l’époque médiévale comme « l’alleu », « le manse », « le fief », « la bachellerie », « la condamine », « la pagésie », « la colonge », « la curtis », « la villa » ou « l’affar ».
Les caractéristiques précises et juridiques de ces anciennes structures sont le plus souvent mal connues, d’autant plus qu’elles pouvaient varier d’une région à une autre, selon la coutume locale. Il n’en demeure pas moins que ces appellations ont perduré jusqu’à nos jours, avec le sens général de « ferme, métairie, exploitation agricole » même si parfois le terme d’origine s’est transformé. Ainsi le « manse » est devenu « mas », la « curtis » est devenue « cour » et l’affar se retrouve dans l’occitan « fara ».
Enfin d’autres domaines agricoles sont présents sous des vocables plus récents comme la bastide, la borde, la borie, l’héritier ou le magne.
Bien plus que les terres fertiles considérées sommes toutes comme naturelles, les terres ingrates, impropres à la culture ont suffisamment frappées les esprits dans le monde rural pour laisser une très large place dans la toponymie. Cette... more
Bien plus que les terres fertiles considérées sommes toutes comme naturelles, les terres ingrates, impropres à la culture ont suffisamment frappées les esprits dans le monde rural pour laisser une très large place dans la toponymie.
Cette frustration de l’exploitant au regard des territoires sans culture, et donc sans rapport financier, peut se manifester par des appellations qui sont en rapport avec le désert, les friches, les terres épuisées par une culture trop ancienne, les terres stériles par la nature du sol, les endroits où ne pousse que la bruyère identifiée comme étant la végétation que l’on ne rencontre que dans les endroits désertiques, comme les landes. Certaines appellations rappellent aussi les endroits destinés à des aménagements ruraux empêchant la mise en culture, comme les aires de battage des grains ou même, des champs qui ne sont pas mis en valeur tout simplement du fait d’absence d’exploitant.
Much more than the fertile lands which are all regarded as natural situation , the ungrateful lands unfit for cultivation have sufficiently minted the minds in the countryside in order to leave a very large place in the place names.
This frustration of the farmer in terms of uncultivated territories, and so without any financial report, is pointed by typical designations that are related to desert area, to wastelands, to exhausted land by a too ancient culture, to barren land due to typical soil, where only the heather grows identified to be the only vegetation that is found in desert areas, such as moors. Some names also recall the places intended for rural facilities preventing the cultivation, such as threshing floors of grain or even, fields that are not profitable simply because of lack of a farmer.
This article explores the role of hunting birds in the definition of the knight in twelfth-and thirteenth-century French chivalric literature. After some introductory remarks on the identity-shaping role of hawks in the hunting practices... more
This article explores the role of hunting birds in the definition of the knight in twelfth-and thirteenth-century French chivalric literature. After some introductory remarks on the identity-shaping role of hawks in the hunting practices of medieval aristocracy, the article focuses on the multi-faceted identity correlation between knights and hawks across romance and epic poems. The analysis of episodes drawn from various texts provides evidence of three levels of this human/animal relationship: the use of hawks as aristocratic and chivalric badges (Octavian, Enfances Vivien, Guillaume d'Angleterre); the use of hawks as visual doubles of knights ( Anseÿs de Metz , Erec et Enide, Lai de Yonec); the representation of the link between knight and hawk as a flow of actions and values going in both directions of the human/animal divide (Jean Renart's L'Escoufle). Through this analysis, the study demonstrates that chivalric literature established between knights and hawks a multi-layered and twofold identity shift, which contributed to convey the ambiguities of the knightly ethical model.
In Chrétien’s Erec et Enide, depending on the redaction, there are 80 to 100+ characters named, significantly more than in any of his other Arthurian poems. Using prosopographic techniques my paper will examine the names of those... more
In Chrétien’s Erec et Enide, depending on the redaction, there are 80 to 100+ characters named, significantly more than in any of his other Arthurian poems. Using prosopographic techniques my paper will examine the names of those characters; the origins of those names; their use in Erec; and how consistent Chrétien was in the role of those characters in his later poems.
