Social Values Research Papers

209 PSICOLOGIA SOCIALE n. 3, settembre-dicembre 2015

- by and +2
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- Trust, Values, Multilevel modelling, Personal values

Over the past decade the approaches adopted towards the mental health care of refugees by a range of national and international healthcare organisations have been the subject of a sustained and growing critique. Much of this critique has focused on the way in which Western psychiatric categories have been ascribed to refugee populations in ways which, critics argue, pay scant attention to the social, political and economic factors that play a pivotal role in refugees' experience. Rather than portraying refugees as ''passive victims'' suffering mental health problems, critics have argued that attention should be given to the resistance of refugees and the ways in which they interpret and respond to experiences, challenging the external forces bearing upon them. In this paper a range of issues concerning the mental health care of refugees will be examined. These include the role of psychiatric diagnosis in relation to refugees' own perceptions of their need and within the context of general health and social care provision. In examining services the emergence of new paradigms in mental health care is identified. These include the growth of holistic approaches that take account of refugees' own experiences and expressed needs and which address the broader social policy contexts in which refugees are placed. A three-dimensional model for the analysis of the interrelationship between ''macro'' level institutional factors in the mental health of refugees and the individual treatment of refugees within mental health services is proposed. #

- by Charles Watters
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- Sociology, Psychiatry, Anthropology, Social Policy

This presentation is part of the Social Values in Medical Research track. Due to higher than national average breast cancer rates and deaths on Long Island the U.S. Congress in 1993 ordered a study of breast cancer on the island. The Long Island Breast Cancer Study Project (LIBCSP), federally funded under Public Law 103-43, conducted by the National Cancer Institute

- by Nancy McHugh
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- Philosophy of Science, Breast Cancer, Air pollution, Water Pollution

This project involves a critical review of current knowledge and understanding of social value in the context of heritage management. Encompassing the significance of the historic environment to contemporary communities, social value relates to people’s sense of identity, distinctiveness, belonging, and place, as well as forms of memory and spiritual association. The project considers the thorny issue of how to deal with the dynamic, iterative, and embodied nature of these relationships and the values created through them. Particular attention is focused on the modes of experience, engagement and practice that inform people’s relationships with the historic environment and the creation of value. The project also explores increasing evidence that points of crisis and conflict, including those associated with difficult and traumatic forms of memory, are particularly potent contexts for the creation of value. The range of methodologies used in existing research and surveys is critically analysed, along with their application in the spheres of heritage conservation and public policy. Finally, the appropriateness of a conceptual apparatus that tends to quantify and fix values is examined. The possibilities for capturing more fluid processes of valuing the historic environment are considered, along with the implications for other spheres of arts and culture

- by Sian Jones and +1
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- Cultural Heritage, Cultural Heritage Management, Intangible Cultural Heritage (Culture), Cultural value
- by Tom Selwyn
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- Anthropology, Perception, Tourism, Social Values

Different definitions of bioethics in American and Italian literature are reported. It is argued that they refer to three different conceptions of the epistemological status of bioethics: the first conceives of it as an application of moral principles to biomedical problems, the second as a methodology for the working out of clinical judgement, the third as a broader and interdisciplinary public inquiry. It is suggested that each approach grasps a part of the truth, for each singles out one level of the bioethical work. Bioethics is in fact a complex, three-level form of knowledge. The misunderstanding of this complexity has led to some confusion and to conflicts of attribution among those who are concerned with it.

