Tanzanian Studies Research Papers - Academia.edu (original) (raw)

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In our daily life, economic activities, and national security highly depend on stability, safely, and resilient cyberspace. A network brings communications and transports, power to our homes, run our economy, and provide government with various services.
However it is through the same cyber networks which intrude and attack our privacy, economy, social life in a way which is harmful. Some scholars have interestingly argued that, “in the Internet nobody knows you are a dog”. This raises some legal issues and concerns.
This paper presents important issues on the Security, Prevention, and Detection of Cyber Crime. The paper consists of four parts in Romanic Numbers.
In Part I, the attempt here is simply to familiarize the reader with a careful understanding of the Cyber Crimes. The author will trace back the meaning, history, and types of Cyber Crimes
In Part II, one has to know the concept of Cyber Security; this will include meaning, background, types if any and important of Cyber Security.
Part III will explain on Cyber Prevention and Detection the same will include meaning and history, Cyber Prevention and Detection Methodologies and Legal Instruments.
And Part IV, Personal Assessment basically in Tanzanian Laws.
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- Machine Learning, Data Mining, Cybercrimes, Access Control
- by Ɔbenfo Ọbádélé B . Kambon
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- Sociology, Proverbs, Culture, Comparative Linguistics

A brief editor's notice of the Swahili translation of F.X. Lwamgira’s Amakuru ga Kiziba na Abakama Bamu (1949), the English translation of which (The History of Kiziba and its Kings) is reviewed by Nico Brice-Bennett in Tanzanian Affairs... more

- by Martin Walsh
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- African History, African Literature, Colonialism, East Africa

This short paper is all about the Extradition Act No. 15 of 1965 [Cap 368 R: E 2002] on the procedures on how the accused person who commit an offence inside the country and escape to other country (vice versa) from the processes of arresting up to hearing of cases and evidence.
Tanzania can extradite its own nationals. In correlation with the bombing of the US Embassy in Tanzania in 1998, a Tanzanian citizen was extradited to the United States. Also in 2017 the Court approved the extradition of a leader of a global drug trafficking ring to the United States of America.
In Republic V Wilfred Onyango Nganyi & Another involving extradition of suspected robbers connected to a robbery that occurred in Arusha, Tanzania, extradition proceedings were followed to the letter and the accused were handed over to the Tanzania authorities after the High Court on appeal, granted extradition orders.
This means such person can be returned to our country (or foreign country) where crime has been committed in order to give the chance for the particular court proceedings to prevail. This act is normal known as Extradition, and the power given to the parties to an agreement on mutual assistance on extradition processes is known as Extradition Authority. The most important thing in Extradition is jurisdiction, which is mainly given after the mutual agreement between the said countries on extradition assistance. Territorial jurisdiction simply means the geographical area within which a court of law can exercise its powers (Sharma v R, 20 E.A.C.A 310).
For instance, if any fugitive criminal or other person is arrested in pursuance of the provisions of this Act and brought before a magistrate shall have power to order, who has no power to exercise jurisdiction under this Act, that magistrate person to be brought before some magistrate having that jurisdiction, and to remand or admit that person to bail, and effect shall be given to that order.

- by Asherry B P Magalla
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- Tanzanian Studies, Tanzania, Extradition, Deportation

During the past 30 years, Tanzania has experienced successive precious mineral rushes led by artisanal miners. Their settlement, livelihood and housing strategies have evolved amidst high mobility in pursuit of mineral wealth. Cumulatively, the spatial movement of artisanal miners and an associated following of economically motivated migrant service providers have catalysed large-scale " direct urbanization " at artisanal mine sites-cum-small towns. These settlements have been generally characterized by relatively makeshift accommodation, which may mask accumulated savings of in situ earnings for housing investment elsewhere. In this article, in addition to documenting the mine-led direct urbanization process, we draw attention to a subsequent "indirect urbanization" phenomenon, whereby many successful artisanal miners and other entrepreneurial mining settlement residents make strategic house building investments in larger towns and cities. In anticipation of declining mineral yields and retirement from days of 'roughing it' in mining sites, they endeavour to channel savings into housing in more urbanized locations, aiming to diversify into profitable business activities, living a life with better physical and social amenities. Their second-wave onward migration from mine sites encompasses more diverse destinations, particularly regional towns and cities, which accommodate their work and family life cycle needs and lifestyle preferences. Such mine-led direct and indirect urbanization processes arise from sequential migration decision-making of participants in Tanzania's artisanal mining sector. In this article, we interrogate mining settlement residents' locational choices on the basis of fieldwork survey findings from four artisanal gold and diamond mining settlements in Tanzania's mineral-rich regions of Geita, Mwanza and Shinyanga, and from in-depth interviews with miners-cum-entrepreneurs residing in Mwanza, Tanzania's second largest city, situated in the heart of Tanzania's gold fields.

