Passive Optical Networks Research Papers (original) (raw)

Passive optical network (PON) is one of the most successful broadband access architectures being deployed worldwide. PONs provide high capacity, increased reach, and low-power consumption at a very reasonable cost, on par with the cost of DSL deployments today. This paper provides an overview of present and emerging PON technologies, and discusses PON's important role in the evolution of optical access from the architectural perspective. While describing the evolution of optical access architecture, we present two important integration options: optical+wireless access integration and metro+access integration. Potential PON capacity upgrades are discussed with special emphasis on achieving a seamless upgrade. We evaluate different PON evolution strategies in the context of next-generation PON, where gradual, demand-based migration demonstrates a number of significant benefits.

- by
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- Biomedical Engineering, Migration, Evolution, Broadband Networks

We present a model of energy consumption in IP networks. Using this model, we identify energy ldquohotspotsrdquo and estimate how energy consumption will grow with increasing network capacity. Todaypsilas Internet uses less than 1% of the available electricity supply. However, network energy consumption could grow substantially as access rates increase.

- by Kerry Hinton
- •
- Optics, Medical Imaging, Fiber Optics, Telecommunications

This paper proposes three novel dynamic bandwidth allocation (DBA) algorithms ‘TD-trade off algorithm’, DBA_LINEAR, DBA_GATING and DBA_MAX algorithms for improving the network performance. These algorithms are implemented byemulating an access network with the use of two 1G transceivers for 1G EPON. The algorithm is tested forTriple Play services that include simulated voice, video and data packets. These algorithms are compared tomaintain a better tradeoff between throughput and delay in the EPON network.

- by RSIS International
- •
- Passive Optical Networks
- by Milan Dado
- •
- Thin Film, Passive Optical Networks, Filter, Wavelength Division Multiplexing

Nowadays, broadband access network has obtained
increasing attention among Internet users. High bandwidth
demands and the need on mobility of the network are factors
for the network design and architectures to be part of the hot
topics in the research area. Wireline optical and wireless
networks are two different architectures of broadband access
network which offer advantages over each other. Quality of
services (QoS) in telecommunication network has significant
role in the flow of data in the network, particularly in data
scheduling. This paper defines integrated optical wireless
broadband access network, describes QoS focusing on
integrated network and reviews some previous work on
scheduling algorithms.

Given the requirements for a next-generation xPON, key is to provide new broadband services and emulation of legacy services, x version Passive optical network (xPON) technologies realize sophisticated and economical optical access networks for these purposes. This report summarizes requirements and technical and marketing trends for optical access networks. It also presents advantages of networking by PON technologies for optical access networks. Moreover, it clarifies issues to install and operate PON base optical access networks and proposes solutions for these issues. However, each has its own challenges and advantages. This report presents the set of possible logic analysis and technical knowledge solutions, and puts them into perspective of likely standardization. It also considers how the key requirement of coexistence could be accommodated to the comparisons of Pros and Cons of each technology.

- by Jacob Mijom and +1
- •
- Passive Optical Networks
- by Mozhgan Mahloo
- •
- Engineering, Technology, Telecommunications, Communication systems

This paper reviews key technologies of next generation wavelength division multiplexing passive optical networks (WDM-PONs). We have studied WDM-PONs with centralized lightwave source and direct detection, where a wavelength-reuse system is employed to transmit the uplink data by using a colourless transmitter at the optical network unit (ONU). WDM-PON system was demonstrated using a Fabry-Perot laser diode (FP-LD) as a colourless transmitter at the ONU, for Differential phase-shift keying (DPSK) downlink signals and On-off keying (OOK) uplink signals respectively. The constant-amplitude feature of the DPSK modulation could retain great extinction ratio of downlink signal and decrease the noise to the uplink signal. The proposed scheme offers a promising solution for future PONs.

Availability is one of the most important quality
attributes for smart grid communications, as qualitatively defined
in the IEEE P2030 standard. However, the availability metric
must be quantified in order to validate given smart grid application
requirements. In recent related work, availability has
been quantified for wireless and optical backhaul networks in
terms of communications reachability, while in some other work
availability was not formally defined in a fine-grained manner
and was assumed to be known. In this paper, we develop a
novel multi-class probabilistic availability model for integrated
passive optical network (PON) and WiMAX networks in order to
quantify this metric according to medium access control (MAC)
protocol limits as well as fiber and base station failures. The
obtained numeric results show interesting availability behaviors,
including the impact on availability depending on the number
of base stations. We also investigate optical traffic re-routing
through WiMAX when fiber faults occur and show that there
exists a maximum amount of re-routed traffic for maximizing
availability. Furthermore, we investigate a scenario of real-world
smart grid traffic configurations shared with regular traffic and
find the maximum sensor data rate to meet the availability
requirements.

