Water Resources (Environment) Research Papers (original) (raw)

The ERA-NET co-financing action of 32 European countries led to the establishment of the European research area on geological surveys to provide a geological service for Europe (GeoERA). GeoERA consisted of 15 projects lasting 3 years and was launched in July 2018. The final online conference was held in January 2022 and the results of all projects were presented and discussed with a large group of stakeholders.
All the complete GIS viewer projects are available at https://geoera.eu and a short video describes the mega project https://youtu.be/zqBpgpDmCQA .
With the Hotlime project, the atlas of the geothermal basins of carbonate rocks throughout Europe was obtained for 11 study areas. For all areas, spatial evaluations were made in 500 x 500m raster cells. The evaluation of the quantity of stored heat, that is the maximum theoretically extractable thermal energy in the reservoir, is one of the main results of the mapping and characterization of the deep carbonate reservoirs of HotLime. For its direct comparison, this map shows the volumetric Heat in Place expressed in GJ/m2 (109 J/m2) calculated for volumes of 500 mx 500 m gross tank thickness [m] and the reference temperature Tref = 18°C. Taking into account national starting conditions, the Heat in Place maps are not intended to offer instructions for project developers to build geothermal wells, but to indicate the overall potential of a region and identify areas for further localized investigations for geothermal exploration with promising values.
With the Mintell4EU project it was possible to obtain data on the production and trade of mineral raw materials for 40 European countries, exploration data for 7 European countries available for research purposes, problem solving for planning, programming and design activities on a regional, national and European scale. The Geological Office of the Umbria Region has prepared a specific addition to the database, in compliance with the INSPIRE legislation, and this integrated database is one of the results of the project. For all the Umbrian mining sites, the integrated database now has a wealth of information ranging from the lithological description to the natural radioactivity content of the raw materials as well as of all the rocks present in Umbria. This information is available to the community and can also be used by all commercial operators.
With the Resource project it was possible to obtain a standardization of the ways of representing groundwater as a resource at pan-European level for the areas under analysis. For the Valle Umbra, information is now available regarding the strategic resource of the underground waters of the Umbrian valley (quantity, depth, transmittivity, etc.).

- by
- •
- Geology, Renewable Energy, Groundwater, Water Resources (Environment)

Unsustainable use of water resources and environmental degradation as related to global food production systems are critical issues of concern. However, reducing food wastage along the supply chain can provide the needed solutions to resources and environmental conservations, while meeting food demand. This study quantified the wastage of common food types at each stage along the supply chain in Korea using top-down mass flow analysis for the period of 2007e2017. The principal component analysis (PCA) was used to rank the food types based on their contribution to the total wastage. The water resources and GHG emissions associated with food wastage were assessed using the production footprint concept, after which prediction models were developed. The estimated food wastage was 14.97 ± 1.2 million tonnes, with production, postharvest, processing, distribution, and consumption representing 14%, 11%, 13%, 15%, and 46%, respectively. Vegetables, maize, and rice were ranked as the highest food types contributing to the total wastage, while mutton and rapeseed were the least. Our results indicated 15.24 ± 1.95 billion m 3 and 20.08 ± 6.14 megatonnes CO 2 eq of water footprint and GHG emissions associated with food wastage, respectively, with substantial variations among the 28 major food commodity types. The prediction models using Bradley-Terry fitted well for the trend analysis of water footprint and GHG emission associated with food wastage. The prediction suggested that the total food supply, total wastage, water footprint, and GHG emission were estimated to reach 54.89 million tonnes, 16.91 million tonnes, 18.63 billion m 3 , and 27.41 megatonnes CO 2 eq by 2030, respectively. This study is of utmost importance considering the strong desire of the Korean government to pursue food self-sufficiency in the face of constraint water resources and GHG emission reduction target.

Problematika zagađivanja površinskh vodotokova predstavlja najaktuelnije pitanje sadašnjice. Naglo se aktuelizira tokom poslednje 2 decenije, međutim, proces sprečavanja zagađivanja i oporavka prirodnih površinskih tekućih voda je spor.... more

- by Sladjana Djordjevic
- •
- Water Resources (Environment)

Water sector is an indispensable entity that produce essential services to the teeming population of human, animal and ensures the growth of economic activities and help in the general functioning of the ecosystem. This is sector in spite of its importance yield very dismal returns to the government and water entrepreneurs in most developing countries. This study appraises the contribution of water supply sector to the revenue of Plateau State Government, Nigeria. The study utilized mainly documented sources of revenues of Plateau State Water Board (PSWB), Jos and the various revenue profiles of the Plateau State Revenue Service Jos and the data obtained from these sources are: year on year revenue generated by PSWB between 1991 and 2019 and the other revenue contributors like PLAGIS, education sector, health services, Judiciary, manufacturing, tourism and general taxes. Data were presented and analyzed using frequency tables and water revenues compared with revenues generated from other sources. The result of this study indicates that the total water revenue generated between 2007 and 2019 is N5.8bn representing only 5.6% of the total revenues generated by government for the period while Plateau State Internal Revenue Service raked in the total sum of N95, 380,052,386.34 from PLAGIS, retail trading, taxes and social services. The study concluded that the water revenue is low and dismal compared to other sources of revenues and recommends that: government should utilize the idle capacities of water supply projects (WSPs), government to commercialize and partially privatize the operations of WSPs through arrangements of PPP, JV and BOT and engage in massive recovery drive through incentive based target system to boost revenues from accumulated debts.

