Red Light Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

Australian road and railway authorities have made a concerted effort to reduce the number of rail level crossings, particularly the higher risk passive crossings that are protected by devices such as 'give way' or 'stop' signs. To improve this situation, passive level crossings are often upgraded with active controls such as flashing red lights. Traffic signals may provide good safety outcomes at level crossings but remain untested. The primary purpose of this research was to compare driver behaviour at two railway level crossings with active controls, flashing red lights and traffic signals, to behaviour at the current standard passive level crossing control, a stop sign. Participants drove the MUARC advanced driving simulator for 30 min. During the simulated drive, participants were exposed to three level crossing scenarios. Each scenario consisted of one of three level crossing control types, and was associated with an oncoming train. Mean vehicle speed on approach to the level crossings decreased more rapidly in response to flashing lights than to traffic signals. While speed on approach was lowest for the stop-sign condition, the number of non-compliant drivers (i.e., those who did not stop) at the crossing was highest for this condition. While results indicate that traffic signals at rail level crossings do not appear to offer any safety benefits over and above flashing red lights, further avenues of research are proposed to reach more definitive conclusions. Compliance was lowest for the passive crossing control which provides further support for the ongoing passive crossing upgrades in Australia.

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- Visual perception, Automobiles, Safety, Red Light

The object of this study was to test the alternative hypotheses of magnetoreception by photopigments and magnetoreception based on magnetite. Migratory European Robins, Erithacus rubecula, were tested under light of different wavelengths; after these tests, they were subjected to a brief, strong magnetic pulse designed to alter the magnetization of single domain magnetite. In control tests under "white" light, the birds preferred the normal, seasonally appropriate migratory direction. Under 571 nm green light, they continued to be well oriented in the migratory direction, whereas under 633 nm red light, their behaviour was not different from random. The magnetic pulse had a significant effect on migratory orientation, but the response varied between individuals: some showed a persistent directional shift, while others exhibited a change in scatter; one bird was seemingly unaffected.

- by Wolfgang Wiltschko
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- Comparative Physiology, Biological Sciences, Red Light, Seasonality
- by James Tepperman
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- Multidisciplinary, Nature, Signal Transduction, Red Light

Silica xerogel doped with Ln 2Àx Sm x (WO 4 ) 3 , where Ln = Gd(III) or La(III), were prepared by the sol-gel procedure. The parameter x in the formula was changed in the 0.02-2.0 range. Absorption and photoluminescence of a new kind of red light phosphors with emitting Sm 3+ ions were studied at room temperature. In this type of luminescent material, prepared by the sol-gel method, samarium(III) ions exhibit enhanced luminescence emission owing to excitation energy transfer from WO 2À 4 groups to Sm 3+ ions in the Ln 2Àx Sm x (WO 4 ) 3 salt. The enhancement is particularly large for Gd 2Àx Sm x (WO 4 ) 3 , where x = 0.1, and La 2Àx Sm x (WO 4 ) 3 , x = 0.2, compounds entrapped in a silica xerogel. However, the La-Sm system exhibits higher emission intensity than the Gd-Sm material. The emission intensity of both the materials was additionally improved by removing O-H oscillators by the thermal treatment.

- by Andrzej M Kłonkowski
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- Materials Engineering, Optical Spectroscopy, Red Light, Silica

Background: Some small controlled studies have found that dawn simulation is effective in treating seasonal affective disorder (SAD). With a larger sample size and a longer duration of treatment, we compared dawn simulation with bright light therapy and a placebo condition in patients with SAD. Method: Medication-free patients with SAD were randomly assigned to one of three conditions: bright light therapy (10,000 lux for 30 min, from 6:00 AM to 6:30 AM), dawn simulation (1.5 hour dawn signal from 4:30 AM to 6:00 AM peaking at 250 lux), and a placebo condition, a dim red light (1.5 hour dawn signal from 4:30 AM to 6:00 AM peaking at 0.5 lux.) Over the subsequent 6 weeks, the subjects were blindly rated by a psychiatrist using the Structured Interview Guide for the Hamilton Depression Rating-Seasonal Affective Disorder Version (SIGH-SAD). We modeled the profiles of the remissions (SIGH-SAD Յ 8) and response (Ն50% decrease in SIGH-SAD) to treatment over time using Cox proportional hazards models. Results: The sample consisted of 95 subjects who were randomized to the three conditions: bright light (n ϭ 33), dawn simulation (n ϭ 31) and placebo (n ϭ 31). Dawn simulation was associated with greater remission (p Ͻ .05) and response (p Ͻ .001) rates compared to the placebo. Bright light did not differ significantly from the placebo. Dawn simulation was associated with greater remission (p Ͻ .01) and response (p Ͻ .001) rates compared to the bright light therapy. The mean daily hours of sunshine during the week before each visit were associated with a significant increase in likelihood of both remission (p Ͻ .001) and response (p Ͻ .001). Conclusions: Dawn simulation was associated with greater remission and response rates compared to the placebo and compared to bright light therapy. The hours of sunshine during the week before each assessment were associated with a positive clinical response. Biol Psychi-atry 2001;50:205-216