I will argue that, in writing Erec et Enide, Chrétien was laying the foundations for an entire series of Arthurian stories. This does not mean he had a clear vision of the later tales he wanted to tell. Rather, I will argue, the names offer evidence of the poet’s awareness of the rich literary and oral tradition he wanted to draw on, including Wace, non- Arthurian Breton lays, and other names obliquely derived from Welsh or other Celtic traditions. Sometimes, the names were used out of context. In other cases the actual names, possibly in prior transmission or by Chrétien himself, were wrongly translated or transcribed, with some characters occasionally being recreated in forms quite alien to their origin. Viewed as a whole, the way Chrétien initially used these names, and then recast some characters’ roles in later poems, either intentionally or unwittingly, has much to tell us about his overall approach to his work.
A heavily truncated version of this paper was presented at the Fourth Annual Symposium on Medieval and Renaissance Studies in St Louis, Missouri, USA in June 2016.
Anlässlich der 700 Jahre jüdischer Präsenz im historischen Tirol vereint der hier vorliegende Band neue literarische und historisch-archäologische Erkenntnisse. Die Forschungsergebnisse ergänzen die Geschichte im eigentlichen Sinn und die... more
Anlässlich der 700 Jahre jüdischer Präsenz im historischen Tirol vereint der hier vorliegende Band neue literarische und historisch-archäologische Erkenntnisse. Die Forschungsergebnisse ergänzen die Geschichte im eigentlichen Sinn und die Geschichte der jüdischen Buchkultur vom Mittelalter bis zur Neuzeit. Wertvolle jüdische Textfragmente aus Tiroler Bibliotheken und Archiven zeugen vom judaistisch-philologischen Reichtum der Funde. Zusätzlich werden Einblicke präsentiert in die fragmentierte Geschichte des Judentums in Tirol von Juden als Randgruppe und Minderheit, in jüdisch-christliche Konversionen, den Judenschutz, sowie in die Architekturgeschichte und jüdische Friedhöfe.
Les arbres remarquables comme le chêne, le châtaignier, le bouleau et autres essences marquent fréquemment d'une façon spécifique la toponymie. Cette présence fait l'objet d'ailleurs d'une étude spécifique de cet ouvrage. Mais il existe... more
Les arbres remarquables comme le chêne, le châtaignier, le bouleau et autres essences marquent fréquemment d'une façon spécifique la toponymie. Cette présence fait l'objet d'ailleurs d'une étude spécifique de cet ouvrage. Mais il existe bien sûr également des termes plus généraux dans les appellations des noms de lieux relatant la présence de bois et de forêts. Ces termes peuvent se regrouper en trois séries distinctes. Tout d'abord, une série désignant la forêt au sens large, et nous trouvons ici les termes abondants descendants du latin médiéval boscus, d'origine germanique, qui a donné le français « bois », ainsi que les appellatifs, moins nombreux, issus du latin silva. Dans cette série, nous rangerons également les toponymes que nous proposons provenir du celtique *vidu « bois ». Cette interprétation permettant d'expliquer l'abondance anormale des appellations du type bois vieux, vieux bois, bos vieux, où il nous paraît que le terme « vieux » ne doit pas être compris comme l'adjectif au sens de « ancien », mais provient de l'évolution linguistique de *vidu qui n'a plus été comprise. Une deuxième série est caractérisée par le fait que la forêt est désignée par une métonymie, c'est à dire que l'ensemble des arbres est assimilé soit à un ensemble de branches (latin médiéval branca, et garna), un ensemble de feuilles (latin fŏlĭum et celtique *dula) ou un ensemble de fûts (latin fustis). La troisième série concerne les toponymes issus du celtique *volto « chevelure » et qui sont les désignations métaphoriques des arbres, ceux-ci étant comparés à des entités chevelues du fait de leurs feuillages. Cette racine celtique se retrouve dans les appellations issues du latin médiéval gaudus, passé en occitan sous la forme gâoudo désignant la forêt. Toutes les interprétations proposées pour les différents toponymes relevés sont toujours documentées par une référence bibliographique qui fait l'objet d'un renvoi en note de bas de page. Les notes bibliographiques de ce chapitre sont indiquées au format [ABC ; x ; y] où « ABC » représente le titre et l'auteur de l'ouvrage ainsi qu'indiqué dans la bibliographie jointe, « x », représente le n° de volume éventuel et « y » la page concernée.