- by Martin Lévesque
- •
- IEEE 802.16 (WiMAX), Smart Grid, Passive Optical Networks

In this study, a optical passive networks system-based 2D-optical code division multiple access (OCDMA) wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) is proposed. For the uplink, 2D-prime hop system (PHS) codes and 2D-HC are employed. Nonetheless, a WDM scheme is used for the downlink. The system is firstly analysed and the performances are then provided in terms of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) bit error rate (BER), Q-factor and optical power budget as function of optical received power. The authors show that the proposed system can reach 40 Gb/s with a good BER value <10 −10 when a vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser and an APD receiver are deployed in the optical network unit and optical line terminal, respectively. Moreover, it is shown that bit rate can be increased up to 150 Gb/s using 2D-HC codes for the uplink. Finally, power budget for 524 network subscribers is achieved showing a long PON distance up to 41 Km with a maximum throughput equal to 285.1 Gb/s/Km using an emitted average power equal to 15 dBm.

- by Klaus Grobe
- •
- Cartography, Routing, Next Generation Networks, Clustering Algorithms
- by Anandu Jayan
- •
- Wireless Communications, Passive Optical Networks, Packet Delays

In a passive optical network with a hybrid wavelength division multiplexing time division multiple-access scheme, implementing reconfigurable wavelength assignment is complex; hence the need to determine the conditions for which the capacity improvements justify requiring reconfigurability over adopting a more inexpensive fixed wavelength assignment. Fixed and reconfigurable approaches to wavelength assignment are modeled and evaluated under nonstationary traffic conditions. The performance improvement is obtained in terms of bit rate gain relative to the nominal bandwidth and depends on the number of wavelength channels as well as the magnitude of the load offered by the optical network units. In addition, frame delay and frame loss in relation to the bit rate performance are obtained for Pareto and exponentially distributed traffic. Simulations show that when introducing reconfigurability, typical peak bit rate gains with respect to the fixed case are 17%, and maxima of 175% are potentially possible when traffic demands are particularly uneven.

- by David Garcia-Roger
- •
- Fiber Optics, Traffic Simulation, Optical Communication, Access Networks

In this paper, we investigate the problem of multipath traffic engineering in Optical Burst switching (OBS) networks. The well-known Engset model has been widely used and studied. This model is used to analyze the performance of Passive optical burst switching network. Theoretical analysis for the Burst Length and Static Traffic is carried and also demonstrated by simulation results.

- by IJEEE APM and +1
- •
- Optical Fiber Communications, Computer Networks, Optical Networks, Passive Optical Networks

In this paper we propose an optimization framework for multiple deployment of PON in a wide region with very large number of users, with different bit rate demands, serviced by many central offices, as it may practically happen in a large city that plans a massive introduction of Fiber to the Home technologies using PON. We propose an algorithm called Optimal Topology Search (OTS), which is based on a set of heuristic approaches, capable of performing an optimal dimensioning of multiple PON deployments for a set of central offices (CO), including an optimal distribution of users among the CO. The set of heuristics integrated in OTS permit the efficient clustering of users for each CO, depending on their location and the bit rate demanded by them. It also permits the definition of optimal routes for optical cables and the allocation of branching devices. Taking into account hardware capacity restrictions and physical layer restrictions, we obtained solutions for different types of standardized PON technologies, like GPON, XGPON and NGPON2 as well as for future UDWDM-PON. We evaluate the optimal network deployment in a series of different minimum guaranteed bit rate demand scenarios, employing realistic maps of a large city in order to compare costs and portrait some reference points for deciding in which scenario a specific technology constitutes the best choice.