- by derek eder
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- Depression, Treatment, Time Use, Phototherapy

The effect of varying light regimes on in vitro rooting ofmicrocuttings of two pear (Pyrus communis L.) cultivars was investigated. Cultures of the easy-to-root 'Conference' and the difficult-to-root 'Doyenne d'Hiver' were incubated for 21 days with or without indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) in the medium in darkness or under continuous far-red (8 /~.mol m -2 s -1 , blue, white or red (15 or 36 #mol m -2 s -~) light. 'Conference' rooted without IBA when exposed to red, blue or white light while no rooting was observed under far-red light and in darkness. The high rooting efficiency under red and, by contrast, the inhibition under far-red light and darkness suggest the involvement of the phytochrome system in rhizogenesis. The addition of IBA to the culture medium enhanced root production under all light regimes in both cultivars. Red light, especially at the lower photon fluence rate, had a positive effect by increasing root extension (number x length of roots) and stimulating secondary root formation.

- by Stefano Predieri
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- Plant Biology, Red Light, Auxin, White Light

Blue light and red light can be used to improve the efficiency of photosynthesis and increase the production of extracellular polysaccharide. Growth and extracellular polysaccharide production by Porphyridium cruentum were measured as a function of light wavelength and intensity. Light quality was a key factor for controlling the growth and polysaccharide production. The growth rate of P. cruentum increased with enhanced of light intensity, however a light level beyond the saturation point inhibited the growth of microalgae. A chromatic spectrum of blue and red light was used to enhance the growth and extracellular polysaccharide production due to the characteristics of the photosynthetic process. Efficient light transfer was the most important parameters in optimizing the mass culture of the photosynthetic organism.

- by Stanley Barnett
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- Chemical Engineering, Production, Biochemical Engineering, Kinetics

We report a large photovoltaic ͑PV͒ effect in multiferroic Bi 2 FeCrO 6 ͑BFCO͒ films under monochromatic illumination at 635 nm with an intensity of 1.5 mW cm −2 . These multiferroic films exhibit a large photocurrent at zero bias voltage and an open-circuit voltage of about 0.6 V. A high PV power conversion efficiency of about 6% for red light is achieved and attributed to a high degree of B-site cationic ordering between Fe and Cr sublattices, the tuning of which is likely to play a key role in further improvements of the PV properties in BFCO.

- by Riad Nechache
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- Engineering, Red Light, Thin Film, Physical sciences

Following a previous study that revealed the disobedience of Ultra-Orthodox citizens, as compared to secular citizens, of traffic lights at crosswalks, the present study examined the road habits of 995 Ultra-Orthodox and secular pedestrians in neighboring Ultra-Orthodox and secular cities. Using an observation grid designed specially for this study, the pedestrians were observed at two crosswalks – one in an

- by Tova Rosenbloom and +1
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- Psychology, Risk Taking, Adolescent, Judaism

The software system of plate identification and recognition from video images is presented in this paper.

- by Jainam Shah
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- Computer Science, Image Processing, Localization, Intelligent Transport System

This study determined the rate and associated factors of red light infringement among urban commuter cyclists. A cross-sectional observational study was conducted using a covert video camera to record cyclists at 10 sites across metropolitan Melbourne, Australia from October 2008 to April 2009. In total, 4225 cyclists faced a red light and 6.9% were non-compliant. The main predictive factor for infringement was direction of travel, cyclists turning left (traffic travels on the left-side in Australia) had 28.3 times the relative odds of infringement compared to cyclists who continued straight through the intersection. Presence of other road users had a deterrent effect with the odds of infringement lower when a vehicle travelling in the same direction was present (OR = 0.39, 95% CI 0.28-0.53) or when other cyclists were present (OR = 0.26, 95% CI 0.19-0.36). Findings suggest that some cyclists do not perceive turning left against a red signal to be unsafe and the opportunity to ride through the red light during low cross traffic times influences the likelihood of infringement.