La profusion des cours d'eau, des sources et des marais dans le paysage de la Corrèze a laissé une trace importante dans la toponymie au travers des appellations qui évoquent la végétation qui se complet dans les sols humides. Ce sont... more
La profusion des cours d'eau, des sources et des marais dans le paysage de la Corrèze a laissé une trace importante dans la toponymie au travers des appellations qui évoquent la végétation qui se complet dans les sols humides. Ce sont donc l'osier, les roseaux, l'iris des marais, le cresson d'eau, le jonc, l'aulne, le peuplier blanc, le saule, qui sont à l'honneur dans ce chapitre au travers de différentes racines issues du celtique, du latin, du germanique reprises le plus souvent par l'occitan. Il arrive que l'interprétation à faire des appellations relatives à cette végétation a été oublié, c'est le cas du toponyme Estorts, issu du latin stŏrěa « natte de jonc » et qui désigne d'une façon particulièrement imagée un territoire recouvert de joncs. Parfois le sens de ces appellations a fait l'objet d'une attribution par trop abusive à un personnage supposé, comme par exemple pour les trop nombreux toponymes Juillac qui ne peuvent être tous d'anciens « domaines de Julius », mais sont tout simplement des parcelles marécageuses où le jonc abonde, ces appellations étant en fait issues du latin médiéval gulia désignant le jonc. Sur le même thème des attributions patronymiques hasardeuses, on peut douter des interprétations relatives à de supposés « domaines d'Albert », pour des toponymes comme Laubertie, l'Aubertie, ou Puyaubert car le latin médiéval albareta bien attesté et désignant un « endroit planté de peupliers blanc » nous incite à penser que ces toponymes décrivent d'anciennes parcelles boisées par cette essence végétale. Il arrive également que le sens des toponymes soit confondu avec un autre terme de consonance similaire, c'est le cas des innombrables Rosiers, issus par le germanique du latin médiéval rosaria et rosetum et désignant une terre couverte de roseaux, que l'on interprète faussement comme des « jardins remplis de roses, des roseraies », et on admettra facilement que le ruisseau le Roseix, ne peut être que le ruisseau des roseaux et non des roses. On trouve également d'une façon systématique dans les études réalisées une interprétation des toponymes du type la Vigerie comme étant des possessions d'un vigier, c'est-à-dire d'un agent seigneurial chargé au moyen âge de percevoir des redevances. Le nombre impressionnant des toponymes de cette famille (la Vigère, Vigier) conduit à penser qu'il s'agit en fait de parcelles couvertes d'osier car issus de l'occitan vijhêiro « oseraie ». D'autres thèmes concernant ces végétaux des bords des cours d'eau et des marais n'ont pas fait l'objet jusqu'à présent d'identifications. Il s'agit par exemple de l'iris des marais, en occitan flambo, d'où Femblat autrefois Flambat, du saule marsault en ancien français bourseau, d'où Bourzat. Toutes les interprétations proposées pour les différents toponymes relevés sont toujours documentées par une référence bibliographique qui fait l'objet d'un renvoi en note de bas de page. Les notes bibliographiques de ce chapitre sont indiquées au format [ABC ; x ; y] où ABC représente le titre et l'auteur de l'ouvrage ainsi qu'indiqué dans la bibliographie jointe, x, représente le n° de volume éventuel et y la page concernée.
Extraits du récit de voyage "Devisiment dou monde", de Marc Polo, version 1320 (BnF fr. 1116, accessible sur Gallica) focalisés sur:
le Badakshan/Balascian,
le Pamier,
le Wakhan/Vocan,
Eshkashem / Scasem,…
Dans l’environnement végétal, il est naturel que les grands arbres du fait de leurs imposantes statures, aient souvent plus particulièrement retenus l’attention des habitants d’une contrée. Ils étaient des points de repères pérennes de... more
Hawking (falconry) is the use of birds of prey in order to hunt or trap. It is demonstrated that this form of hunting was practiced by certain Jewish communities of medieval Northern France. Part I In his Shita Mekubetzet, Rabbi... more
Hawking (falconry) is the use of birds of prey in order to hunt or trap. It is demonstrated that this form of hunting was practiced by certain Jewish communities of medieval Northern France.