- by Ezra Vivan and +1
- •
- Water Resources (Environment)

This research work evaluates the impact of stormwater infiltration on the removal of organics, solids, nitrogen and phosphorus in a LECA-based horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetland. Stormwater runoff for the period between January 2008 and June 2010 (30 months) was estimated for the drainage basin of the Vila Fernando wastewater treatment plant (constructed wetland system) and it was observed proportionality between the increase in surface runoff and the infiltration flow rate that reached the plant. The average stormwater infiltration rate that reached the plant was 67.4 m(3) d(-1) (77% of the influent flow rate into the plant). The 30 month monitoring campaign set up at one of the reed beds showed that stormwater infiltration led to a high variation of the hydraulic loading rate (HLR) throughout the bed, which affected its performance in the removal of organic matter, suspended solids and nitrogen. For a HLR below 20 cm d-1 the removal efficiencies for BOD5, COD and TSS doubled. The removal of nitrogen was too low and was associated with the weak development of nitrifying biofilm and the poor growth of reeds. However, it was observed a good relationship between the applied and removed loads for most of the parameters, which seems to indicate that the organic, solid, nitrogen and phosphorus loading rates influenced the respective removal rates. The use of a bed material with high specific surface area, such as LECA, can only improve the treatment capacity of horizontal subsurface flow systems if the organic and solid loading rates, as well as the HLR, can be effectively controlled.

Until around 400 years ago, the Ainu controlled Hokkaido, the northernmost of Japan's four main islands. Today the Ainu are a small minority group in Japan and are primarily a hunting and fishing people whose origins remain in dispute. Yet, for centuries, the Ainu culture developed alongside Japanese culture, but is distinctive from that of the Japanese. However, in recent centuries, particularly since the 1889 Hokkaido Former Aborigines Protection Law, they have been subject to Japanese government policies of modernization and integration. As with indigenous peoples of Canada and the United States, the Ainu have had the majority of their sacred lands taken from them by the Japanese government.

Reclaimed water from small wastewater treatment facilities in the rural areas of the Beira Interior region (Portugal) may constitute an alternative water source for aquifer recharge. A 21-month monitoring period in a constructed wetland treatment system has shown that 21,500 m3 year−1 of treated wastewater
(reclaimed water) could be used for aquifer recharge. A GIS-based multi-criteria analysis was performed, combining ten thematic maps and economic, environmental and technical criteria, in order to produce a suitability map for the location of sites for reclaimed water infiltration. The areas chosen for aquifer
recharge with infiltration basins are mainly composed of anthrosol with more than 1 m deep and fine sand texture, which allows an average infiltration velocity of up to 1 m d−1. These characteristics will provide a final polishing treatment of the reclaimed water after infiltration (soil aquifer treatment (SAT)),
suitable for the removal of the residual load (trace organics, nutrients, heavy metals and pathogens).
The risk of groundwater contamination is low since the water table in the anthrosol areas ranges from 10 m to 50 m. On the other hand, these depths allow a guaranteed unsaturated area suitable for SAT. An area of 13,944 ha was selected for study, but only 1607 ha are suitable for reclaimed water infiltration.
Approximately 1280 m2 were considered enough to set up 4 infiltration basins to work in flooding and
drying cycles.

Iran, once the pioneer of sustainable water management in the arid region of the world, is now experiencing a serious water crisis, reflected by its drying lakes and rivers, declining groundwater resources and deteriorating water quality. Water supply rationing and disruptions are becoming more frequent, agricultural losses are increasing and ecosystem damages are expanding. While decision-makers prefer to blame the current crisis on droughts, climate change and international sanctions, the dramatic water issues of Iran are rooted in decades of shortsighted and disintegrated planning. The public, experts and media continuously warn about the major water crisis symptoms without seriously discussing the causes. But, what are the main drivers of Iran's water crisis? Crisis driver 1: population growth and spatial distribution Iran has experienced a significant population growth in the last century. Its population almost doubled within the last two decades of the 20th century, right after the 1979 Revolution, which promoted different socioeconomic , cultural and ideological changes in Iran. In addition to a sudden population growth, rapid urbanisation and inappropriate spatial population distribution are challenging Iranian water managers. Th e urban population is currently about 70 per cent, compared to 44 per cent in the 1970s. Eight Iranian cities have a population of greater than one million while the population in metropolitan Tehran has surpassed 14 million (18 per cent of the country's population). Despite the consequences of population growth policies, the government of Iran is now showing a strong interest in boosting the current population growth rate of 1.3 per cent. This interest is rooted in concerns about the projections of age distribution in the future. What is clear though is that Iran definitely lacks the required water resources and infrastructure to satisfy increased water demand. Without strong spatial population distribution adjustments and water consumption reduction measures, population growth can have catastrophic effects.