- by Stuart Newstead and +1
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- Psychology, Red Light, Bicycling, Risk factors

It is generally accepted that in sexual interaction men are the hunters and women the gatherers. An expressly sexual environment such as a red-light district would be expected to only reinforce this image. Strikingly enough, however, it is precisely prostitutes who seem able to break with these established gender roles. This ethnographic study uses participant observation to demonstrate how assumptions about sexual interaction may be specious: female prostitutes are frequently not the passive victims and male clients not the active sex-hunters they are taken for. Both the communicative function and protection of privacy play an important role in these processes in a red-light district. In the red-light district, gender interaction is bound by social regulation and unwritten rules that greatly exceed the influence of formal institutions. In this paper, the case of the red-light district "De Wallen" in Amsterdam, The Netherlands, is discussed in the context of several disciplines including urban anthropology, social psychology, geography, gender studies, and urban sociology.

- by Manuel Aalbers
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- Psychology, Social Psychology, Research Methodology, Behavior

Research Findings: The present study examined the efficacy of a self-regulation intervention with 65 preschool children. Using circle time games, the study examined whether participating in a treatment group significantly improved behavioral self-regulation and early academic outcomes. Half of the children were randomly assigned to participate in 16 playgroups during the winter of the school year. Behavioral aspects of self-regulation and early achievement were assessed in the fall and spring. Although there was no treatment effect in the overall sample, post hoc analyses revealed that participation in the treatment group was significantly related to self-regulation gains in children who started the year with low levels of these skills. Children in the treatment group also demonstrated significant letter-word identification gains compared to children in the control group. Practice or Policy: The findings from this study provide preliminary evidence for the efficacy of the intervention in terms of improving preschoolers’ behavioral self-regulation for children low in these skills and improving letter-word identification. Although preliminary, these results have the potential to inform preschool curricula that emphasize behavioral self-regulation as a means of facilitating school readiness.

- by Megan McClelland
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- Red Light, Education Systems, Randomized Trial, Preschool Children

The literature and our present examinations indicate that the intra-leaf light absorption profi le is in most cases steeper than the photosynthetic capacity profi le. In strong white light, therefore, the quantum yield of photosynthesis would be lower in the upper chloroplasts, located near the illuminated surface, than that in the lower chloroplasts. Because green light can penetrate further into the leaf than red or blue light, in strong white light, any additional green light absorbed by the lower chloroplasts would increase leaf photosynthesis to a greater extent than would additional red or blue light. Based on the assessment of effects of the additional monochromatic light on leaf photosynthesis, we developed the differential quantum yield method that quantifi es effi ciency of any monochromatic light in white light. Application of this method to sunfl ower leaves clearly showed that, in moderate to strong white light, green light drove photosynthesis more effectively than red light. The green leaf should have a considerable volume of chloroplasts to accommodate the ineffi cient carboxylation enzyme, Rubisco, and deliver appropriate light to all the chloroplasts. By using chlorophylls that absorb green light weakly, modifying mesophyll structure and adjusting the Rubisco/chlorophyll ratio, the leaf appears to satisfy two somewhat confl icting requirements: to increase the absorptance of photosynthetically active radiation, and to drive photosynthesis effi ciently in all the chloroplasts. We also discuss some serious problems that are caused by neglecting these intra-leaf profi les when estimating whole leaf electron transport rates and assessing photoinhibition by fl uorescence techniques.

- by Wah Chow and +1
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- Photosynthesis, Plant Biology, Plant cell physiology, Red Light

Groups of juvenile tench (7.02 ± 0.28 g) were reared under four different light regimes; blue light, red light (80 Wm-2 12L:12D photoperiod) white light (912 ± 210 lux, 80 Wm-2 , 12L:12D photoperiod) and no light (0 lux) (0L:24D). Visibility of fish out of shelters was used as an indicator of activity and was monitored by video recording. Blood plasma cortisol concentrations were also measured. Fish under blue or white light were significantly less active during the photophase than those under red or no light (P \ 0.01). Red light produced similar activity patterns to fish receiving 24 h darkness. Plasma cortisol concentrations were also significantly influenced (P \ 0.05) with the fish under white light having the highest plasma cortisol concentration (317 ± 62 ng cm-3) compared to fish in the dark treatment (106 ± 36 ng cm-3). Thus, the provision of coloured light filters increases activity in juvenile tench and may reduce their intrinsic stress level.

- by Matthew Owen
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- Zoology, Stress, Red Light, Cortisol

The increase in urban traffic has resulted in traffic congestions, long travel times and increase hazards to pedestrians due to inefficient traffic light controls. These scenarios necessitate the use of new methods in the design of traffic light control for vehicles and pedestrian crossings. We compare the performance between the genetic algorithms controller and a conventional fixed time controller and the results show that the genetic algorithms controller performs better than the fixed-time controller.