- by Deborah Bryceson
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- African Studies, Africa, Migration, Settlement Patterns
- by May Joseph
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- African Studies, African History, African Politics, Tanzanian Studies

Inside the famous anthology of Kiswahili poems written by Mathias E. Mnyampala in the middle of the twentieth century, the Diwani ya Mnyampala, there is a woman writting. But she is hidden. This paper try to explain and understand the... more

- by Mathieu Roy and +1
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- African Studies, Gender Studies, Poetry, Tanzanian Studies

This research article published by the Journal of Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences (JBES), 2019

- by Winisia makirita
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- Research Methodology, Open Access, Educational Research, Tanzanian Studies
- by Jonathan Walz
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- African Studies, Cultural Heritage, Heritage Studies, Political Ecology
- by Gerard van der Velde
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- Coral Reef Ecosystems, Mangroves, Tanzanian Studies, Indian Ocean World

The migration of the Greeks in Tanzania, in the last quarter of the 19th century, resulted from the political and social conditions existed in the wider south-eastern Mediterranean, and the consequences of the strategy of the European colonial powers in East Africa. The opening of the Suez Canal created many ports in the East Africa for the refuelling of the ships on the way to India. Moreover, the conflict of the European powers to broaden their sphere of influence in Africa so as to exploit the maximum physical space led to the infrastructure development. The Greeks immigrated to the then German East Africa, took advantage of these conditions and became the protagonists of the economic development of the country. We should note that the area was known as German East Africa till 1918. Then it was named as Tanganyika and in 1964, it formed the country of Tanzania after the unification with Zanzibar.
The methodology used during the research was mainly the research of the archives, both Greek and foreign, and the literature study. Through the consulate and community records, it was possible to focus on the formation and history of the Greek community. However, it was necessary to study the Greek presence in relation to the economic and geopolitical upheavals brought about by the colonialism and the changes followed the independence of the country. For that reason, we researched the literature that covers the colonial period and extends to the era of independence.An important contribution to our research was the archives of the German administration concerning the period 1885-1918 and the records of the British Foreign Office.
In the first part of the book, we present the history of Tanzania and we analyze the formation process of the Greek community. Therefore, we study the history of the Greeks up to date. In the second part, we focus on the anthropogeography of the community, their educational choices and the interrelations of the Greeks with the colonial elite and the indigenous. Finally, we examine the Greek entrepreneurship starting from the colonial period up to date. At the end of the book, there is an Annex with the Greeks recorded in Tanzania from 1880 until 1960. The list was resulted from the information found in the archives of the Greek Consulate in Dar es Salaam, the records of the ‘Hellenic Society of Tanganyika’, and the relevant Greek and foreign literature. This Annex provides information about the origin and profession of the Greeks in Tanzania.

- by antonis chaldeos
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- Greek History, German History, Colonialism, Tanzanian Studies

In a constructivist world of teaching and learning, opportunities to acquire and develop the knowledge and practical skills necessary to design, establish, and deploy blended learning in vocational education and training (VET) programs delivery is a labour-market-driven. The paper examines VET educator " s pleas about the need for the design, adoption and deployment of blended learning in VET programs delivery in Tanzania. A single case study design with an in-depth interview and focus group discussion was conducted with 15 VET educators in three VET colleges in both Morogoro and Dar es Salaam regions. Snowball and purposive sampling were used to obtain sample respondents. For the data analysis, content analysis was employed to condense data obtained from interviews and focus group discussion. It was found that continuous professional development, institutional arrangements, and support should be provided online to facilitate the design, adoption and use of blended learning in VET. We recommend that locally designed blended learning should be relevant to the environment of both students and teachers. In reality, the interplay between blended learning, imparting knowledge and practical skills remain the key focus of future research.