- by Kaveh Madani
- •
- Middle East Studies, Water, Sustainable Development, Iranian Studies

The effectiveness of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) for the purification of
sewage was investigated. The study was carried out in the Department of Agricultural
and Biosystems Engineering. Three treatments of water hyacinth replicated two times
were used in the study. These treatments include no water hyacinth (control), 1kg and
2kg water hyacinth plant density cultures. The system was designed based on Completely
Randomized Design (CRD). Sewage samples were collected during the growth of water
hyacinth. Purification of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) on sewage was rapid
during the first three weeks in the sewage cultured with water hyacinth (especially 2kg
water hyacinth plant density) and there was low absorption in nutrients in the last two
weeks when attaining maturity. Parameters such as Cl-, Fe, Cu, Mn, Pb, K, F-, Nitrate and
Sulphate were drastically reduced from 9mg/l to 3.33mg/l, 1.25mg/l to 0.36mg/l, 0.3mg/l
to 0 mg/l, 0.5mg/l to 0.08mg/l, 0.2mg/l to 0.01mg/l, 1.7mg/l to 0.17mg/l, 0.7 mg/l to
0.08mg/l, 8.6mg/l to 0.03mg/l, 17.5mg/l to 6.20mg/l respectively throughout the course
of the study. The purification by water hyacinth had no effect on the bacteriological
parameters (Agar count, E-coli, Coliform). Also, the 2kg water hyacinth plant density
cultured in the sewage purifies more compared to the 1kg water hyacinth plant density
which is moderate and minimal in the control treatment. One way analysis of variance
was used to compare the means of the parameters tested. It shows that parameters like
CO2, Mn, lead and sodium have significant difference between the control treatment with
both the 1kg and 2kg water hyacinth plant density culture while parameters like pH,
magnesium hardness, calcium hardness and calcium total have no significant difference
between the no water hyacinth culture( control) with the 1kg and 2kg water hyacinth
plant density culture. Finally, sewage parameters like BOD, COD, dissolved oxygen, Cu,
F-, nitrate, phosphate, potassium, dissolved solids, suspended solids, sulphate, iron, Cl-
and magnesium total were not affected.

Este trabajo analiza cómo los cambios urbanísticos y territoriales llevados a cabo en las últimas décadas de los siglos XX y XXI afectaron las dinámicas hídricas de las cuencas serranas de la provincia de Córdoba, condicionando seriamente las posibilidades de desarrollo sustentable de la región. La dramática transformación del
territorio llevada a cabo por las políticas de Estado y las lógicas modernas de urbanización del territorio, alteraron las condiciones naturales que proveen de agua a millones de habitantes, generando tanto una crítica reducción del agua disponible para la población como la recurrencia de eventos catastróficos, lo que ha provocado además un número creciente de conflictos socio ambientales. Para comprender cómo se ha convertido a este sitio geográfico en un territorio hidrosocial en disputa, se pondrá en discusión las consecuencias de reconfiguración del paisaje social y natural en las cuencas serranas cordobesas, así como la generación de las resistencias socio-territoriales a este modelo de desarrollo urbano. Mediante una metodología cuali-cuantitativa fenomenológica, se analizan tanto las lógicas de poder que impulsan el
actual modelo de desarrollo urbano en las sierras de córdoba, como los orígenes de la resistencia a esa modelo y las principales tensiones y zonas de conflicto en relación con la dinámica del agua, y finalmente se reflexiona sobre las alternativas hacia otro modelo de desarrollo urbano que no degrade su principal capital natural.

This book reviews the state-of-the-art in conventional coastal modelling as well as in the increasingly popular integration of various artificial intelligence technologies into coastal modelling. Conventional hydrodynamic and water quality modelling techniques comprise finite difference and finite element methods. The novel algorithms and methods include knowledge-based systems, genetic algorithms, artificial neural networks, and fuzzy inference systems.

- by K.W. Chau
- •
- Civil Engineering, Artificial Intelligence, Teaching and Learning, Informatics

Article Review: ' GIS Application in Watershed Management' by Yongsheng Ma, Research scholar, Institute of Water Research, Michigan State University. Nature and Science, 2004, 2(2):1-7

Water is both a natural resource and a public good that plays a critical role in a host of environmental processes and economic, social, and political activities. In recent years, watershed management practices that were once praised for their broad benefits to society have become the focus of harsh criticisms for their adverse and unexpected environmental or socioeconomic impacts. Thus, gaining an understanding of how various human activities affect watershed processes, and in turn how the variable nature of the hydrologic cycle affects humans’ well-being, is essential for policy makers and watershed managers. Watershed models provide efficient tools for integrated studies of the major physical, socioeconomic, and political aspects of watersheds. For decades, water resources professionals have been developing and using models to address watershed problems, yet watershed models are still evolving in terms of approach, application, and ability to provide users with a comprehensive and reliable understanding of problems at a reasonable cost and within a specified timeframe. Early watershed modeling efforts were aimed mostly at representing hydrologic processes, but the need for interdisciplinary studies has led to increasing complexity and integration of environmental, social, and economic functions to facilitate a holistic understanding of watersheds and associated
human activities. This chapter provides a chronological synthesis of watershed modeling
approaches and applications. The rationale behind various watershed models is analyzed
to demonstrate the interrelationship between decision making objectives, modeling
approach, and applications. Finally, potential future directions for watershed modeling
are highlighted

The increasing stress on freshwater resources brought about by ever rising demand and profligate use, as well as growing pollution worldwide, is of serious concern. Water, apart from being absolutely essential for life, is also the most common, widely distributed and most useful liquid on earth. To achieve the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) target, Nigeria must increase the access to improved drinking water to its rural population by 33%. Packaged and bottled water businesses in Nigeria suffer from various social challenges such as littering or environmental pollution, integrity, quality, inspection or business feasibility concerns and inefficacy of government regulatory bodies. The aim of this paper is to examine and discuss Social Impacts of Packaged and Bottled Water Businesses in Nigeria and to extend the existing literature on Social Impacts of Packaged and Bottled Water Businesses in Nigeria. For this extensive review literatures in the Water Business field was done. The result shows that the social impacts of packaged and bottled water businesses identified in this work were as follows: it engages both male and female members of the society; offers employment; provides income; improves standard of living; reduces crimes; provides more access and availability of water; provides a low-cost and hygienic drinking water; also a medium of achieving the MDGs. These all impact Nigerian social and business environment.