Part I
In his Shita Mekubetzet, Rabbi Betzalel Ashkenazi records a tradition, which maintains that Rabbenu Ya'akov ben Meir (Rabbenu Tam) used 'silver talons' on his own hawk for reasons of kashrut. It is argued that more likely is a historical attribution of the practice to Rabbi Isaac of Norwich, cited in Shita Mekubetzet according to the no-longer extant Tosafot Rabbenu Peretz on Tractate Hullin. Isaac was a leader of the English Jewish community, and was portrayed in an early anti-Semitic
caricature as a three-headed antichrist. The rationale for the 'silver talons' and its practicalities are discussed in light of the testimony and writings of modern falconers. A dispute between Tosafists regarding the practice of falconry is explained on the basis of variant identifications of נץ as either the hawk or the falcon.
Part II
A bible commentary attributed to Rabbenu Tam describes that Jacob gifted Esau with a hawk. Perhaps Rabbenu Tam personally identified with the role of the shtadlan as “played” by his namesake, the patriarch Jacob. Rabbi Joseph Bechor Shor, a student of Rabbenu Tam, authored a similar type of commentary in which a riverside encounter between Moses and Pharaoh takes place while Pharaoh is hawking. This scene was depicted in a Spanish Passover Haggadah. Another commentary of Bechor Shor is discussed, one having to do with the then-controversial
issue of kisui ha-dam, the commandment to cover the blood of a
slaughtered wild animal or bird. It is suggested that those Jews who allegorically absolved themselves of the commandment may have been motivated by the desire to remain inconspicuous in a mixed hunting environment.
Part III
The halakhic decision attributed to Rabbenu Ephraim of Regensburg (another prominent student of Rabbenu Tam), by Rabbi Yitzhak of Vienna (Or Zarua), prohibits Jews from tying a hawk to the saddle of a horse they are riding, as it is comparable to the biblical prohibition against plowing with an ox and a donkey in tandem. That contested decision was then interpreted by Or Zarua in a surprising manner, one which does not seem to correspond to the realities of hawking. The evolution of this law is discussed in depth, from two original responsa of Rabbenu Ephraim, through a lost section of the Sefer Ha-Dinim by
Rabbenu Peretz, to Or Zarua. This is explained in the context of Or
Zarua's own expressed fierce opposition to sport hunting, which has been contrasted by scholars with the actual French practice of hawking. Under Emperor Frederick II, a contemporary of Or Zarua and a noted falconer and scientist, the hunting practices evolved from an enjoyable means of sustenance, associated with, but not limited to, the royalty, to a bona fide royal sport. It is argued that Frederick's methods are more exemplary of the type of hunting to which Or Zarua reacted negatively, following the precedent of Talmudic opposition to Roman קניגיא/cynegeticus.
Furthermore, Or Zarua represented the isolationist perspective of the 'Pious of Ashkenaz' towards the secular world, as opposed to that of the 'Sages of France,' who took a more accommodating stance, in general.
An appendix discusses a halakhic decision from Rabbenu Tam's
Sepher Ha-Yashar, in which he proclaims and demonstrates his
knowledge of the practices of hawks and falcons. Dores, a category of forbidden birds, is defined by him as birds which consume other birds alive. In another responsum, he permits the consumption of the pheasant, a bird commonly hunted with the aid of hawks. "
Si les grands cours d'eau et les belles rivières comme la Corrèze, la Dordogne, la Vézère possèdent un nom qui leur est propre, il en va différemment pour les innombrables ruisselets, canaux, rigoles, et autres biefs de la Corrèze.... more
Si les grands cours d'eau et les belles rivières comme la Corrèze, la Dordogne, la Vézère possèdent un nom qui leur est propre, il en va différemment pour les innombrables ruisselets, canaux, rigoles, et autres biefs de la Corrèze. Pourtant la présence de ces petits cours d'eau sert bien souvent en toponymie à caractériser une parcelle, et sont le plus souvent à l'origine d'appellations dont le sens a été oublié. Parfois il est vrai, ces appellations se font sans beaucoup d'originalité, c'est le cas pour les très nombreux descendants du latin ăqua « eau », rīvus « rivière », gutta « goutte d'eau » … D'autres termes par contre, font appel à une caractéristique ressentie par ces cours d'eau qui peuvent être qualifiés de « purs, limpides », comme la Glane, dont l'appellation est issue d'une racine celtique. Ils peuvent être également qualifiés par la sonorité de l'écoulement des eaux comme la Couze avec une origine indo-européenne, ou par la vivacité des eaux comme dans le toponyme le Saillant. Un nombre important de ces appellations est relatif à la présence ancienne de canaux, de biefs de moulin, ou de simples rigoles d'irrigation des prés ayant pour antécédent des origines multiples et parfois obscures que seules quelques formes dialectales répertoriées permettent d'identifier. L'objet de ce chapitre est donc, au travers des différentes origines, latines, occitanes, gauloises, indoeuropéennes, de retracer le panorama de la présence dans la toponymie de la Corrèze de ces modestes cours d'eau. Les notes bibliographiques sont indiquées au format [ABX ; x ; y] où ABC représente le titre et l'auteur de l'ouvrage ainsi qu'indiqué dans la bibliographie jointe, x, représente le n° de volume éventuel et y la page concernée.