- by Haruni Machumu and +1
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- Tanzanian Studies, Technology Enhanced Learning, Blended Learning, Technical and Vocational Education and Training

Drawing on private papers and interviews conducted between 2009 and 2015, this article analyses the Swahili lyrics (mashairi) of three of the twelve songs or sung poems composed between the mid-2000s and 2015 by Mzee Waziri Omari Nyange (born 1936), a Muslim man of peasant origins who was once a solo guitarist with the renowned Cuban Marimba Jazz Band, a craftsperson and a herbalist. He is still active as a healer, promoter of Tanzanian culture and composer of didactic lyrics accompanied by tunes for guitar music (muziki wa dansi). Two of the three unrecorded and typewritten compositions presented here are on HIV/AIDS; one is on witchcraft. Lyrics largely conform to longstanding Swahili/
Islamic moral principles and converge with the government’s ideology. But they also at times depart from them and present innovative views. Notwithstanding their restricted audience or lack thereof, these compositions serve to illustrate that Mzee Nyange’s concerns with individual and national well-being are intertwined. By showing some of the ways in which one outstanding individual of humble social level has been keenly participating in the process of guiding the community in hidden ways, this article claims that Mzee Nyange’s life history and artistic production can shed light on the everyday process of self-making and nation-building in Tanzania.

The Zanzibar leopard (Panthera pardus adersi Pocock, Felidae) is an island endemic which has been hunted to the point of extinction. In this paper, based on research begun in 1995, we outline the political and economic circumstances which led to the progressive demonization of this large carnivore and concerted efforts to exterminate it. Cultural constructions of the leopard’s significance and value have varied between different groups of political actors as well as changed over time. Metaphorical extensions of the ecologists’ ‘keystone species’ concept cannot capture complex histories of this kind, and we argue for a more nuanced understanding of cultural salience in this and similar cases.

Today, the East African state of Tanzania is renowned for wildlife preserves such as the Serengeti National Park, the Ngorongoro Conservation Area, and the Selous Game Reserve. Yet few know that most of these initiatives emerged from decades of German colonial rule. This book gives the first full account of Tanzanian wildlife conservation up until World War I, focusing upon elephant hunting and the ivory trade as vital factors in a shift from exploitation to preservation that increasingly excluded indigenous Africans. Analyzing the formative interactions between colonial governance and the natural world, The Nature of German Imperialism situates East African wildlife policies within the global emergence of conservationist sensibilities around 1900.

- by Bernhard Gissibl
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- German History, Political Ecology, Environmental Studies, Environmental History
- by Mr. Karim G . Mussa
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- Indian studies, Taxation, Tanzanian Studies, Nigeria
- by Mr. Karim G . Mussa
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- Tanzanian Studies, Tanzania, Citations, Judiciary
- by Alejandra Orozco Quintero
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- Conservation, Technical Writing, National Parks, Tanzanian Studies

This article examines how a group of Tanzanian journalists co-construct their identities as members of the same culture by producing talk that aligns them with several shared membership categories (Sacks 1972, 1979, 1992). The speakers propose and subsequently reaffirm, resist, or transform the categories ‘Westernized’ and ‘ethnically marked’ in order to align or realign themselves as co-members of the same group of white collar workers. In the first excerpt, the participants critique Tanzanian youth who dress like rap singers, providing turn-by-turn slots for co-affiliation, thereby establishing an intercultural difference between themselves and their fellow Tanzanians who adopt Western ways uncritically. In this excerpt, the participants employ interculturality for affiliative positioning by drawing a boundary between themselves and those Tanzanians whom they identify as ‘outsiders’ through their talk. The disjunction between the two groups is accomplished through codeswitching, shared humor, and pronoun usage. The second excerpt demonstrates how the recently-established shared insider identity is re-analyzed by the group when one of the participants in the office is constructed as uncooperative, and his ethnicity is named as the source of his inability to work with his colleagues in a suitable manner. Thus, his status as an ‘outsider’ becomes made real through explicit categorization of him as a non-member due to the interculturality of ethnic difference. This participant resists the ethnification (Day 1998) he receives, however, and through this resistance, he succeeds in reintegrating himself into the group. This reintegration is accomplished through affiliative language structures including codeswitching, teasing, and the nomination of new shared categories by the ethnified participant. My analysis provides further documentation that interculturality is a continuously dynamic production of identities-in-practice (Antaki and Widdicombe 1998), rather than a consequence of fixed social characteristics.