- by Mohd S Ahmad
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- Engineering, Cellular Automata, Dynamic Optimization, Traffic control

- by Margaret Trotter
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- Visual perception, Automobiles, Safety, Red Light

Despite many technological difficulties the group III nitrides: GaN, AlN and InN and their alloys are primary candidates for electro-optical coherent light sources. In the recent years the research and technology of the nitride based continuous wave (CW) laser diodes (LDs) led to creation of blue-violet coherent light sources of power up to 200 mW. The progress has been attained by using various ways to attack the main obstacles in the technology of these devices such as insufficient size of high quality lattice matched substrates, low p-doping efficiency of Mg acceptor, poor contact to p-type semiconductor and low efficiency of radiative recombination. The two different approaches were used to overcome the substrate problem: hetero-epitaxy and homoepitaxy. Homoepitaxy used high pressure GaN high quality crystals. Heteroepitaxy used sapphire, SiC or GaAs substrates and very sophisticated techniques of reduction of the dislocation density. The low p-doping efficiency by using Mg acce...

- by S. Krukowski and +1
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- High Pressure, Red Light, Laser Diode, Continuous Wave

The first step towards the widespread use of renewable energy sources and preservation of our environment for the people of the future is to adopt the “green accounting” standards that translate socially and environmentally responsible behavior into monetary terms, the only language businesses understand. These standards have the potential of switching on the red light for all pollution-causing power plants, and those depleting the natural capital in any way, be it over-harvesting the forests, or exhausting the underground treasures – coal, oil, natural gas, etc. This paper will show how green accounting can help in changing the focus from the economic welfare to the total societal welfare, acknowledging the fact that human society is an integral part of the natural world. The paper will also briefly present the software developed by the authors that introduce the green accounting principles into the investment appraisal process, aiming at encouraging investments into renewable energy. The tool is also useful as a platform facilitating calibration of economic/financial instruments, like environmental taxes of governmental incentives, that are usually to boost renewable energy sector. The comparative analysis of investment into biofuel-powered combined heat and power production plant using two types of investment valuation standards, one based on conventional cash-flow analysis, the other based on green-accounting standards is detailed in the paper. The analysis is performed as a part of the European Commission Framework Program Project AFTUR, undertaken by the consortium consisting of respectful European Research Establishments in renewable energy area as well as major European biofuel-powered turbine producers. The results show that the wider adoption of green accounting standards would induce the unprecedented growth of the renewable energy sector, because it would make the investment into renewable energy attractive for investors.

- by Iskender Gokalp
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- Engineering, Renewable Energy, Software Development, Power Plant

Fish growth and physiology may be affected by light spectrum, which can be easily manipulated in indoor aquaculture facilities, and especially recirculating water systems, with little cost. Since data related to light spectrum and widely reared fish are still few, the present study aimed to investigate the effects of coloured light on growth performance and stress response to confinement of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. Fish (145.3 AE 1.5 g) were reared under white (full spectrum, fluorescent lamps), red (605 nm) and blue (480 nm) light (lamps covered with appropriate filters) for 111 days under recirculating water systems (150 lx, 12L-12D). At the end of the experimental period and for each light treatment, fish were either subjected for 1 h to confinement stress or remained undisturbed (control groups). Total length of the fish reared under red light was greater than that of the other regimes, whereas other growth parameters showed a similar trend but were not significantly different from one another. Carcass proximate composition was not affected by light spectrum. Fish exposed to confinement showed typical primary (high cortisol) and secondary (high glucose and haematocrit, liver lipid mobilization, osmotic and ionic disturbances, blood acidosis, etc.) stress responses. Nevertheless, in fish reared under blue light, stress-induced cortisol increase was lower and liver lipids mobilization was absent compared with white light (significant interaction). Present results indicate that if stressors are kept to a minimum then red light could be suggested for the intensive rearing of rainbow trout. #

- by stella Chadio
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- Red Light, Cortisol, Stress response, Blue Light

Chick eyes compensate for defocus imposed by spectacle lenses by making compensatory changes in eye length and choroidal thickness, a laboratory model of emmetropization. To investigate the roles of longitudinal chromatic aberration and of chromatic mechanisms in emmetropization, we examined the participation of different cone classes, and we compared the efficacy of lens compensation under monochromatic illumination with that under white light of the same illuminance to the chick eye. Chicks wore positive or negative 6 D or 8 D lenses on one eye for 3 days, under either blue (460 nm) or red (620 nm) light at 0.67 lux or under white light at 0.67 or 0.2 lux (all measures are corrected for chick photopic sensitivity). The illumination conditions were chosen to differentially stimulate either the short-wavelength and ultraviolet cones or the long-wavelength and double cones. Measurements are expressed as the relative change: the inter-ocular difference in the amount of change over the 3 days of lens wear. We find that under this low illumination the two components of lens compensation were differentially affected by the monochromatic illumination: in blue light lens compensation was mainly due to changes in eye length, whereas in red light lens compensation was mainly due to changes in choroidal thickness. In general, white light produced better lens compensation than monochromatic illumination.