Collection of essays on medieval miscellany manuscripts
This volume aims at placing the large set of multilingual documents and codices from the Damascene “Qubbat al-khazna” on the map of Middle Eastern history as a corpus. So far, these texts have played a very minor role in Middle Eastern... more
This volume aims at placing the large set of multilingual documents and codices from the Damascene “Qubbat al-khazna” on the map of Middle Eastern history as a corpus. So far, these texts have played a very minor role in Middle Eastern history and if they have been noticed at all this was generally done within specific subfields such as biblical studies, Armenian studies, or Jewish studies, and there has hardly ever been a vision of these artefacts as one corpus with a shared history. Until the early twentieth century, this corpus was housed in a dome in the courtyard of the Umayyad Mosque in Damascus. This Qubbat al-khazna and its contents became known to scholarship from the late nineteenth century, having been “discovered” at around the same time as its famous sibling, the Geniza of the Ben Ezra Synagogue in Cairo. Both the Qubba and the Geniza served as depositories of worn-out books and disused documents, but there is one major difference that sets these two depositories apart, and this is also the main rationale for this volume: while the scholarly discovery of the Geniza has gradually generated a fully fledged field of research over the course of the last century, the Qubba has so far remained marginal in the field of Middle Eastern history.
The seventeen articles in this volume deal with the history of the Qubbat al-khazna (including its pre-19th century history, the role of European consuls and the agency of Ottoman stakeholders) as well as with specific sub-corpora (including Jewish texts, block-printed amulets, Christian Arabic texts as well as texts in Syriac, Greek, Latin, Old French and Armenian). These sub-corpora contain material spanning from the Late Antique period to the Middle Period and give a unique insight into the diverse linguistic, religious and scriptural traditions of its surrounding society.
Il presente lavoro si configura come uno studio analitico e sistematico delle varie componenti della versificazione dei cinque romanzi di Chrétien de Troyes (Erec et Enide, Cligès, Li Chevaliers de la Charrete, Li Chevaliers au lion e Li... more
Il presente lavoro si configura come uno studio analitico e sistematico delle varie componenti della versificazione dei cinque romanzi di Chrétien de Troyes (Erec et Enide, Cligès, Li Chevaliers de la Charrete, Li Chevaliers au lion e Li Contes del Graal), con l’obiettivo di riunire, vagliare e ampliare i precedenti sondaggi, cui fa per lo più difetto un’ottica complessiva. La tesi si struttura in tre sezioni: nel primo capitolo vengono illustrati i tratti principali della tecnica rimica di Chrétien (la varietà, la consistenza e la ricchezza delle terminazioni, i rimanti più frequenti, le rime tecniche, le connessioni foniche ed etimologiche i tra le parole-rima). Nel secondo capitolo viene, invece, analizzata la struttura ritmico-prosodica dell’ottosillabo: la distribuzione e la frequenza degli ictus nelle varie posizioni del verso, la collocazione delle pause interne e le combinazioni accentuali utilizzate dal romanziere. Il terzo capitolo verte, infine, sul rapporto tra la struttura metrica e la struttura sintattica: la coincidenza o l’assenza di coincidenza tra frase e distico (la cosiddetta ʽbrisure du coupletʼ), l’estensione dei periodi e il ricorso all’enjambement.