- by BELLO SANI BELLO and +1
- •
- Nigerian Literature, Business, Management, Business Ethics

Outlines eleven elements of best practice river basin governance using an integrated approach:
Attribute 1: Mission goal clarity, staging and completion
Attribute 2: Clarity in institutional arrangements
Attribute 3: A workable enabling environment
Attribute 4: A functioning legal environment
Attribute 5: An adaptive, coordinated management style
Attribute 6: An emphasis on water security and water use efficiency
Attribute 7: Strengthened procedures for an informal water sector, local organisations and agencies
Attribute 8: Improved capacity in human resources management
Attribute 9: The use of economic tools
Attribute 10: Public involvement in decision-making
Attribute 11: The use of a flexible and adaptive information exchange process

- by Bruce P Hooper
- •
- Organizational Behavior, Public Administration, Political Science, Water resources

The photocatalytic degradation of Toluidine Blue dye (TB) in aqueous solution was investigated under UV light in the presence of magnesium oxide (MgO) as a photocatalyst at different operating parameters. The operating
conditions were photocatalyst dose, initial dye concentration and the pH of the solution. Increasing of photocatalyst dose from 10 to 70 mg enhanced the degradation rate of TB dye. However, the increasing of TB dye concentration from 2 to 8 mg/L negatively affected the degradation rate. It was found that the percent of dye
removal reached the maximum value at high acidic medium. In dark condition, 15 % of dye was adsorbed by MgO. Furthermore, the kinetics involved in the degradation of TB dye was examined and the degradation was found to follow pseudo first order kinetic model.

- by Haydar A. Mohammad Salim
- •
- Water, Advanced Oxidation Processes, Water quality, Water resources

The increasing stress on freshwater resources brought about by ever – rising demand and profligate use, as well as by growing pollution worldwide, is of serious concern. The World Bank while commenting on the world water challenge stated that access to water supply services and sanitation is a major factor in reducing child mortality. Water, apart from being absolutely essential for life, is also the most common, most widely distributed and most useful liquid on earth. It is the most precious natural resource that exists on our planet According to a report, Nigeria water supply situation has not kept pace in meeting the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) target of 75% coverage for safe drinking water. To achieve the MDG target, Nigeria must increase the rural population with access to improved drinking water by 33%. Packaged and bottled water businesses in Nigeria suffer from various economic challenges such as high cost of production, epileptic power supply, distribution problems, littering or environmental pollution, integrity, quality, inspection or business feasibility concerns and inefficacy of government regulatory bodies. The aim of this research paper is to examine and discuss Economic Impacts of Packaged and Bottled Water Businesses in Nigeria with a view of identifying the Economic Impacts and to extend the existing literature on Economic Impacts of Packaged and Bottled Water Businesses in Nigeria. The main sources of data were journals, conference / seminar / workshop papers, text books, newspapers, magazines and the internet sources etc., which were used to review literatures in the Water Business field. The result shows that the economic impacts of packaged and bottled water businesses identified in this work were as follows: a business that provides business opportunities; it engages small scale packaged and bottled water manufacturers; it provides employment opportunities; it provides profits and wages; it offers a medium of economic growth; it provides a source of revenue to the government e.g. Tax etc. and it provides water at affordable prices. These impact Nigerians economically and also the business environment from which they operate.

- by BELLO SANI BELLO and +1
- •
- Nigerian Literature, Business, Management, Business Ethics

THIS IS NATURE SIGNALING THE END OF DUALITY THIS IS HUGE - CHANGE THE ENTIRETY OF CREATION - NO DUALITY ANYWHERE. IT IS VERY CLEARLY A PREDETERMINED ADVANCEMENT OF HUMAN CONSCIOUSNESS - THIS BUBBLE IS TOO WELL DESIGNED - EUPHORIA... more

THIS IS NATURE SIGNALING THE END OF DUALITY
THIS IS HUGE - CHANGE THE ENTIRETY OF CREATION - NO DUALITY ANYWHERE.
IT IS VERY CLEARLY A PREDETERMINED ADVANCEMENT OF HUMAN CONSCIOUSNESS - THIS BUBBLE IS TOO WELL DESIGNED - EUPHORIA CANCELS KARMA

- by MIKE EMERY
- •
- Earth Sciences, Soil Science, Consciousness (Psychology), Water

Optimasi dan pola operasi waduk/bendungan dapat digunakan dengan beberapa metode diantaranya Program linier, Program Dinamik maupun simulasi. This writing can inform for you all, how to optimum the reservoir so can fulfill water needs... more

Optimasi dan pola operasi waduk/bendungan dapat digunakan dengan beberapa metode diantaranya Program linier, Program Dinamik maupun simulasi.
This writing can inform for you all, how to optimum the reservoir so can fulfill water needs irrigation in Agricultural lands.