- by Frances Rucker
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- Color Perception, Red Light, Vision, Color
- by naveen eluru
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- Civil Engineering, Transportation, Public Health, Urban And Regional Planning

Melatonin is well recognized for its role as a potent antioxidant and is directly implicated in the free radical theory of aging [1] [Reiter RJ, Pablos MI, Agapito TT, Guerrero JM. Melatonin in the context of the free radical theory of aging. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1996;786:362-78]. Moreover, melatonin has been shown to retard age-related increases in lipid peroxidation and oxidative damage [2] [Okatani Y, Wakatsuki A, Reiter RJ. Melatonin protects hepatic mitochondrial respiratory chain activity in senescence-accelerated mice. J Pineal Res 2002;32:143-8] and to act directly upon the immune system [3] [Poon AM, Liu ZM, Pang CS, Brown GM, Pang SF. Evidence for a direct action of melatonin on the immune system. Biol Signals 1994;3:107-17]

- by Diane Henshel
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- Principal Component Analysis, Phototherapy, Melatonin, Red Light
- by naveen eluru
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- Civil Engineering, Transportation, Public Health, Urban And Regional Planning

Rare earth doped materials are an important type of phosphors due to their excellent performance such as stability at high temperature and light emission covering the entire visible domain. The combustion synthesis at acid pH of the monoclinic LaPO 4 : Eu(5%) powders was described. A mixture of La(NO 3 ) 3 ·6H 2 O , EuCl 3 ·6H 2 O and (NH 4 ) 2 HPO 4 was used as anion precursor and glycin as fuel. The synthesis was followed by structure, morphology characterisation and luminescent properties of the obtained compound. The room temperature emission measurements under ultraviolet excitation at 254 nm were made for the emission transition 5 D 0 → 7 F J of this phosphor. The CIE (Commission Internationale de L'Eclairage) chromatic coordinates, dominant wavelength and colour purity were determined and compared to other luminescent materials obtained by other methods.

- by Ferhi Mounir
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- Materials Engineering, Condensed Matter Physics, Combustion, Powder Diffraction

Three light-regulated genes, chlorophyll a/b-binding protein (CAB), ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase small subunit, and chalcone synthase (CHS), are demonstrated to be upregulated in the high-pigment-1 (hp-1) mutant of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) compared with wild type (WT). However, the pattern of up-regulation of the three genes depends on the light conditions, stage of development, and tissue studied. Compared with WT, the hp-1 mutant showed higher CAB gene expression in the dark after a single red-light pulse and in the pericarp of immature fruits. However, in vegetative tissues of light-grown seedlings and adult plants, CAB mRNA accumulation did not differ between WT and the hp-1 mutant. The ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase small subunit mRNA accumulated to a higher level in the hp-1 mutant than WT under all light conditions and tissues studied, whereas CHS gene expression was up-regulated in deetiolated vegetative hp-1-mutant tissues only. The CAB and CHS genes were shown to be phytochrome regulated and both phytochrome A and B1 play a role in CAB gene expression. These observations support the hypothesis that the HP-1 protein plays a general repressive role in phytochrome signal transduction.

- by Janny Peters
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- Gene expression, Signal Transduction, Biological Sciences, Red Light
- by Cihan Karakuzu
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- Information Systems, Applied Mathematics, Fuzzy Logic, Fuzzy Control

Previously reported data clearly indicate that depending on species, ambient light spectrum can affect fish growth, physiology, behaviour, reproduction, etc. Since light spectrum can be easily controlled in intensive indoor fish farming facilities, the present study aimed to investigate the effects of coloured light on growth performance (body weight, growth rate, food utilization, carcass composition, etc.) and physiological status (blood and plasma parameters, brain neurotransmitters, tissue fatty acid composition, etc.) of two widely reared fish species, gilthead seabream Sparus aurata and rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss. For this purpose, 240 specimens of S. aurata (29.8 AE 0.13 g) and 60 specimens of O. mykiss (71.4 AE 0.30 g) were exposed to white (full-spectrum, fluorescent lamps), red (605 nm) and blue (480 nm) light (lamps covered with appropriate filters) for 11 weeks under recirculating water systems. Blue light had a significantly negative impact on O. mykiss growth performance accompanied with reduced liver total lipids and plasma glucose and increased brain serotonergic and dopaminergic activity. In the case of S. aurata, red light significantly increased brain dopaminergic activity, while a tendency towards reduced growth was also observed. Since these results indicated the establishment of stressful conditions, O. mykiss and S. aurata should not be reared under blue and red light, respectively. For each species, the effect of the remaining light colours tested, was not clearly differentiated so that an appropriate light spectrum for the most efficient farming of O. mykiss and S. aurata could not be suggested, at least for the time period examined. Nevertheless, present results suggest that light colour should be regarded as a rearing factor worth to be further investigated, especially when recirculating systems are concerned. #