The study focused on exploring trends of social factors influencing adolescents' substance abuse as they relate to drug policies in member states of the East African Community i.e.
Tanzania, Kenya, Burundi, Uganda, and Rwanda. A comprehensive literature search was conducted on Academic Search Premier (Cinahl, ERIC, PsycInfo, PsycArticles, SocIndex), International Theses & Dissertations (ProQuest), ScienceDirect, Emerald, SAePublications,
SabinetOnline, JSTOR, Google Scholar, Scopus, and RefWorks.
In terms of social factors, the study reveals that loss of parents, forced career choice, low level of education, unemployment, idleness, poverty, life stress, peer influence, curiosity, and
dysfunctional family state contribute to drug abuse among EAC adolescents. Drug abuse is linked to national insecurity, specifically among Internally Displaced People in the region. The EAC countries have ratified the World's Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs of 1961; all shares the protocol on combating drug trafficking in African Region and that of EAC of 2001. The link between drug policies and drug abuse prevalence was established in this study. Kenya, Uganda, and Tanzania have drug control Acts which Rwanda and Burundi do not have. Kenya and Uganda have independent control commissions to control drug abuse, which Burundi, Rwanda, and Tanzania are lacking.

- by Dr. Janvier Rugira
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- Drugs And Addiction, East Africa, Tanzanian Studies, Kenya

will be remembered as one of the darkest days in the history of Tanzania. President John Pombe Magufuli was pronounced dead. The shocking death was unprecedented in one major respect-death of a sitting President, not a retired President. After a heroic farewell, the devoted and iconic Pan-Africanist leader was laid to rest. But before his burial and in the early days of national mourning, the then Vice-President was sworn in as President on 19 March of 2021. The discussion in this paper reveals some of core constitutional matters that were completely ignored in that power transition. In the process, the paper also highlights the insufficiency of the Constitution of the United Republic of Tanzania, 1977 (the "Constitution") in handling presidential power transition when the sitting President dies.

- by Raphael Kamuli
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- Constitutional Law, Political Philosophy, Political Science, Politics

How to Ask questions like a lawyer

- by Mr. Karim G . Mussa
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- Criminal Law, Criminal Procedure, International Law, Law of evidence

This study aims to determine the efforts devoted in managing wildlife in national parks and game reserves in Tanzania. Specifically, the study focused on evaluating the population and poaching trends of African elephants (Loxodonta africana) in these protected areas that follow under two different management regimes. Furthermore the study identified sources of market failure and suggested economic incentive mechanisms that will improve conservation status of wildlife in Tanzania. Data from secondary sources were analyzed using Mann-Whitney U test in comparing the rate of population increases and poaching per annum for the two protected areas. The results showed that Serengeti National park has a significant higher rate of population increase of 15% than Moyowosi game reserve that has 9% only. Furthermore the study revealed that, Moyowosi game reserve has a significant high rate of poaching than Serengeti National park. Finally, due to having two different bodies that manage these protected areas, government market failure was identified in Moyowosi game reserve than Serengeti national park. Get more articles at: http://www.innspub.net/volume-6-number-4-april-2015-jbes/

- by INNSPUB Journals and +1
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- Environmental Science, Environmental Studies, Community Development, Case Study Research

This history of the 1905/06 Maji Maji Rebellion in the southern districts of what is now Tanzania was written, three years after the end of the rebellion, by the official who had been governor of German East Africa at the outbreak of the revolt. It is essentially a military history, but contains additional comments on colonial administrative policy and practice. However ex-Governor Götzen was remarkably silent about certain policies which he had adopted which were widely seen as having contributed to the uprising; he was more interested in highlighting his success in suppressing the revolt. Götzen's history of the rebellion has long been one of the most-cited German sources on the history of Tanzania, and this English translation will now make it accessible to a much wider readership.