- by Freddy Barus
- •
- Water, Water quality, Water resources, Reservoir Engineering

The current inadequate drinking water services and sanitation problems have incited the need for a better management strategy by the country's water and sanitation organizations. In this study, a logical review of the water supply and sanitation origin and management structures was done to suggest a plausible management option in Nigeria. The paper also revealed that the overall management practices of these organizations at the three tiers of governments (federal, states and local) is very poor and uncoordinated which have resulted in low level of water and sanitation coverage. Thus, in order to ameliorate these problems, the study recommends sector wide reforms with the aim of radical improvement in the management processes of these organizations. Other
proposed improvement strategies include: private sector participation, effective and reasonable tariff regime for effective cost recovery, increment in political support and leadership commitment, introduction of benchmarking amongst the utilities to encourage healthy competition, strengthening of the legislative and institutional framework- that will enhance the autonomy of these organizations, improvement in the issues of accountability, transparency and stakeholders involvement in the activities of these organizations. It is hoped that the adoption and implementation of these strategies will lead to attainment of improved and sustainable water supply and sanitation coverage that will meet current and future demands.

- by Fidelis O . AJIBADE and +1
- •
- American Literature, Nigerian Literature, Management, Engineering

THE EARTH IS DYING, YOU KNOW IT AND YOU ARE DOING NOTHING BUT SITTING THERE.

- by MIKE EMERY
- •
- Environmental Engineering, History, Marine Biology, Environmental Sociology

Uno de los aspectos centrales del Plan Nacional del Agua (PNA) es generar capacidad de planificación, que permita definir políticas de gestión y uso de los recursos hídricos. La Cuenca del río Desaguadero-Salado-Chadileuvú-Curacó-Colorado, objeto de este trabajo, reviste especial interés dado que el territorio que abarca representa algo
más del 22% de la superficie de nuestro país. En términos institucionales y políticos, la misma involucra -de manera parcial o total- a las provincias de La Rioja, San Juan, Mendoza, San Luis, La Pampa, Neuquén, Río Negro y Buenos Aires. Este vasto territorio presenta una variedad de desafíos junto con oportunidades de crecimiento y desarrollo para los próximos años. A partir de estudios como este, es
posible reunir información objetiva y generar conocimiento para mejorar la comprensión sobre el funcionamiento natural del sistema y sobre los impactos que resultan de decisiones realizadas por el hombre. Este conocimiento es la base necesaria para definir políticas y medidas de gestión de los recursos hídricos, que sean sostenibles y consideren, especialmente, los impactos del cambio climático y posibles usos ulteriores del agua.

Despite having a more advanced water management system than most Middle Eastern countries, similar to the other countries in the region, Iran is experiencing a serious water crisis. The government blames the current crisis on the changing climate, frequent droughts, and international sanctions, believing that water shortages are periodic. However, the dramatic water security issues of Iran are rooted in decades of disintegrated planning and managerial myopia. Iran has suffered from a symptom-based management paradigm, which mainly focuses on curing the problem symptoms rather than addressing the main causes. This paper reviews the current status of water resources in Iran and recognizes three major causes for the current water crisis: (1) rapid population growth and inappropriate spatial population distribution; (2) inefficient agriculture sector; and (3) mismanagement and thirst for development. The country is faced with serious challenges in the water sector, including but not limited to rising water demand and shortage, declining groundwater levels, deteriorating water quality, and increasing ecosystem losses. If immediate actions are not taken to address these issues, the situation could become more tragic in the near future. The paper suggests some crisis exit strategies that need to be immediately adopted to secure sustainable water resources, if Iran does not want to lose its international reputation for significant success in water resources management over thousands of years in an arid area of the world.

- by Kaveh Madani
- •
- Environmental Science, Middle East Studies, Water, Environmental Studies

Bunot Lake has the worst condition compared to the rest of the seven crater lakes of San Pablo City. It is the most polluted one, oversaturated by fish pens/cages, and has the highest concentration of illegal settlements. These attributes strongly suggest that Bunot Lake takes precedence in the agenda of its two administrative agencies— the Laguna Lake Development Authority (LLDA) and the City Government. In practice, however, Bunot Lake is wanting of key development initiatives and programs, and seems to be a lower priority for the LLDA and the City Government. This reality is perplexing since the lake is very near the urban center, closest to the premier lake (i.e. Sampaloc Lake), and the site of the first commercial production of tilapia in floating cages in the city. Under this context, this paper looks into and analyzes the immediate development issues in Bunot Lake. The study contends that Bunot Lake should be given preference by the LLDA and the City Government, specifically by: (1) modifying their model-template approach; and (2) taking steps to tackle a basic need of Bunot Lake— the formulation of a zoning-development plan. Furthermore, the study is also designed to directly address the lacuna in Philippine lake studies, the paucity of research under the social science perspective (being dominated by the natural science perspective) and on small lakes (being highly concentrated on the largest lakes in the country).