- by Christina Dalla and +3
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- Physiology, Red Light, Growth, Blue Light

We investigated the relationship between postharvest life of cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait. cv. Stevens) fruit and ripeness stage at harvest. Wet harvested, mature fruit were sorted into four ripeness stages and rated for quality after 4 and 7 weeks of cold storage at 3°C. In addition, CO 2 and ethylene production as well as anthocyanin content were measured. After 7 weeks of storage, the marketable fruit among dark-red, light-red, blush, and white were 82, 74, 63, and 44%, respectively. The ethylene production was nearly the same for all the ripeness stages. However, white, blush, and light-red fruit had significantly higher respiration rates than dark-red fruit. We also found that cuticle thickness was significantly higher for red fruit as compared to other ripeness stages. There were stomata present at the calyx end of the fruit, which became impregnated with wax in red fruit. Furthermore, a compact cell layer in the calyx opening accumulated anthocyanins in red fruit only. Our studies suggest that red fruit have longer postharvest life, possibly because (i) red fruit have lower respiration rates, (ii) thicker cuticle and wax accumulation (especially at the calyx end) on these fruit may retard the entry of microorganisms into the fruit during wet harvest and may mitigate mechanical injury by harvesting equipment.

- by Jonathan Smith
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- Red Light, SHELF LIFE, Postharvest Biology and Technology, Cold Storage
- by Amr Badr
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- Computer Science, Image Processing, Localization, Intelligent Transport System

Node cuttings of in vitro chrysanthemum (1.0 cm) were transplanted on MS basal media supplemented with 30gl− 1 sucrose and cultured for 35 days under six different light qualities: fluorescent (FL), blue LEDs (B), red LEDs (R), red and... more

- by Kee-yoeup Paek
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- Horticulture, Photosynthesis, Red Light, Stomata
- by Sonali Wayal
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- Risk Taking, Public Health, Adolescent, Chlamydia trachomatis

The influence of light quality on growth and development of in vitro grown Doritaenopsis hort. (Orchidaceae) plants was investigated. Growth parameters like leaf and root fresh/dry mass and leaf area were highest with plants grown under red plus blue light emitting diodes (LEDs). Leaf length was greater with the plants grown under red LED. Carbohydrate (starch, sucrose, glucose and fructose) and leaf pigment (chlorophylls and carotenoids) biosynthesis of the plants was significantly increased in plants grown under red plus blue LEDs compared to red or blue LED and fluorescent light treatments. This study suggests that the production of quality Doritaenopsis plants is possible by culturing the plants in vitro under a mixture of blue plus red light sources.

- by Kee-yoeup Paek
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- Plant Biology, Red Light, Growth and development, Blue Light

The present investigation explored theoretically the geometry structures, the electronic and the optical properties of new benzothiazole derivatives with incorporated triphenylamine/diphenylnaphthylamine or (4-vinylphenyl)acrylonitrile as highly efficient emitting molecular materials for organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs). This study is accomplished in order to provide an in-depth understanding of the structure-properties correlation and their effects on optoelectronic devices.

- by K. Alimi
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- Materials Engineering, Condensed Matter Physics, Red Light, Optical Properties

An n-well ion-implanted resistor is shown to work as a very-linear high-gain photodetector at 4.2 K. We take advantage of freeze-out and light-assisted carrier ionisation effects to create a photodetector with a current-gain factor G from 1 x 1 0~ to 1 . 6~1 0~. Experimental results show that at the current gain of 1.6x106, excellent linearity in optical response is obtained when the resistor is illuminated with a red-light source.

- by Edmundo Gutierrez
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- Red Light, Mathematical Sciences, Physical sciences, Ion Implantation
- by Tiantian Zheng
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- Anthropology, Red Light, Sex Workers, The Rise of China