- by Massimo Reichlin
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- Philosophy, Applied Ethics, Theology, Bioethics

Department of Linguistics, University of California, Berkeley ... ABSTRACT Our use of language embodies attitudes as well as referential meanings. 'Woman's language' has as foundation the attitude that women are marginal to... more

- by Robin Lakoff
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- Sociolinguistics, Language in Society, Linguistics, Linguistic Theory
- by Carl L Bankston
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- Sociology, Psychology, Culture, Medicine
- by S. Peele
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- Engineering, Law, Homicide, Medicine
- by Leonard Fleck
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- Economics, Philosophy, Ethics, Applied Ethics

Should the nation provide expensive care and scarce organs to convicted felons? We distinguish between two fields of justice: Medical Justice and Societal Justice. Although there is general acceptance within the medical profession that physicians may distribute limited treatments based solely on potential medical benefits without regard to nonmedical factors, that does not mean that society cannot impose limits based on societal factors. If a society considers the convicted felon to be a full member, then that person would be entitled to at least a "decent minimum" level of care -which might include access to scarce lifesaving organs. However, if criminals forfeit their entitlement to the same level of medical care afforded to all members of society, they still would be entitled to a kind of "rudimentary decent minimum" granted to all persons on simple humanitarian grounds. Almost certainly this entitlement would not include access to organ transplants.

- by Nancy Jecker
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- Criminal Justice, Applied Ethics, Social Justice, Medical Ethics
- by Rhett Diessner
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- Sociology, Psychology, Cognitive Science, Social Psychology

Many policy-related reviews of the potential social value of sport and physical activity list the prevention of juvenile delinquency. We examined the relationships among vigorous physical activity, self-esteem, and delinquent behavior among adolescents in a large cross-sectional survey of Ontario adolescents. Data are based on questionnaires from 3,796 students (range 11-20 years) derived from the 2005 Ontario Student Drug Use Survey. Negative binominal regression methods were used to estimate both additive and interactive models predicting delinquent behavior. Vigorous physical activity was positively associated with delinquent behavior; however, this pattern of association was observed only among male adolescents. There was no evidence of a mediating role for self-esteem. Our findings suggest that physical activity is not the solution for reducing juvenile delinquency.

- by Johanna Dwyer
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- Juvenile Delinquency, Physical Activity, Behavioral Medicine, Adolescent

Working as a family systems therapist with Native and non-Native families, the author observed two opposing social systems. Non-native families systems typify "The Box System," whereas native family systems portray "The Circle System." A few characteristics of the Circle System are: (1) a focus on life and peacefulness; (2) females and children are respected and honored; (3) learning is based on direct experience; (4) inner experience is communicated through storytelling, allegories, myths, and art; (5) communication between people is honest and direct; and (6) the goal of life is to achieve a Oneness with others. In contrast, the Box System: (1) idealizes war; (2) is white rale dominated; (3) is hierarchical; (4) suppresses emotions; (5) :ules through authority and domination; (6) creates labels to determine whether something is good or bad, right or wrong; (7) sees money as power; and (8) emphasizes memorization and a lojical step-by-step approach to learning. In the history of North America, the non-natives in the Box System imposed oppression and control upon the Circle System. Members of the Circle System show signs of stress under this oppression, similar to those of war veterans. These include high levels of anxiety, sexual dysfunction, a hopeless approach to life, use of addictive substances, and family dysfunction. Healing can take place by switching from the Box to the Circle. There is some evidence that the Box System has softened, and the First Nations' People may lead the return to the Circle. (KS)

- by Jann Derrick
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- Cultural Differences, Therapy, Social Systems, Social Values
- by Tony Harland
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- Nursing, Primary Health Care, Medical Education, Teaching

Near-death experiences reportedly foster value transformations and decrease suicidal ideation. Eighty-nine survivors of near-death experiences judged values related to material and social success as less important than did 175 control... more

- by Bruce Greyson
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- Death, Suicide, Altruism, Attitude

Assessmg mental competence of patients and relatives Tbis paper presents a discussion on tbe assessment of mental competence of patients and relatives m tbe bealtb care settmg Tbeir decision-makmg ability is explored witb particular reference to tbe giving of consent for nursing mtervention and medical treatment It is suggested tbat, in addition to obvious psychological or neurological disorders, decision-making ability will be influenced by psychological stress and tbe ability to communicate effectively It bigbligbts tbe ambiguity of mental competence assessment and concludes that sucb assessments will, to a greater or lesser extent, be subject to value-laden judgement