The research focused on the management of stormwater and sewage generated in a
developed urban area - Federal University of Technology, Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria. This involved the design of sanitary sewers, stormwater collection networks and a central sewage treatment plant. The total estimate of the wastewater generated from various locations was 5.067 million litres per day based on the population of approximately 26,131. The existing sewage disposal system in use in the institution was the septic tank-soakaway arrangement for individual buildings. The design of the sanitary sewers and stormwater collection networks are based on the principles of hydraulics. The results obtained were used to analyze and design the drains and pipe sizes for the open channels and the closed conduits respectively. The size of the drains for stormwater collection networks was designed with the assumption of 0.75 and 1 meter width. Also, calculations were made for square drain (depth equals width)
to be able to select practicable sizes. For optimum size solution, pipe size of 100 mm was found to be suitable for wastewater conveyance from the office areas. The sizes of pipes calculated for flows from residential quarters are too small, hence available commercial pipe sizes were selected. Wastewater samples were collected at various locations and were determined through laboratory tests to ascertain the concentrations of significant physical, chemical and biological content of the wastewater for proper selection of appropriate treatment processes. A BOD concentration of 350 mg/l and 353 mg/l obtained for residential and office areas respectively translated to high pollution load requires treatment before ultimate discharge into the receiving stream. The proposed sewage treatment plant was sited
at the lowest topographical level, far enough from the office and residential quarters. This would allow flow by gravity from the various points. The sewage treatment plant components selected include screen chamber, grit chamber, skimming tank and rectangular/circular primary settling/sedimentation tank (PST), which are designed to optimal dimensions.

- by Fidelis O . AJIBADE
- •
- American Literature, Nigerian Literature, Engineering, Electrical Engineering

Desde el 2013, las Jornadas de Derecho de Aguas se han constituido en un foro de reflexión jurídica, interdisciplinaria y comparada que ha puesto sobre la mesa los principales temas sobre la materia. En este proceso de consolidación, las actas de cada edición forman parte integral del proyecto impulsado por el Centro de Investigación, Capacitación y Asesoría Jurídica del Departamento Académico de Derecho de la PUCP (CICAJ) para el desarrollo sostenido de la reflexión académica sobre el derecho de aguas. El libro que el lector tiene entre manos no es la excepción. El presente texto recoge una versión revisada de las ponencias presentadas durante las III Jornadas de Derecho de Aguas realizadas el año 2015. Esta edición esta dedicada a analizar
y proponer cambios en la gestión oficial de los conflictos por el agua para mejorar la articulación sectorial y reducir la ingobernabilidad. Estas contribuciones son muy importantes para analizar la creciente conflictividad por el recurso hídrico, sobre todo en un contexto de cambio climático y creciente competencia intersectorial.

- by Armando Guevara Gil and +2
- •
- Water, Water quality, Water resources, Water and wastewater treatment

In mining operations carried out below the water table, mine area could potentially affect the surrounding. With further deepening of the mine and quarry, the drawdown can impact on water supply wells and base flow. The variation in radius of influence under confined and unconfined aquifer condition is assessed using a hypothetical case study with three operational quarry sites. Average pit-wise radius of influence (R0) for the pit mine, under unconfined and confined aquifer conditions is 963 m and 61 km, respectively, whereas effective radius (Re) for total (cumulative) excavated mine area is 1.7 and 146 km, respectively. It means that the maximum and minimum value of overall impact/influence for the unconfined aquifer lies in-between 963 m and 1.7 km. Similarly that the maximum and minimum value of overall impact/influence for the confined aquifer lies in-between 61 and 146 km. Meanwhile, Re or effective radius for total (cumulative) excavated area seems more appropriate from evaluation viewpoint due to the overlapping (superposition) concentric mining quarries. Thus, assessment of quarry-wise and total radius of influence is of importance to fulfil targeted production, economically with minimum interruptions as part of the mine planning. Moreover, it helps us to assess, monitor and regulate the impact of a mine-dewatering program in the area. Also, the pumping test is often used to estimate radius of influence; it can trigger the inflow or radius of influence. Estimate of the radius of influence using analytical equation mainly independent of discharge/abstraction from the aquifer stands as a preferred choice for the prediction of radius of influence at the quarry/mine pit. There is a strong rationale that policies should be informed by such analytical assessment because it helps us to prevent or minimize negative impacts as part of regulation and pit-mining management and are useful tools for practitioners to design economically efficient and cost-effective in situ groundwater remediation systems, to contain contaminant plumes, to evaluate the surface–subsurface water interaction and to verify numerical models.

The population living in cities is continuously increasing worldwide. In developing countries, this phenomenon is exacerbated by poverty, leading to tremendous problems of employment, immigration from the rural areas, transportation, and food supply and environment protection. Simultaneously with the growth of cities, a new type of agriculture has emerged; namely, urban agriculture. Here, the main functions of urban agriculture are described: its social roles, the economic functions as part of its multi-functionality, the constraints, and the risks for human consumption and the living environment. We highlight the following major points. (1) Agricultural activity will continue to be a strong contributor to urban households. Currently, diﬀerences between rural and urban livelihood households appear to be decreasing. (2) Urban agricultural production includes aquaculture, livestock and plants. The commonest crops are perishable leafy vegetables, particularly in South-east Asia and Africa. These vegetable industries have short marketing chains with lower price diﬀerentials between farmers and consumers than longer chains. The city food supply function is one of the various roles and objectives of urban agriculture that leads to increasing dialogue between urban dwellers, city authorities and farmers. (3) One of the farmers’ issues is to produce high quality products in highly populated areas and within a polluted environment. Agricultural production in cities faces the following challenges: access to the main agricultural inputs, fertilizers and water; production in a polluted environment; and limitation of its negative impact on the environment. Urban agriculture can reuse city wastes, but this will not be enough to achieve high yields, and there is still a risk of producing unsafe products. These are the main challenges for urban agriculture in keeping its multi-functional activities such as cleansing, opening up the urban space, and producing fresh and nutritious food.