- by John East
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- Military History, Tanzanian Studies, German Colonial Empire

Unlike cultural studies, media and communication studies is yet to make big
strides in critiquing global knowledge production that is skewed in favour
of the North and imbues Northern narratives with implicit superiority
(Tomaselli 1998, 2005). Willems (2014) argues systematically and clearly
for the need to go beyond the idea of making the Global South more rep-
resentative empirically and to centralize the theoretical perspectives of the
periphery which have long been introspective and created alternative tax-
onomies that challenge Eurocentrism. For example, feminist literatures—
from the Global North and South—have offered comprehensive critiques
of the Northern colonial male gaze but not looked at how media usage
compounds and augments de!nitions of gender (Mohanty 2013; Columpar
2002; Mahmood 2006; Moore 1998, 2013). I argue that gender studies
literature is very helpful in understanding how media is used in everyday
life as media usage is gendered and so are media themselves. Drawing on
ethnographic literature from Africa and Europe, gender studies and the
postcolonial canon, this chapter examines where agency is manifest, and
moves away from (Northern academic) normative, prescriptive dialogues of
what agency ‘should be’. Instead, I discuss what role old and new media play
in the ‘everyday’ (Sabry 2010; Asad et al 2009; Bayat 2010) lives of women
in Zanzibar. Applying a feminist post-colonial lens (Mahmood 2006; Spivak
1988; Hill-Collins 1999; Mohanty 2013), and carrying out an intersectional
reading (Crenshaw 1991) of empirical work conducted in Zanzibar, I exam-
ine the extent to which ‘new’ media shift the balance of power to female
consumers of media in formations and iterations of their own agency. New
media change the nature of agency for ‘ordinary’ women and allow them to
adopt new ways of communicating with each other, and negotiating exte-
rior spaces. Women as consumers, users and audiences of new media have
blurred and now adopt multiple roles, thereby changing and adapting new
media to !t their private worlds and renegotiating public spaces.

- by Dr. Thembi Mutch
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- Gender Studies, Media Studies, Development Studies, Global Media Studies

Open and Distance learning (ODL) programs are generally designed to serve an off campus population. These programs provide access to higher education for students who cannot attend traditional courses due to employment, marital status, family responsibilities, distance, and expenses incurred with traditional education (Hannay and Newvine 2006). According to Bukaliya and Musika,(2015), ODL lies in the philosophical nature of geographical dispersion of students and the vast distances apart between the students and the ODL institution. That nature of ODL underlie in the premise that, students know on how, where, when and what to study (Keegan, 1986), as a result students face a lot of challenges resulting in low learning motivation (Bukaliya and Musika, 2015). For sustainability in Open and Distance learning, counseling service as one of the Students Support Service (SSS) is very important in academic arena (Jung, 2005). Counseling is the process of helping an individual to receive, accept his/her conception of him/herself and his/her problems, perceptions, attitudes, goals, plans and choices and use advice that can help him to understand and solve his/her problem/ disturbing issues or to cope with it successfully for a better future (Biswalo, 1996). For the counseling process to be effective the counselor should have the knowledge of counseling skills, counseling techniques on how to conduct the counseling interview. In Open and Distance Learning, a counselor has to understand the effect of distance on the choice of technology (UNESCO: 2004) by considering Accessibility, Flexibility, Cost, and Speed (COL, 2003).