- by Paul Fulbrook
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- Nursing, Decision Making, Psychometrics, Family
- by David Deming
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- Geology, Soil, Protestantism, Mining

In Colombia, political decisions related to the countryside preserve an unjust social order, maintaining inequities and obstacles to the well-being and life quality of farmers. In this scenario the Territorial Arrangement Planning of the San Nicolas Valley, in the East of the department of Antioquia, has generated a series of rural conflicts that accentuate the vulnerabilities of rural residents, threatening the agricultural tradition in this subregion. Thus, this study inquired about the perceptions of legality in the peasant population of the area. A descriptive-correlational study with non-probabilistic sampling was carried out, including 380 peasants, members of civic-rural associations of the San Nicolas Valley, evaluating in four scales: beliefs, values, knowledge of the law and perceived legality in the context. Statistical analyses were performed in SPSS v.22 software. The findings indicated significant relationships between the study variables. Despite the state abandonment of the proletariat to market forces in an area with socioeconomic imbalances, no determining link was found between low income and violation of the law.
Resumo: Na Colômbia, as decisões políticas relacionadas ao campo preservam uma ordem social injusta, mantêm as desigualdades e os obstáculos ao bem-estar e à qualidade de vida dos agricultores. É assim que o Plano de Ordenamento Territorial do Vale de San Nicolás, no leste do departamento de Antioquia, gerou uma série de conflitos rurais que acentuam as vulnerabilidades dos moradores rurais, ameaçando a tradição agrícola nessa sub-região. Diante dessa situação, este estudo indagou sobre as percepções de legalidade na população camponesa da área, por meio de um estudo descritivo-correlacional, com amostragem não probabilística, que incluiu 380 camponeses, membros de associações cívico-rurais do Vale de San Nicolás, avaliando quatro escalas, crenças, valores, conhecimento da lei e legalidade, percebidas no contexto. As análises estatísticas foram realizadas no SPSS v. 22. Os resultados indicam relações significativas entre as variáveis do estudo. Apesar do abandono estatal do proletariado às forças de mercado em uma área com desequilíbrios socioeconômicos, nenhuma ligação determinante foi encontrada entre baixa renda e violação da lei.

- by Sonia Natalia Cogollo-Ospina and +1
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- Social Psychology, Perception, Social Sciences, Peasant Studies

Health status indexes, such as the EuroQol, consist of a health state classification system and a set of utility weights. Indexes measure quality of life using a 0-1 utility score. Utilities for outcomes in prostate cancer (PC) are of unique importance, but generic indexes do not represent PC outcomes (e.g., sexual, urinary, bowel dysfunction) well, and may not capture their full impact. As a step toward improved utility measurement, we constructed a classification system for PC. We generated items for each of six health domains and rated their importance using interviews with 10 clinical experts and 80 patients. Key concepts were selected for each domain using item importance weightings, and a set of predetermined criteria. Text was developed to express levels of severity within each domain. Experts and two additional groups of patients ( n ϭ 40, n ϭ 96) evaluated textual clarity and endorsed the content validity of the instrument. The final system consists of 10 domains with 4-6 levels each. The content validity of the system was endorsed by patients and experts. In conjunction with a set of utility weights, it may be used to develop a health status index, to improve utility measurement in patients, and to serve as a short psychometric (nonutility) instrument.

- by Paul Ritvo
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- Psychometrics, Quality of life, Clinical Epidemiology, Treatment Outcome
- by Angela Lumpkin
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- Ethics, Self Control, Physical Education, Teamwork

The paper reviews the assembly of the Country Code and its wider project circulated to reify a particular construction of countryside citizenship. The Code can be read as an attempt to pursue a particular moral project and an effort to influence behaviour through the design of a particular regime of conduct. Numerous alterations, most recently in 2004, have not fundamentally changed the aims of the Code as first introduced in 1951; as such the new Code marks not a withdrawal from the attempted imposition of a uniform countryside citizenship but rather an extension and refinement of this project and a continuing influence on the production and consumption of rural space. It is argued that the revisions and wider changes in associated materials and mediation of the Code are indicative of the way that countryside politics is changing to reflect both a post-productivist and postfeudal countryside: a shift that is being performed on the part of government through a more managerialist and interventionist style of governance. r