- by Payal Shah
- •
- Water resources, Water Resources (Environment), Groundwater Quality

Water is an essential resource for life and good health. It is the most common, most widely distributed and most useful liquid on earth. It is the most precious natural resource that exists on our planet. As with most developing countries, access to safe water is a major challenge in Nigeria. Ground water and pipe borne (tap) water are the major sources of drinking water. These sources are said to be unsafe. Packaged and bottled water businesses in Nigeria are hindered by various challenges such as epileptic power supply, distribution problems, air and environmental pollution, integrity, or business feasibility concerns and inefficacy of government regulatory bodies etc. The aim of this research paper is to examine and discuss the hindrances to Packaged and Bottled Water Businesses in Nigeria with a view of identifying the hindrances and to extend the existing literature on hindrances to Packaged and Bottled Water Businesses in Nigeria. The main sources of data were journals, conference / seminar / text books, newspapers, and the internet sources etc., which were used to review literatures in the water business field. The result shows and discusses the hindrances affecting the packaged and bottled water businesses in Nigeria's business environment.

- by BELLO SANI BELLO and +1
- •
- Nigerian Literature, Business, Management, Business Ethics

The main purpose of this study is to evaluate the sustainability of the use and re-use of traditional groundwater extraction systems called qanats. Qanats are subterranean tunnels that tap the groundwater and lead the water based on gravity to a human settlement and agricultural lands. Qanats played a tremendously important role in the spread of irrigated agriculture and the establishment of sophisticated settlements in dry areas. In modern times, social, technological and economical transformation processes have greatly influenced the traditional use of qanats. The study uses action development research and a livelihood approach to help in the evaluation of the sustainability of use and renovation these ancient irrigation systems in Syria.

The increased use of fossil fuels for energy consumption has causes environmental problems both locally and globally. The study investigates the anaerobic digestion in the production of biogas a renewable energy from the digestion and co-digestion of three different types of biodegradable wastes (cow dung, fruit waste and food waste) as an alternative for fossil fuels for energy consumption. This was carried out using a 25 Litres capacity plastic keg prototype biogas plant, constructed to investigate the anaerobic digestion in generating biogas. The experiment was batch operated and daily gas yield from the plant was monitored for 30 days. The slurry temperature and pH were also monitored and presented. The digester was charged with these wastes in the ratio of 1:1, of waste to water respectively. The mesophilic temperatures range attained within the testing period were 25 - 28.4 and a slurry temperature range of 24.4 -28.4 . The result obtained from the biogas production showed that the co-digestion of cow dung and food waste produced the highest biogas of 164.8%, followed by the co-digestion of the three waste (cow dung, fruit waste and food waste) which has a percentage of 91.0%, co-digestion of cow dung and fruit waste (83.9%), cow dung of 79.8%, food waste of 77.4% and fruit waste of 76.4% within this retention period. During the digestion period, the volume of biogas production and the changes in pH indicate that the pH decreases as the retention period increases. These results showed that co-digestion wastes produce more biogas than when the wastes are ordinarily used for biogas production. The study recommends that biogas is not just a renewable energy source but also an appropriate way of managing waste, having potential to replace fossil fuel.

- by Temitope F . AJIBADE and +2
- •
- American Literature, Nigerian Literature, Engineering, Environmental Engineering
- by Arnold Berleant
- •
- Landscape Ecology, Aesthetics, Marine Ecology, Ecology
- by Yury Letona
- •
- Water Resources (Environment)

Reuse of wastewater for agriculture and green spaces purposes is significant. A mean yearly precipitation in Esfahan is 150 mm. The drinking water and agriculture usually used underground resources in the city. Gray water recycling is known as a suitable option today. Delivering all the water requirements of a home from refined water rises the cost of water. Whereas the essential water quality for garden, toilet and irrigation is less than drinking water. Therefore, the aim of this study is to analyze the evaluation of gray water and estimate the amount of recycle gray water which can use for drinking water with innovation method in Esfahan region in Iran. Previous studies did not measure the value of recycling gray water with new method of waste water treatment that can use for drinking purpose. In this study, gray water in Esfahan city is measured and technical aspects of its recycling is examined. Because of the lack of referable guidelines and official technical reports, studies from other similar countries applied in this study and on the basis of which the amount of recoverable gray water was calculated. Evaluations indicates that the overall recovery of gray water in Esfahan saves nine million cubic meters of water. The price of the rial of this value established on water is 190 billion Rials. Given the lack of water sources in Esfahan, the recycle of gray water seems to be a good option, however more research is required to select a recovery strategy.