Fall armyworm (FAW) is native to America and is currently affecting maize production in different parts of Africa, and recently reported in Tanzania. In the present study, FAW infestation levels and their associated management practices were investigated in 90 maize fields in the 18 villages in Arusha, Kilimanjaro and Manyara regions. Infestation levels were assessed using a scale of 0 (no damage) to 9 (100% damage), while the management practices information was collected through a survey and questionnaires from 210 maize growing farmers in the 18 villages. Results showed that all fields were infested by FAW at low (1-4) to moderate (5-7) damage levels. Arusha scored the highest (66.59% and 5.422) significant mean incidence and severity (P<0.05) respectively, followed by Kilimanjaro (52.96%, 4.756) and Manyara (52.64%, 3.989) regions. Variation in damage levels was also observed among villages, with means incidences ranging between 35.57% and 79.55%, and mean severity ranging between 2.333 and 7.267. Variation between regions and villages can be associated with farmer's knowledge and FAW management practices. About 84.3% of farmers reported synthetic pesticides as the main management option, although the majority did not effectively apply them. Farmer's recommendations include awareness creation on the FAW management, provision of effective pesticides and resistant maize varieties, and government intervention in the overall management of FAW. From the findings it is evident that sustainable integrated management strategies against FAW is urgent needed and this study serves as a stepping stone for the development of sustainable management options.

- by INNSPUB Journals
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- Research Methodology, Open Access, Educational Research, Tanzanian Studies

In community-centered cultural tourism, the encounter with the ‘Other’ is central and the role of professional intermediaries in facilitating this experience crucial. Tour guides are often the only ‘locals’ with whom tourists spend a considerable amount of time. These tourism service workers have considerable agency in the image-building process of the peoples and places visited. They not only shape tourist imaginaries but indirectly influence the self-image of those visited too. Using ethnographic examples from long-term fieldwork in Tanzania, this paper scrutinizes how local guides handle their public role as ambassadors of communal cultural heritage and how communities variously react to their tourismifying narratives and practices. Selected modules from the well-established and award-winning Cultural Tourism Program (CTP) are taken as an instructive case study. Findings reveal multiple issues of power and resistance that help us grasp what is at the root of many community-centered tourism conflicts and how these can be overcome.

- by Noel B. Salazar
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- Tourism Studies, Sustainable Communities, Cultural Heritage, Ethnography

"Abstract.
The history of something, gives the reader a wide knowledge of what happened in the past, what is currently happening and manage to anticipate the future from the past and present incidents.
Tracing back the history of copyright worldwide is not an easy task. This is simply because one has to find conclusive and supportive documents to develop the basis of originality.
Once Balzac said that;
“Writing is easy…… all you have to do is to think, till the drops of blood appear on your forehead”.
This is true because in this work it has been just the religious concept of copyright protection which laid down the background of copyright. Looking at the basis of God’s Commandments as stipulated but holy Books such as the Bible and Quran.
Then the history of copyright was traced back from European Countries, such as Britain, Rome, Greek and France through looking at various statutes composing copyright protection.
America history of copyright protection followed by the African history of copyright protection.
Since the author is a Tanzanian, the origin of the legal basis of copyright protection is important.
The last parts are international copyright protection and the first recorded copyright case.
"

- by Asherry B P Magalla
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- History, Intellectual Property, Innovation statistics, Biotechnology

Ever since ancient times, marvellous yarns have been told about the existence of diminutive peoples in faraway lands. Despite their modern identification with short statured hunter-gatherers in the rainforests of Africa, the telling of similar tales has not entirely abated. Anthropologist Martin Walsh recalls his encounter with a former arrow poison trader who recounted his capture and imprisonment underground by a group of Wabilikimo, the fabled Pygmies of the East African interior. Was this just another tall story about short people, or a mangled memory of real events?

- by Martin Walsh
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- Mythology And Folklore, Ethnic Studies, African Studies, Anthropology
- by Jigal Beez
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- History, Cultural History, Cultural Studies, Anthropology

From modest beginnings as the speech of a small group of mixed farmers, Swahili has become the lingua franca of millions of people in Eastern Africa and beyond (Lewis et al. 2015). How did this extraordinary transformation begin? This chapter outlines what is known (and not known) about the origins and initial development of the Swahili language and its dialects, and what this tells us in turn about the history of its speakers. It is based largely on research in historical and comparative linguistics undertaken since the 1970s and continuing through to the present. The potential contribution of research of this kind to understandings of the African past is well established (Nurse 1997; Blench 2006), and the Swahili-speaking world has already been the subject of important studies (including Nurse and Spear 1985; Nurse and Hinnebusch 1993). Needless to say, this work is neither exhaustive nor unproblematic. As we shall see, many gaps in our knowledge remain, while current research suggests that major revisions might be made to existing reconstructions of Swahili linguistic and cultural history.