- by Gavin Parker
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- Sociology, Social Change, Human Geography, Urban And Regional Planning

The management of community infrastructure by local governments has emerged as a significant policy issue in Australia as evidence mounts of a funding shortfall to maintain ageing physical assets. In 2003 the Victorian government introduced a new infrastructure management policy to focus local government decision-making on service potential and financial sustainability rather than political interests or community preference. However, the policy relies on a model of local government as a service provider that is inattentive to new interests in community building and governance and takes limited account of the wider social value of community facilities. This article backgrounds debates over infrastructure, particularly at local level, and critically analyses the new policy direction set by the Victorian government.

- by Ian McShane
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- Economics, Social Values
- by Georgina Guilera
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- Psychology, Social Work, Epidemiology, Child abuse and neglect
- by William Goldstein
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- Hinduism, Psychology, Child Development, Family

Schools are attempting to reduce substance abuse by implementing policies related to use of alcohol and other drugs in school settings. A review of current trends in adolescent substance use, together with research concerning effectiveness of alcohol and drug education and the impact of legal deterrence, indicate that: I) neither educational nor school policy strategies by themselves are likely to effectively prevent use and abuse; 2) to be effective, education and policies must acknowledge and incorporate clear statements of community norms about alcohol and drug use; 3) to be effective, educational and policy strategies must complement and rein force each other; and 4) education and policies must acknowledge and reinforce the positive behavior of the large number of students who do not use or abuse alcohol and other drugs.

- by Michael Goodstadt
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- Health Education, Health Policy, Adolescent, Curriculum

Numerous studies are currently addressing the issue of contextual effects on health and disease outcomes. The majority of these studies fall short of providing a theoretical basis with which to explain what context is and how it affects individual disease outcomes. We propose a theoretical model, entitled collective lifestyles, which brings together three concepts from practice theory: social structure, social practices and agency. We do so in an attempt to move away from both behavioural and structural-functionalist explanations of the differential distribution of disease outcomes among areas by including a contextualisation of health behaviours that considers their meaning. We test the framework using the empirical example of smoking and pre-adolescents in 32 communities across Qu! e ebec, Canada. Social structure is operationalised as characteristics and resources; characteristics are the socio-economic aggregate characteristics of individuals culled from the 1996 Canadian Census, and resources are what regulates and transforms smoking practices. Information about social practices was collected in focus groups with pre-adolescents from four of the participating communities. Using zero-order and partial correlations we find that a portrait of communities emerges. Where there is a high proportion of more socio-economically advantaged people, resources tend to be more smoking discouraging, with the opposite being true for disadvantaged communities. Upon analysis of the focus group material, however, we find that the social practices in communities do not necessarily reflect the ''objectified'' measures of social structure. We suggest that a different conceptualisation of accessibility and lifestyle in contextual studies may enable us to improve our grasp on how differential rates of disease come about in local areas. r

- by Katherine Frohlich
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- Sociology, Anthropology, Health Behavior, Focus Groups

A large quantity of research concerning issues of patient compliance with medications has been produced in recent years. The assumption in much of this work is that patients have little option but to comply with the advice and instructions they receive. Studies have shown, however, that between one third and one half of all patients are non-compliant, but different authors cite different reasons for this high level of non-compliance. In this paper, the concept of compliance is questioned. It is shown to be largely irrelevant to patients who carry out a 'cost-benefit' analysis of each treatment, weighing up the costs/risks of each treatment against the benefits as they perceive them. Their perceptions and the personal and social circumstances within which they live are shown to be crucial to their decision-making. Thus an apparently irrational act of non-compliance (from the doctor's point of view) may be a very rational action when seen from the patient's point of view. The solution to the waste of resources inherent in non-compliance lies not in attempting to increase patient compliance per se, but in the development of more open, co-operative doctor-patient relationships.