- by Anu Mercian
- •
- Engineering, Technology, Scheduling, Passive Optical Networks
- by Iain Collings
- •
- Computer Architecture, Distributed Computing, Antennas, Passive Optical Networks
- by Gerald Franzl
- •
- Photonics, Quantum Cryptography, Quantum Key Distribution, Data Privacy
- by Anu Mercian
- •
- Scheduling, Passive Optical Networks, Gigabit Ethernet
- by Sebastia Sallent
- •
- Distributed Computing, Fiber Optics, Wdm, Passive Optical Networks
- by Zeljko Ilic
- •
- Optics, Medical Imaging, Fiber Optics, Telecommunications

An innovative overlapped-subcarrier multiplexing (O-SCM) technique is proposed for single-feeder wavelength-division multiplexed (WDM) passive optical networks (PONs). Allowing a certain amount of spectral overlap between the uplink and the downlink maximizes the spectrum usage of bandwidth-limited reflective semiconductor optical amplifier (RSOA)-based optical network units (ONUs), while reducing the effect of Rayleigh backscattering. In this paper, we report successful experimental demonstrations up to 2.5 Gb/s symmetrical bit rates over a ~20 km bidirectional PON, using a ~2 GHz bandwidth RSOA. Moreover, we mathematically address the major design issues and tradeoffs. Our simulation results show good agreement with the experiment.

- by Ziad El-Sahn
- •
- Optics, Medical Imaging, Fiber Optics, Telecommunications

The explosive growth of Internet has led to a demand for high bit rates for home and office users and the increasing popularity of video-related services means that even higher bit rates will be required in the near future.Time Domain Multiplexed (TDM) PONs are a cost-efficient solution for providing high bandwidth to users.Combined with Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM), very scalable and flexible network architectures are possible.The main disadvantage of TDM PONs is that, since users share the available bandwidth, the total system bit rate is the sum of the bit rate guaranteed to each user. The increasing demand for higher user bit rates mean that the system bit rate will need to be very high, requiring expensive electronics and optoelectronics at the Central office (CO) and the Optical Network Unit (ONU)

Dans cette communication, nous présentons une évaluation de performance d’un réseau optique passif(PON) avec un Multiplexage CDMA pour la liaison montante et un multiplexage WDM pour la liaison descendante. Le schéma de multiplexage proposé emploi des codes CDMA à 2-D, en l’occurrence, le code primaire à saut (Prime hop system) et le code hybride (Hybrid code).
L’évaluation de performance du système PON est réalisée, en termes, de taux d’erreur binaire(BER) et du rapport signal sur bruit(SNR).

- by Hichem Mrabet
- •
- Passive Optical Networks
- by Lenin Mehedy
- •
- Wireless Communications, optical OFDM, Passive Optical Networks, Scalability

This white paper makes an attempt to advance India by considering an important characteristic in the optical fibre communication. As a starting point, we propose and investigate the performance of a multi-channel scheduling algorithm based on the well-known deficit round-robin (DRR) calling it as multi-channel DRR (MCDRR). The original DRR is then extended to the case of multiple channels with tunable transmitters and fixed receivers to provide efficient fair queueing in hybrid time division multiplexing (TDM)/wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) optical networks. The availability of channels and tunable transmitters are taken into account in extending the DRR and allow the overlap of`rounds' in scheduling to efficiently utilize channels and tunable transmitters. When the tunable transmitter is available, it triggers the scheduling process. At the start of the First Round, the Round-robin pointer starts from the first flow, if the packet size is lesser than the deficit counter, the packets are served successfully to their dedicated channels with channel available at that instant. The packets which cannot be served due to the packet size greater than the deficit counter and the channel available at that particular instant of time is neglected. Also, if the Flows are empty, then the particular Flows are neglected. The pointer moves sequentially as the tunable transmitter triggers at a particular instant of time and scheduling process starts. The pointer continues from the next flow after the packets are served successfully/unsuccessfully in the previous flow. Once the pointer moves through all the given flows, we define it as " Completion of one Round''. Simulation results show that the proposed MCDRR can provide nearly perfect fairness with ill-behaved flows for different sets of conditions for interframe times and frame sizes in hybrid TDM/WDM optical networks with tunable transmitters and fixed receivers.

- by vicent sales
- •
- Quality of Service, Passive Optical Networks, User Involvement, Multimedia Services
- by António João Teixeira
- •
- Modeling, Passive Optical Networks, Transmittance, Optical Fibers

In order to address the challenges that have come with the exploding demand for higher speed, traffic growth and mobile wireless devices, Mobile network operators have decided to move to the notion of small cells based on cloud radio access network. The merits of cloud based RAN includes the ease of infrastructure deployment and network management as well as the fact that its performance are optimized and it is cost effective the merits of cloud based RAN includes the ease of infrastructure deployment and network management as well as the fact that its performance are optimized and it is cost effective. Notwithstanding, cloud radio access network comes with so many strict requirements to be fulfilled for its fronthaul network. In this paper, we have presented these requirements for a 5G fronthaul network. Particular interest on the time division multiplex passive optical network's challenge of latency was treated by proposing an optimized version of the round robin dynamic bandwidth allocation algorithm. Results obtained show an improvement in the latency of the original algorithm which meets the fronthaul requirement. Other test parameters like jitter and BER were also improved by our proposed optimized algorithm. Keywords: Cloud radio access network Dynamic bandwidth allocation Passive optical network Time division multiplex This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA license.