- by Martin Walsh
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- African Studies, Historical Linguistics, African History, Indian Ocean History
- by Alejandra Orozco Quintero
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- Conservation, Governance, National Parks, Swahili
- by Mr. Karim G . Mussa
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- Tanzanian Studies, Legal Methodology, Case law

The History of Kiziba and Its Kings: A Translation of Amakuru Ga Kiziba na Abakama Bamu is a major contribution to the indigenous historical literature of East Africa and Tanzania. Research by King Mutahangarwa (ruled 1903–1916) of Kiziba Kingdom in the early 20th century brought together oral tradition experts from both royal and non-royal clans, with their testimonies recorded by literate scribes, including F. X. Lwamgira. Four decades later the research was published in Kihaya as a 490 page volume that has remained obscure, despite its significance. This authoritative translation makes available for the first time an accessible account of northwestern Tanzanian and southwestern Ugandan history during the pre-colonial and early colonial periods.

- by Peter Schmidt
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- Mythology And Folklore, African Studies, Orality-Literacy Studies, African History

Introduction
There are many ways and methods on how to cite legal works. This is nothing and they will not and they cannot bring problems or confusion to me or any other academician. On which way or method to be use is just the matter of a particular academic institution or organization to decide upon. This work entails and gives a law student some concepts to be considered when writing a legal citation, Footnotes and Bibliography.
As for the University of Iringa (Formerly Constituents Tumaini University Iringa University College), for undergraduate students and some postgraduate candidates Chicago Manual of Style is the proper citation methods to them.However, this style can be to other students worldwide who desire to use it or it is part and parcel of their academic institutions in term of requirements for any legal writings

- by Asherry B P Magalla
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- Academic Writing, Tanzanian Studies, Tanzania, University

The German military officer, Tom von Prince (1866-1914), is one of the best known figures in the history of German East Africa (Tanzania). His memoirs cover the period from 1890 to 1895, when Prince was involved in the latter phases of the suppression of the Abushiri Rebellion, and then in the containment of the Hehe chief, Mkwawa, who was the most successful opponent of the German military forces in East Africa. Prince also took part in Wissmann's expedition to Kilimanjaro in 1891, and he directed the final suppression of African resistance in Unyamwezi (1893) and Ugogo (1895). Prince's memoirs are a rich source for the military historian, but they also give much general information on the early colonial history of Tanzania.

The subject of this paper is the precolonial history of the Mijikenda and neighbouring peoples of the Kenyan coast. According to their own oral traditions, the original homeland of most of the Mijikenda was in the north, in the legendary Shungwaya (Singwaya) located on what is now the Somali coast. With various modifications and refinements this has become the orthodox view of Mijikenda origins, argued in greatest detail by Thomas Spear, especially in his book The Kaya Complex (1978). This paper challenges the orthodox view by reviewing in detail the different strands of historical evidence used by Spear and others. It concludes that this evidence is insufficient to support the tradition of a northern homeland, and proposes the alternative thesis that the Mijikenda developed in much the same area that they are to be found today. At the same time a number of directions for further research are suggested: if followed these should help settle, once and for all, the so-called Shungwaya debate.

- by Martin Walsh
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- Mythology And Folklore, African Studies, Archaeology, Historical Linguistics

INTRODUCTION TO LEGAL SYSTEM
- what is law
-where does the law come from?

- by James E R I C Kuzwa
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- Constitutional Law, Civil Law, International Law, Tanzanian Studies
- by Stephanie Wynne-Jones
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- Cultural Heritage, Heritage Tourism, Tanzanian Studies

Walsh, Martin 2006. The Utilisation of Wildlife in Tanzania: Key Issues and Experiences. Paper prepared for A Comparative Study of Commercial Consumptive and Non-Consumptive Utilization Options for Wildlife Conservation Strategies in Kenya. Johannesburg: BEES Consulting Group (BCG), for the International Fund for Animal Welfare (IFAW), East Africa.