- by Robin Goyal
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- Sociology, Rheumatology, Anthropology, Communication

The Justification Hypothesis (JH; Henriques, 2003) is a basic, general, and macro-level construct that is highly compelling. However, it needs greater specification (i.e., justification) regarding what it is, how it might be operationalized and measured, and what it does and does not predict in the real world. In the present analysis, the act of "justification" is conceptualized as the ongoing attempt to convince self and/or others that one's beliefs and values, which is to say one's "version of reality" or VOR, is correct, defensible, and good. In addressing these issues, this paper is divided into two complementary parts: (a) consideration of justification dynamics and exemplars from a scientific-humanist perspective and (b) an examination of how justification systems and processes have been studied vis-à-vis research and theory on beliefs and values as well as an extant model-Equilintegration (EI) Theory-and method-the Beliefs, Events, and Values Inventory (BEVI).

- by Craig Shealy
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- Psychology, Clinical Psychology, Cognitive Science, Science

Research on achievement goal promotion at University has shown that performanceapproach goals are perceived as a means to succeed at University (high social utility) but are not appreciated (low social desirability). We argue that such a paradox could explain why research has detected that performance-approach goals consistently predict academic grades. First-year psychology students answered a performance-approach goal scale with standard, social desirability and social utility instructions. Participants' grades were recorded at the end of the semester. Results showed that the relationship between performance-approach goals and grades was inhibited by the increase of these goals' social desirability and facilitated by the increase of their social utility, revealing that the predictive validity of performance-approach goals depends on social value.

- by Céline Darnon and +1
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- Sociology, Psychology, Cognitive Science, Adolescent

JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and... more

- by Charles Weijer
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- Philosophy, Applied Ethics, Personhood, Medical Ethics

T h i s s t u d y e s t i m a t e d t h e v a l u e o f c o n t r a c e p t i v e s , t h ro u g h a r a n d o md i g i t -d i a l e d s u rv e y o f w i l l i n g n e s s t o p a y f o r h e a l t h i n s u r a n c e c o v e r a g e o f... more

T h i s s t u d y e s t i m a t e d t h e v a l u e o f c o n t r a c e p t i v e s , t h ro u g h a r a n d o md i g i t -d i a l e d s u rv e y o f w i l l i n g n e s s t o p a y f o r h e a l t h i n s u r a n c e c o v e r a g e o f c o n t r a c e p t i v e s a m o n g 6 5 9 Wa s hington State adults. People valued contraceptives at 5 times the actua r i a l c o s t ; i n g e n e r a l , w o m e n a n d re p ro d u c t i v e -a g e d p e r s o n s w e re w i l l i n g t o p a y m o re , b u t l o w -i n c o m e men highly valued contraceptives. M o s t re s p o n d e n t s ( 8 5 % ) s a i d t h a t c o n t r a c e p t i v e s s h o u l d b e c o v e re d by health insurance plans. The full b e n e f i t o f c o n t r a c e p t i v e s e x c e e d s t h e i r c o s t . (A m J P u b l i c H e a l t h . 2 0 0 4 ; 94:1330-1332)

- by David Lockhart
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- Social Support, Health insurance, Adolescent, Income

The introduction of a new medical technology can have indirect, unintended, or unanticipated effects on individuals or on social systems. Although these impacts result from the widespread use of the technology, many of them can be predicted while the technology is being developed. A method for systematically identifying and evaluating these impacts is technology assessment. Such an assessment, made while a technology is being developed, could provide useful information for decision making about research and development and in planning for the technology's eventual introduction. Because only a few medical technologies have been formally assessed and because the process of medical technology development is poorly understood, one must be cautious in recommending widespread use of technology assessment. Nevertheless, enough is now known to permit the formulation of. approaches that could be used in preliminary attempts at medical technology assessment.