- by Gong-Ru Lin
- •
- Telecommunications, Photonics, Modulation, Passive Optical Networks
- by Alexandros Stavdas and +1
- •
- Passive Optical Networks, Wavelength Division Multiplexing, Time Division Multiplexing
- by Anu Mercian
- •
- Scheduling, Passive Optical Networks
- by Rajeev Ram and +1
- •
- Optics, Medical Imaging, Fiber Optics, Telecommunications
- by Wen-De Zhong
- •
- Optics, Medical Imaging, Fiber Optics, Telecommunications
- by Maurizio Casoni
- •
- Protocols, Passive Optical Networks, Bandwidth management, Cycle Time
- by Ahmad Dhaini and +1
- •
- Scheduling, Passive Optical Networks, Local Area Networks, Bandwidth Allocation
- by Fabio Bottoni
- •
- Passive Optical Networks, Optical Access Networks

Passive Optical Network (PON) elements such as Optical Line Terminal (OLT) and Optical Network Units (ONUs) are currently managed by legacy, non-flexible network management systems. Software-Defined Networking (SDN) is a new networking paradigm that improves the operation and management of networks. In this paper, we propose a novel architecture, based on the SDN concept, for Eth-ernet Passive Optical Networks (EPON) that includes the Service Interoperability (SIEPON) standard. In our proposal the OLT is partially virtualized and some of its functionalities are allocated to the core network management system, while the OLT itself is replaced by an OpenFlow (OF) switch. A new MultiPoint MAC Control sublayer extension based on the OpenFlow protocol is presented. The controller is designed to effectively manage and enhance the resource utilization, flow monitoring, bandwidth assignment, quality-of-service (QoS) guarantees, and energy management of the optical network access. The OpenFlow switch is extended with synchronous ports to keep the time-critical nature of the EPON network. OpenFlow messages are also extended with new functionalities to implement the concept of EPON Service Paths (ESPs). Our simulation-based results demonstrate the effectiveness of the new architecture, while keeping similar or improved performance compared to legacy PONs, in terms of delay and throughput.

- by Hamzeh Khalili, Ph.D
- •
- OpenFlow, Passive Optical Networks, SDN, Software Defined Networks (SDN)
- by Ngoc Dang
- •
- Noise, Passive Optical Networks, Bit Error Rate, Wavelength Division Multiplexing

A symmetric WDM-PON architecture using an innovative overlapped-SCM scheme that maximizes the spectrum usage of a bandwidth-limited RSOA is demonstrated. Error-free operation is achieved using realistic launch powers without the need for... more

- by Pascal Besnard
- •
- Fiber Lasers, Passive Optical Networks, Frequency, Optical fiber
- by A. Maziotis
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- Modulation, Wdm, Passive Optical Networks, SEMICONDUCTOR OPTICAL AMPLIFIER

Due to the high costs associated with the deployment of the passive infrastructure of FTTH networks, a few alternative operators have pon
dered the possibility of making co-investments based on a network sharing model. The purpose of this article is to explore economic aspects of a co-investment scheme for present and future FTTH/PON architectures. The article describes the cost reductions that can
be achieved when a co-investment scheme is used, as well as the relationship between market shares and the cost per home connected. A cost model was employed to calculate the investment per home passed and the investment per home connected. The investment per home passed for an alternative operator indicates significant cost reductions when a co-investment scheme is used. On the other hand, the results show that when the incumbent’s market share is equal or higher than the total market share of all the alternative operators that share the network infrastructure, the investment per home connected for an alternative operator is higher than that for the incumbent operator. Moreover, to be cost competitive with the incumbent
operator, the necessary market share that each alternative operator should achieve is much lower than that of the incumbent operator.

- by Juan Rendon Schneir
- •
- Cost Estimation, Passive Optical Networks, FTTH, Network Sharing