Following in the footsteps of the two conferences of Poitiers (Heresy and Bible translation in the Middle Ages and at the dawn of the Renaissance, October 27, 2017, Centre d’Études Supérieures de Civilisation Médiévale) and Alba Iulia... more
Following in the footsteps of the two conferences of Poitiers (Heresy and Bible translation in the Middle Ages and at the dawn of the Renaissance, October 27, 2017, Centre d’Études Supérieures de Civilisation Médiévale) and Alba Iulia (Vernacular Psalters and the Early Rise of Linguistic Identities, June 27-28, 2018, Museikon), the nucleus of researchers already collaborating in a previous Museikon publication (Vernacular Psalters and the Early Rise of Linguistic Identities: The Romanian Case, 2019) decided to expand the scope of their common effort and see how a comparative philological approach would work on a practical level. The idea of this collective research and paper came naturally in the early stages of the preparation of a future project dealing with a comparative approach of vernacular Psalters and Gospels both in relation to their high-prestige Greek, Latin, or Church Slavonic sources, and at an intravernacular level, where some of them could have influenced the others. The comparisons between vernacular translations are useful for the identification of translation clusters active in several languages and for the reconstruction of a pan-European forma mentis which shaped the early vernacular renderings of the Bible. The present paper is also an editorial test. While experimenting with format, the contributors equally tested how common publications such as this may be replicated in the near future, in a journal dedicated only to a comparative philological study of early Bible translations. The current subject (musical instruments terminology) was chosen in order to provide a representative prospective section of the entire corpus. New collaborators were invited to join in and contribute to the exploration of the more difficult aspects of the study, thus anticipating the opening of philology to a wider array of disciplines, according to the needs of the explored realia. Since the topic is far from being exhausted and since many European languages are not yet dealt with, the study will be continued in the next issue of Museikon.
This contribution aims to establish a graphematic theory of medieval writing and to demonstrate that the graphic signs admit, like any other level of language, a historical analysis through the parameters of variational linguistics. This... more
This contribution aims to establish a graphematic theory of medieval writing and to demonstrate that the graphic signs admit, like any other level of language, a historical analysis through the parameters of variational linguistics. This work defines four areas of language where the variation of spelling and punctuation occurs and puts forward the example of several manuscripts, covering the periods of the Old and the Middle French. The diamesic axis refers to the relations of correspondence or autonomy between the phonic and the graphic substances of language. The enunciative parameter concerns the relations of the written form to the recording of reported speech. The diastratic parameter is related to the variation of register between prestigious graphs or less valued graphs. The conceptional parameter allows for the classification of the punctuation traditions in relation to the textual typology established by Koch and Oesterreicher (2001), which opposes the linguistic forms proper to immediate communication and those specific to language of distance.
"Tesori svelati" - Roma, Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana, 2022, pp. 1-30.
Representatives of the various teams involved in this comparative research gathered at the CESCM in Poitiers for a workshop organised by the fesmar Partnership (Deconfundamus linguam eorum: Methodological Overview for the ‘Tower of... more
Representatives of the various teams involved in this comparative research gathered at the CESCM in Poitiers for a workshop organised by the fesmar Partnership (Deconfundamus linguam eorum: Methodological Overview for the ‘Tower of Bibles’ Project, January 24, 2020), where they discussed the details for future plans and collaborations, deciding, among others things, to continue the experimental collective research concerning the musical instruments terminology in the vernacular translations of the psalms. The main advantage is that it provides an in-depth exploratory survey of the pan-European corpus of texts. The current research also demonstrates that certain translation choices may be related to developments in art history, as the vernacular translations may be a part of a much larger cultural tradition, thus the need to continue the common paper until the subject provides enough theoretical material for a wider methodological debate.
Many discussions already started in the first collective paper (and several linguistic sections) could not be continued, due to the challenging access to libraries during the Covid-19 pandemic in 2020. The current paper simply bridges the extensive presentations from the first paper and the future ones from a third paper, to be published in 2021.
During the end of the thirteenth century and through the fourteenth century, French was a common second language in England. Many of these L2 speakers of French had little contact with continental varieties of medieval French and as a... more
During the end of the thirteenth century and through the fourteenth century, French was a common second language in England. Many of these L2 speakers of French had little contact with continental varieties of medieval French and as a result the French spoken in England (Anglo-Norman) quickly diverged, both syntactically and phonologically, from the French spoken at the time. This paper examines the decline of verb second (V2) in this dialect of medieval French as compared to the decline in continental varieties. It appears as though V2 declined more rapidly in Anglo-Norman than in other varieties, and it is argued that this is due to interference from L1 speakers of Middle English and their imperfect acquisition, over several generations, of Anglo-Norman.