- by David Banta
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- Social Change, Decision Making, Quality of life, Health Planning

Discussions of ethical approaches in nursing have been much enlivened in recent years, for instance by new developments in the theory of care. Nevertheless, many ethical concepts in nursing still need to be clarified. The purpose of this contribution is to develop a fundamental ethical view on nursing care considered as moral practice. Three main components are analyzed more deeply -- i.e., the caring relationship, caring behavior as the integration of virtue and expert activity, and &amp;amp;amp;quot;good care&amp;amp;amp;quot; as the ultimate goal of nursing practice. For the development of this philosophical-ethical interpretation of nursing, we have mainly drawn on the pioneering work of Anne Bishop and John Scudder, Alasdair MacIntyre, Lawrence Blum, and Louis Janssens. We will also show that the European philosophical background offers some original ideas for this endeavor.

- by Paul Schotsmans and +1
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- Religion, Philosophy, Communication, Applied Ethics

The study investigated adolescents' moral emotion expectancies for actions versus inactions across cultures (Chinese vs. Canadian) and different moral rule contexts (rules that prohibit antisocial behaviour vs. rules that prescribe prosocial actions) while controlling for judgements of obligatoriness of moral actions. The sample consisted of 372 teenagers from three grade levels (7-8, 10-11, and 1st-2nd year university). Participants were provided with scenarios depicting moral and immoral actions of self or others. Moral emotion expectancies were assessed following each scenario by asking participants to rate the intensity of various emotions they anticipate for themselves in the given situation. Actions were related to stronger self-evaluative and other-evaluative moral emotion expectancies than inactions in both cultures. Whereas perceived obligatoriness of moral actions was associated with moral emotion expectancies, it did not account for the actor effect. Moreover, Chinese adolescents tended to report stronger negatively charged other-evaluative emotions when observing others engaging in antisocial behaviour and less positive emotions for moral actions. Overall, the study indicates that moral emotion expectancies hinge upon universal moral principles (as exemplified by the actor effect) that interact with cultural values and individuals' moral judgement in complex ways.

- by Fanli Jia
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- Psychology, Cognitive Science, China, Adolescent
- by evelyn martin
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- Nursing, Violence, Fear, Focus Groups
- by Mary Dunn
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- Nursing, Obesity, Body Size, Body Mass Index

is recognized for her outstanding achievements in research, administration, and education. She has been dedicated to finding solutions to the problems that physical therapists face in the clinic and improving the lives of patients with neurological disorders, significantly in the area of motor learning and rehabilitation of patients poststroke. Internationally recognized as a leader for her research in the area of motor learning and neuroscience, Dr Winstein has had great success in funded research in particular, which is considered unusual for the physical therapy profession. She has received 25 research awards, cumulatively totaling more than $15 million. Dr Winstein is a member of the Research and Neurology sections of the American Physical Therapy Association. She has served as a guest editor for Physical Therapy and co-chaired the program committee for III STEP, a conference sponsored by the Neurology and Pediatric sections in 2005. Between 2002 and 2005, she was instrumental in helping to establish and direct the first clinical research network in physical therapy (PTClinResNet), funded in part through a grant from the Foundation for Physical Therapy. She has given more than 100 invited presentations over the course of her career, both nationally and internationally. Dr Winstein's record of publication is further proof of the impact of her contributions to the science of motor control and learning for neurorehabilitation. She has authored 55 publications in peer-reviewed journals, with 18 as first author, and 73 published abstracts. She has authored 10 chapters in refereed volumes, another 5 in non-refereed texts, and 6 invited commentaries.

- by Carolee Winstein
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- Job Satisfaction, Physical Therapy, Clinical Sciences, Social Values

This paper ®rst explores evidence that speech±language pathologists are experiencing dissatisfaction with their roles and then argues that one source of dissatisfaction may be in a mismatch between personal and organisational values. In order to clarify their notion of values, the authors next present a model that outlines various levels at which values operate in therapy and show how values pervade all aspects of practice. The paper then offers some practical examples of how a new organisation has tried to address overtly the implementation of values in practice, with suggestions for how other practitioners might go about making their own personal and organisational values more explicit. The paper ends with a few caveats about the dif®culties and dangers of attending to values and conclude with why it is a bene®cial endeavour. Learning outcomes: Participants will be able to (1) understand issues and practices that contribute to professional burnout; (2) describe a values-based framework for clinical practice; (3) understand the importance of concerning oneself with values, despite the dif®culties in so doing; (4) explore some dif®culties in adopting a medical model. #