- by safieh javadinejad and +1
- •
- Hydrology, Water quality, Water resources, Water and wastewater treatment

The aim of this study is to develop a flood prediction model by analyzing the real-time flood parameters for Pengkalan Rama, Melaka river hereafter known as Sungai Melaka using the Box-Jenkins method. Hourly water levels are predicted to alleviate flood related problems caused by the overflow of Sungai Melaka.. The time series from 7 the stationarity by using the Augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) and differencing method to make a non-stationary time series stationary. The main methods used for model identification with autocorrelation (ACF) function and partial autocorrelation function (PACF) are visual observation of the series. The best ARIMA model was identified by the parameter Akaike Information Information Criterion (AIC) and the Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC). The best ARIMA model for the Pengkalan Rama was ARIMA (2, 1, 2) with the AIC value 1297.5 and BIC value 1304.6. The time series had lead forecast up to 8 hours generated by using the ARIMA (2, 1, 2) model. The accuracy of the model was checked by comparing the original series and forecast series. The result of this research indicated that the ARIMA model is adequate for Sungai Melaka. In conclusion, ARIMA model is an adequate short term forecast of water level with the lead forecast of up to 8 hours. Hence, it is indubitable that the ARIMA model is suitable for river flood.

- by WEI MING WONG and +2
- •
- Econometrics, Water, Malaysia, Forecasting

The objective of the study was to evaluate the phytoremediation potential of three aquatic macrophytes (Commelina cyanea, Phragmites australis and Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes)) for treatment of municipal wastewater collected from Federal University of Technology, Akure (Nigeria). Laboratory scale of three constructed wetlands of dimensions 0.43 m x 0.93 m x 0.36 m in width, length and depth respectively, were developed to mimic natural conditions and was operated for a single experimental run with each macrophte at different retention time of 6, 9 and 12 days. These aquatic macrophytes were planted in separate ponds. Domestic wastewater from undergraduate students' hostel was introduced to the ponds. The raw wastewater sample and treated wastewater samples were analysed using standard laboratory methods for physical (Turbidity and Dissolved solids), chemical (pH, Nitrate, Nitrite, Phosphate, Sulphate Chemical Oxygen Demand and Biochemical Oxygen Demand) and bacteriological (Coliform bacteria) parameters. Results showed substantial diminutions in all parameters treated with the phytoremediators during the course of the study. Asides the three plants effectively removing Nitrate, Nitrite, phosphate and Sulphate pollutants, Phragmites australis gave the highest removal efciency for Phosphate (85.8%), Water hyacinth gave the highest removal efciency for pH (11.5%), Biochemical Oxygen Demand and Coliform bacteria and Commelina cyanea gave the highest removal efciency for turbidity (96.9%) and dissolved solids (82.9%) parameters of the domestic wastewater samples. The overall results of the phytoremediation studies indicate that the purication effectiveness of the three aquatic macrophytes were spontaneous, feasible and remarkable.

Approximately 44 million people around the world already have Alzheimer’s disease and other forms of dementia. It’s the fastest-growing cause of death in the world. Alzheimer’s disease is a member of an aggressive family of... more

- by Gary Chandler
- •
- Neuroscience, Neurology, Water, Dementia

La escasez del agua en México es un problema muy serio. Con el cambio climático el problema se acrecienta y empeora. Los días con agua entubada al año para las grandes poblaciones urbanas tienden a disminuir. La producción agrícola se “estresa” por la falta de agua o por las grandes cantidades de agua que de repente inundan los campos. El precio de los alimentos se eleva y paulatinamente se convierte en una causa medular de inflación. El problema del agua en México implica no únicamente sequías, sino inundaciones, ambos de carácter épico. Aquí en San Xalostitlán de las Tunas puede que se esté sufriendo una severa sequía, mientras que a 600 kilómetros de distancia se están ahogando y se arruinan las cosechas…
El cambio climático provoca desequilibrios en la distribución y temporalidad de las lluvias. El cambio climático es un problema que afecta a todo el planeta y a estas alturas del partido hay cosas que se pueden hacer y cosas que no se pueden hacer en México a este respecto. Ciertamente, la indiferencia del Estado mexicano ante la magnitud creciente del problema es más o menos espeluznante. La sociedad no tiene la educación necesaria para lidiar con el problema. El gobierno federal, en los hechos y en el mejor de los casos, se dedica a medir la magnitud y las consecuencias del desequilibrio climático. La indiferencia de los gobiernos estatales es brutal, no obstante como que han tomado el papel del que se queja y protesta conforme el problema les aprieta el pescuezo.

- by Gustavo Cano
- •
- Climate Change, Mexican Studies, Climate change policy, Water quality

This paper details a method for residential water consumption modeling within the Integrated Urban Metabolism Analysis Tool (IUMAT), a computational modeling platform for evaluating environmental performance of urban communities under alternative growth scenarios. A bottom-up approach is introduced to generate end-use indoor and outdoor water profiles by applying GLM and Ridge regression methods to Residential End Uses of Water, Version 2 (REU II-2016) dataset and investigating the influence of demographic and climate factors, as well as utility rate structures on patterns of consumption. The data is collected from 2010 through 2013 by nine utilities that operate in North America on 771 and 838 single family units for indoor and outdoor water use respectively. Potential advances to surveying methods as well as the need for tools that allow simultaneous, isolated assessment of educational and technological conservation measures are explained.

- by Nariman Mostafavi and +1
- •
- Urban Planning, Sustainable Building Design, Sustainable Water Resources Management, Water Resources (Environment)