... calve soriz. 'bat, chauve-souris', and Darmesteter-Blondheim (183) QLB' WRYS.. 18. ... talpe 'bat'. In other glosses talpe has the meaning 'chauve-souris'; see Greenberg... more
... calve soriz. 'bat, chauve-souris', and Darmesteter-Blondheim (183) QLB' WRYS.. 18. ... talpe 'bat'. In other glosses talpe has the meaning 'chauve-souris'; see Greenberg (53) and Darmesteter-Blondheim (979), which is also cited in FEW.21 Note that the Hebrew word 'T. LP ( ...
In the year 1900, inside the Qubbat al-khazna (the Umayyad Great Mosque courtyard), an important discovery was made: there were found documents related to the very same mosque, certificates of pilgrimage to Mecca, Qur’anic fragments,... more
In the year 1900, inside the Qubbat al-khazna (the Umayyad Great Mosque courtyard), an important discovery was made: there were found documents related to the very same mosque, certificates of pilgrimage to Mecca, Qur’anic fragments, Arabic and Turkish literary texts, parchment fragments in Latin language and script, as well as Latin fragments in Greek script, fragments in old French, Hebrew (also Samaritan texts), Armenian, Coptic, Syriac, Aramaic, as well as in Greek – attested both in Greek language and script and in Arabic language and Greek script. The entire ensemble of manuscripts dates back to the period spanning from the Late Antiquity to Modern times.
The aim of the paper is to shed light on the circumstances of this discovery – whose consistency and fate are often ignored or misread – and to offer a comprehensive outline of the materials found. In particular, some early Qur’anic fragments, which were a part of that find, will be presented and their palaeographical and codicological peculiarities highlighted.
The Old French word longuebart, with the meaning 'inhabitant of Southern Italy', is used in chronicles that deal with the war between the emperor Frederick II and the lords of Ibelin written in the Latin East. This article traces the... more
The Old French word longuebart, with the meaning 'inhabitant of Southern Italy', is used in chronicles that deal with the war between the emperor Frederick II and the lords of Ibelin written in the Latin East. This article traces the history that lies behind this unexpected use of the term examining medieval French, Latin and Italian texts of various kinds. Parole chiave: longobardi, lessicologia antico-francese, Oriente latino, etnonimi 1 I longobardi nella storiografia dell'Oriente latino Gli sviluppi francesi della forma tardo-latina LONGOBARDU(M) sono stati magi-stralmente ricostruiti da Marguerite Zweifel in una monografia pubblicata quasi un secolo fa (Zweifel 1921). Vorrei in queste pagine arricchire la documentazione presentata in quella sede, in particolare in rapporto al lessico francese d'Oltrema-re, in cui la voce è ben documentata. Questo piccolo complemento sembra tanto più utile in quanto la lessicografia francese ignora quasi del tutto uno dei due allotropi, long(u)ebart, riconducibili all'etimo latino LONGOBARDU(M), concen
Tra i monumenti letterari che attestano la fase più antica del fortuna-to mito medievale di Tristano e Isotta si colloca il breve testo anti-co-francese in octosyllabes della Folie Tristan, tramandato in due diverse redazioni risalenti al... more
Tra i monumenti letterari che attestano la fase più antica del fortuna-to mito medievale di Tristano e Isotta si colloca il breve testo anti-co-francese in octosyllabes della Folie Tristan, tramandato in due diverse redazioni risalenti al xii secolo: una più corta, detta di Berna (che qui si presenta), l'altra più lunga, detta di Oxford. Travestito da folle, Tristano torna alla corte di re Marco per rivedere l'amata Isotta. Da lei tenta di farsi riconoscere, rievocando con un discorso apparen-temente insensato gli episodi salienti della loro storia. La regina-dapprima diffidente-finirà per cedere, e dopo l'agnizione finale gli amanti riusciranno a ricongiungersi per un'ultima breve stagione. Ennesima maschera tristaniana, la simulazione della follia permette la messa in atto di un geniale dispositivo della "ricordanza", che restitui-sce nella miniatura di un breve poemetto le vicende più note degli amanti di Cornovaglia. Chiara Concina insegna Filologia romanza all'Università di Verona. Si occupa principalmente di lirica antico-francese, di scritture odeporiche e della ricezione francese, italiana e catalana di Boezio in età medievale.