- by Judith Duchan
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- Psychology, Cognitive Science, Speech Language Pathology, Communication Disorders

The self is defined and judged differently by people from face and dignity cultures (in this case, Hong Kong and the United States, respectively). Across 3 experiments, people from a face culture absorbed the judgments of other people into their private self-definitions. Particularly important for people from a face culture are public representations-knowledge that is shared and known to be shared about someone. In contrast, people from a dignity culture try to preserve the sovereign self by not letting others define them. In the 3 experiments, dignity culture participants showed a studied indifference to the judgments of their peers, ignoring peers' assessments-whether those assessments were public or private, were positive or negative, or were made by qualified peers or unqualified peers. Ways that the self is "knotted" up with social judgments and cultural imperatives are discussed.

- by Dov Cohen
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- Marketing, Psychology, Cognitive Science, Public Opinion
- by John Levin
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- Higher Education, Case Studies, Attitudes, Social Values

A common belief among epidemiologists and other scientists is that they ought not engage in ethical evaluation or endorse any particular ethical, political, or social values while involved in scientific reasoning. Such values are irrelevant to collecting and interpreting data and can only lead to bias. This view is also reflected in scientists’ education. The authors argue that ethical values are crucial to conducting much epidemiological research. Focusing on epidemiological research on racial health disparities, they show that value judgments are inescapable when performing such research. Values are implicit in the framing of research questions, the identification of the problem, and the choices of design and methodology. By making value judgments explicit, scientists will be more likely to pay attention to them and thus assess them in critical ways. Finally, the implications that this has for scientific training are discussed. Scientific training should prepare scientists to engage in ethical reasoning not only because it will make them more responsible human beings, but also because it will make them better scientists.

- by Inmaculada de Melo-Martin
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- Epidemiology, Health Disparities, Problem Solving, Case Study

Objective To compare the prevalence of eating disorders (ED), socio-cultural risk factors, and body image characteristics in two populations of female adolescents, one Mexican and one Spanish, from similar socio-economic backgrounds. Method A total of 467 Spanish and 329 Mexican girls aged from 11–12 to 17–18 years were assessed using the Eating Attitude Test-26 (EAT-26), the CETCA (Eating Disorders Assessment Questionnaire), the CIMEC (Questionnaire on Influences on Body Shape Model), and a survey of socio-demographic and risk factors produced for this study. Results One out of four subjects showed a significant risk of an eating disorder and 6–7% probably already had one. No significant differences were found between the two samples. Significant differences were found in risk behaviors: more Spanish girls reported body dissatisfaction and binging; more Mexican girls had a history of psychiatric and psychological treatment, pressure from parents and friends to lose weight, dieting, physical activity and vomiting to lose weight, and a history of greater weight loss. In both the groups around 50% of subjects wanted to increase the size of their breasts. However, significantly more Mexican girls desired thinner arms and narrower shoulders and back, and more Spanish girls wanted thinner hips, buttocks, and legs, parts of the body that many Mexicans wanted to increase. Conclusions Risk behaviors and the ideal body models of these Spanish and Mexican adolescent girls varied significantly, indicating major socio-cultural differences. However, the prevalence of ED was similar. Further research should aim to clarify whether the similarities found between this Spanish sample and a Mexican sample taken from an upper-middle class urban environment, a minority that is unrepresentative of the general population, are also observed in samples from other sectors of Mexican society.