Ruthenium can easily be incorporated into Bi 12 SiO 20 (BSO) and an unusually high (1.3 cm À1 ) photorefractive gain was measured in the diffusion regime with a krypton laser at 647 nm. One particular experiment demonstrated that electron and hole gratings could eventually be formed with different time constants, thus leading to a reduction of the gain. Several complementary spectroscopic techniques were used to characterise our crystals. Magnetic circular dichroism (MCD) demonstrated that Ru substitutes under several valences for Bi in the pseudo-octahedron formed by bismuth and oxygen atoms. This was confirmed by electron paramagnetic resonance detected either classically (EPR at 9 GHz) or optically (ODMR, 35 GHz). Photochromism was investigated via a series of absorption and MCD experiments on oxidized and reduced samples. Our results in the visible spectral range could be understood via a correlation with the behaviour of the Ru 5+ and Ru 3+ MCD features in the near-IR, under similar illuminations. The primary process with red light is the ionisation of electrons from the VB to the Ru 4+/3+ acceptor level and the subsequent capture of the left holes at the Ru 5+/4+ level. Under blue light, paramagnetic Bi Si 4+ is formed via the ionisation of Bi Si 3+ . The charge transfer transitions of Ru 5+ were assigned via additional experiments on Ru-doped lithium niobate and garnets. The build-up and decay of photochromism were investigated, three different behaviours being observed, depending upon the initial conditions. The three-valencetwo-level model is not adequate to explain the bi-exponential temporal behaviour of photochromism. It is suggested that a third relatively shallow level, possibly associated to iron, plays an important role.

- by Ivan Foeldvari
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- Materials Engineering, Red Light, Blue Light, Iron
- by Herculano Martinho
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- Vibrational Spectroscopy, Multidisciplinary, Red Light, Cell Viability

The braconid Dendrosoter protuberans and the pteromalid Cheiropachus quadrum are two parasitoids of the olive bark beetle, Phloeotribus scarabaeoides. Several chemicals such as a-pinene, b-pinene, 2-decanone, 2-nonanone, decanal, undecanal, and n-butyl acetate have been identified as attractants in the laboratory for this scolytid. Under red light at 27 C in a laboratory olfactometer both parasitoids oriented positively to both enantiomers of a-pinene, and females also responded to 2-decanone. Significant responses did not occur under white light or at lower temperatures. These results suggest that a-pinene and 2-decanone could be involved in the location of P. scarabaeoides by its parasitoids. Consequently an attracticidal control tactic for this scolytid that included these chemicals could eliminate part of the parasitoid population. In an integrated pest management program, this problem should be considered.

- by Monica Campos
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- Chemical Ecology, Chemical, Integrated Pest Management, Biological Sciences

In this work, we report direct evidence of the formation of singlet molecular oxygen [O 2 ( 1 g )] in the reaction of hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) with acetonitrile in alkaline solutions. The formation of O 2 ( 1 g ) was characterized by: (i) the dimol light emission in the red spectral region (>610 nm) using a red-sensitive photomultiplier tube (PMT); (ii) the monomol light emission in the near-infrared region (1270 nm) with a newly available tube coupled to a monochromator; and (iii) the quenching effect of sodium azide. Direct spectral characterization of the near-infrared emission that attributes the emission to the transition of O 2 ( 1 g ) to the triplet ground state (O 2 ( 3 − g )) was done to unequivocally demonstrate the presence of O 2 ( 1 g ). For comparison, O 2 ( 1 g ) derived from the thermolysis of the endoperoxide of 1,4-dimethylnaphthalene or from the H 2 O 2 /hypochlorite system were also monitored. The product of the reaction (acetamide) was also detected by mass spectrometry (MS). This evidence clearly demonstrates that the reaction of H 2 O 2 with acetonitrile in alkaline solutions generates O 2 ( 1 g ), confirming the mechanism proposed by McKeown and Waters.

- by Glaucia Martinez
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- Analytical Chemistry, Mass Spectrometry, Near Infrared, Red Light

The sapphire devil, Chrysiptera cyanea, were reared for 45 days during the non-reproductive season (September) under LD14:10 at four different wavelengths produced by light emitting diodes (LEDs): red (peak at 627 nm), green (530 nm), blue (455 nm) and white (5000 K). Ovarian maturation occurred in fish exposed to red, green and blue light, but not to fish under either white or natural light (control group). Mean gonadosomatic index was higher (P b 0.05) in fish group reared under red light than those reared under other treatments. Moreover, the ovaries of all fish (10/10) reared under red LED light contained vitellogenic oocytes. By contrast, a few fish in the groups of green LED (4/10 individuals) and blue LED (2/10 individuals) contained vitellogenic oocytes in ovaries, while the fish in the white LED and control groups had oocytes at immature stages. These results indicate that the light wavelength influences ovarian development in the sapphire devil and the level of effectiveness was red light N green light N blue light. The present results demonstrate that in addition to photoperiod, light wavelength is important for induction of gonadal maturation of reef fishes and that LED becomes a useful tool for aquaculture. Since responsiveness to lighting environments may differ among species, it is necessary to define optimum photic conditions on a species by species basis, if an artificial induction of reproduction is conducted by lighting environment in fish.