- by Rodrigo Leon
- •
- Psychology, Cognitive Science, Epidemiology, Mental Health

Background-Siblings of children with disabilities are at risk for internalizing psychological disorders; however little is known about how culture influences this effect. This study examined the psychological and school functioning of... more

- by Debra Lobato
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- Psychology, Cognitive Science, Anxiety Disorders, Adolescent

An attributional analysis of reactions to poverty is presented. The article begins by discussing the perceived causes of poverty and their taxonomic properties (locus, stability, and controllability). One antecedent of causal beliefs, political ideology, is then examined in detail, followed by a review of the effects of causal beliefs on emotions and behavior. It is contended that helping the poor is a moral issue, but the moral evaluation concerns the targeted recipient of aid rather than the potential help giver. Persons perceived as responsible for their plight, a dominant construal for conservatives, elicit anger and neglect. In contrast, those seen as not responsible for their financial hardship, an outlook predominantly endorsed by liberals, arouse sympathy and help giving. Sympathy is the most important proximal determinant of aid. This analysis is extended to reactions to achievement failure, abortion, and rape. Policy implications are also examined.

- by Bernard Weiner
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- Psychology, Cognitive Science, Social Psychology, Personality

Nursing administration takes on a bureaucratic orientation in Brazil. In this article, the authors report a strategy of participative management as a useful resource for transforming bureaucratic organizations. Principles of participative... more

- by Isabel A C Mendes
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- Nursing, Creativity, Total Quality Management, Efficiency

In medical ethics, principles have an important but frequently overextended role. The need for exact answers and moral formulae sometimes leads to the misuse of principles, such that they usurp the central place of persons and become ends in themselves. The Baby Jane Doe case is discussed as a prominent instance of both the proper uses and abuses of principles. A more fitting role for principles is described and illustrated, stressing the use of principles as tools of moral discernment and the time-laden character of moral judgments. Key words-medical ethics, principles, uncertainty, judgment "We're not just fighting for this baby but for the principle that every life is sacred [I]". C. EVERETT Koop "It should be clear by now that what is needed in neonatal decision-making is precise articulation of agreed-upon principles and improved procedures for applying them to individual cases [2]". GEORGE ANNA~

- by Larry Churchill
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- Psychology, Anthropology, Medical Ethics, Ethical Theory

I discuss the predicament that engineering-ethics education in Japan now faces and propose a solution to this. The predicament is professional motivation, i.e., the problem of how to motivate engineering students to maintain their professional integrity. The special professional responsibilities of engineers are often explained either as an implicit social contract between the profession and society (the “social-contract” view), or as requirements for membership in the profession (the “membership-requirement” view). However, there are empirical data that suggest that such views will not do in Japan, and this is the predicament that confronts us. In this country, the profession of engineering did not exist 10 years ago and is still quite underdeveloped. Engineers in this country do not have privileges, high income, or high social status. Under such conditions, neither the social-contract view nor the membership-requirement view is convincing. As an alternative approach that might work in Japan, I propose a pride-based view. The notion of pride has been analyzed in the virtue-ethics literature, but the full potential of this notion has not been explored. Unlike other kinds of pride, professional pride can directly benefit the general public by motivating engineers to do excellent work even without social rewards, since being proud of themselves is already a reward. My proposal is to foster a particular kind of professional pride associated with the importance of professional services in society, as the motivational basis for professional integrity. There is evidence to suggest that this model works.

- by Tetsuji Iseda
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- Engineering, Contracts, Philosophy, Applied Ethics

To be effective, criminal justice policies should affect the underlying social norms for which the policies were enacted. This study sought to determine whether public perceptions of criminal justice policies on domestic violence affected social norms. Two waves of data were collected via a telephone survey where a random probability sample of 973 residents was drawn from 4 communities. A structural equation model was tested and confirmed. Results provided strong support for the hypothesis that perceptions of criminal justice policies have direct effects on attitudes toward criminal justice response, and indirect effects on victim-blaming attitudes, both underlying social norms related to domestic violence. The enactment of criminal justice policies, therefore, may have an impact beyond victims and perpetrators and lead to a transformation of the community through the emergence of new social norms. Public awareness campaigns designed to disseminate criminal justice policies may be instrumental in provoking social change.

- by Laura Salazar
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- Social Change, Psychology, Criminal Law, Criminal Justice

Social Values Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)