- by Mohammad Abu Jafor Bapary
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- Fisheries, Histology, Aquaculture, Red Light

We present a color tuning technique allowing to control the emission colors of polymer light emitting diodes (PLEDS), which is of considerable interest for flat panel display applications. The emission color variation of the PLED from blue to red-orange is achieved by blending small amounts of a red light emitting guest polymer with the active PLED layer consisting of a blue emitting laddertype poly (paraphenylene) (LPPP). Using this new technique we realized highly efficient stable single layer PLEDs emitting different colors including white light emission. Besides the color tuning, which is established by an efficient excitation energy transfer (EET) and charge transfer from the host, m-LPPP, to the guest polymer, a significant increase of the photoluminescence (PL) and the electroluminescence (EL) quantum efficiency is observed.

- by Christian Hochfilzer
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- Materials Engineering, Red Light, Quantum Efficiency, Optical physics

The subject of human trafficking has recently received a lot of attention from society and the world of politics. The criminal-law approach to human trafficking has also been placed high on the agenda of law enforcers. Human trafficking is, however, a complex crime with several specific characteristics. For example, there is often a complex relationship between victims and perpetrators of human trafficking and victims are often too afraid to file a report. How do the police and the judicial authorities work in the investigation of human trafficking in view of the specific characteristics of human trafficking? What choices are made in practice and what different police investigative strategies can be distinguished? What opportunities and risks are inherent in the choices made? In this article we answer these questions on the basis of four large scale police investigations into human trafficking that we studied closely. The four criminal cases all focused on violent groups of human traffickers that operated in the Amsterdam window prostitution. All criminal cases have since been concluded (in first instance). It turned out that in each of the four investigations the relevant police team applied a different investigative strategy: one investigation focused primarily on the victim statements, one investigation focused on public nuisance, one investigation focused on the evidence against the criminal organisation and one investigation focused on the offences (evidence concerning the exploitation of prostitutes). In this article we compare the four strategies applied and consider the consequences of each strategy for the course of the investigation and the criminal prosecution and what dilemma's are faced in each strategy. Although the various investigations cannot be easily compared and a uniform 'best' strategy cannot be designated, the comparison does show that some choices or decisions entail great opportunities or great risks as regards the successful investigation and prosecution of human trafficking. It concerns, for example, the

- by Maite Verhoeven
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- Criminology, Law Enforcement, Red Light, Large Scale

Cut flowering stems (45 cm long) of carnation (cv. Master) and rose (cv. Red Sandra) were placed in test tubes containing distilled water with or without commercial preservative (20 ml l À1 ), under fluorescent tubes of 50 ± 10 mol m À2 s À1 Photosynthetic photon flux (PPF). A mixed radiation from fluorescent tubes with red light provided by light emitting diodes (LEDs) and monochromic red light of low 50 or high 90 ± 10 mol m À2 s À1 was also tested in the absence of preservative solution. Both red light with high PPF and the mixed radiation under low PPF extended the vase life of cut carnations, and flower freshness could be maintained for 10.9 days compared with a water/fluorescent light control. In cut rose, the treatment containing the preservative solution under fluorescent tubes alone and in red alone, regardless of light intensity, prolonged vase life for 4.6 and 4.2 days longer than the control, respectively. Treatment with red LEDs plus high PPF resulted in complete petal opening in carnation flowers.

- by Debasis Chakrabarty and +1
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- Plant Biology, Red Light, Plant Growth Regulation, Light Intensity

Background: Considerable interest has been aroused in recent years by the well-known notion that biological systems are sensitive to visible light. With clinical applications of visible radiation in the far-red to near-infrared region of the spectrum in mind, we explored the effect of coherent red light irradiation with extremely low energy transfer on a neural cell line derived from rat pheochromocytoma. We focused on the effect of pulsed light laser irradiation vis-à-vis two distinct biological effects: neurite elongation under NGF stimulus on laminin-collagen substrate and cell viability during oxidative stress.

Background: Depression frequently occurs in the elderly. Its cause is largely unknown, but several studies point to disturbances of biological rhythmicity. In both normal aging, and depression, the functioning of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) is impaired, as evidenced by an increased prevalence of day-night rhythm perturbations, such as sleeping disorders. Moreover, the inhibitory SCN neurons on the hypothalamus-pituitary adrenocortical axis (HPA-axis) have decreased activity and HPA-activity is enhanced, when compared to non-depressed elderly. Using bright light therapy (BLT) the SCN can be stimulated. In addition, the beneficial effects of BLT on seasonal depression are well accepted. BLT is a potentially safe, nonexpensive and well accepted treatment option. But the current literature on BLT for depression is inconclusive.

- by Witte J G Hoogendijk
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- Red Light, Light therapy, Seasonality, Major Depressive Disorder