Ai-Khanoum (original) (raw)
アイ・ハヌム（Ai-Khanoum, Ay Khanum）は、アフガニスタン北部のタハール州にあったギリシャ人による古代都市で、アレクサンドロス3世による征服後の紀元前4世紀に作られたグレコ・バクトリア王国の主要都市。アレクサンドリア・オクシアナ (Alexandria on the Oxus) に比定され、後の (Eucratidia) の可能性もある。"Ai-Khanoum" という名称はウズベク語で「月の婦人」の意。オクサス（Oxus、現在のアムダリヤ川）とが合流する地点にあり、インド亜大陸への玄関口だった。アイ・ハヌムは約2世紀に渡り東洋におけるヘレニズム文化の中心地だったが、エウクラティデス1世の死後間もない紀元前145年ごろ遊牧民月氏の侵入によって壊滅した。 その遺跡は、1961年に当時のアフガニスタン国王ザーヒル・シャーが、狩猟をしていた際に偶然村人から石灰岩製のギリシャ的な彫刻を持つ柱頭を見せられたことを契機に発見された。1964年から1978年まで率いるアフガニスタン考古学フランス調査団が発掘し、ロシアの科学者も発掘を行っている。アフガニスタン紛争によって発掘は中断し、その地は戦場となってしまい、ほとんど原形をとどめていない。
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| dbo:abstract | Alexandria d'Oxiana o Alexandria de l'Oxus fou una ciutat fundada el segle iv aC per Alexandre el Gran durant la seva ruta cap a l'Índia. És la mateixa ciutat esmentada també com Alexandria de Bactriana i Alexandria de Sogdiana per estar situada al límit entre aquests dos territoris històrics. Probablement, durant el període del Regne grecobactrià es va dir igualment Eucratídia. Fou en part destruïda després del 150 aC per les invasions dels escites i totalment abandonada vers el 125 aC amb la invasió dels yuezhi. Finalment, els grecs, sota el rei de Bactriana, van establir el seu regne a la vall de Kabul abandonant Alexandria i Balkh (Bactra). Eucràtidia hauria estat destruïda en el regnat del seu pare Eucràtides I. És a la regió de Kunduz, al nord-est de l'actual Afganistan, a la confluència dels rius Amudarià (antigament anomenat Oxus) i . Més tard, l'indret es va anomenar Ai-Khanum ('Senyora lluna' en uzbek), i fou una etapa de la ruta de la Seda. (ca) Η Αϊ-Χανούμ ή Αλ Χανούμ (πιθανώς η ιστορική Αλεξάνδρεια η επί του Ώξου, επίσης πιθανώς η μετονομασθείσα αργότερα σε اروکرتیه ή Ευκρατίδεια Βακτρίας) ήταν μια από τις πρώτες πόλεις του Ελληνικού βασιλείου της Βακτριανής. Προηγούμενοι μελετητές ανάφεραν ότι η πόλη είχε ιδρυθεί στα τέλη του 4ου αιώνα π.Χ., μετά τις κατακτήσεις του Μέγα Αλέξανδρου. Μεταγενέστερες αναλύσεις εισηγούνται ότι η πόλη ιδρύθηκε το 280 π.Χ. από το βασιλιά της Αυτοκρατορίας των Σελευκιδών, Αντίοχο Α΄ Σωτήρα. Τα ερείπια της πόλης βρίσκονται στην περιοχή Ταχάρ, στο βόρειο Αφγανιστάν, στη συμβολή των ποταμών Αμού Ντάρια (Ωξου) και . Η πόλη ήταν ένα από τα κύρια σημεία του ελληνισμού στην Ανατολή για περισσότερο από δύο αιώνες, μέχρι την καταστροφή της από νομάδες εισβολείς γύρω στο 145 π.Χ., περίπου την περίοδο του θανάτου του Ευκρατίδη Α΄ της Βακτρίας. (el) Ai-Khanoum (/aɪ ˈhɑːnjuːm/, meaning Lady Moon; Uzbek: Oyxonim) is the archaeological site of a Hellenistic city in Takhar Province, Afghanistan. The city, whose original name is unknown, was probably founded by an early ruler of the Seleucid Empire and served as a military and economic centre for the rulers of the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom until its destruction c. 145 BC. Rediscovered in 1961, the ruins of the city were excavated by a French team of archaeologists until the outbreak of conflict in Afghanistan in the late 1970s. The city was probably founded between 300 and 285 BC by an official acting on the orders of Seleucus I Nicator or his son Antiochus I Soter, the first two rulers of the Seleucid dynasty. It was originally thought to have been founded by Alexander the Great, quite possibly as Alexandria Oxiana, but this theory is now considered unlikely. There is a possibility that the site was known to the earlier Achaemenid Empire, who established a small fort nearby. Located at the confluence of the Amu Darya (a.k.a. Oxus) and Kokcha rivers, surrounded by well-irrigated farmland, Ai-Khanoum itself was divided between a lower town and a 60-metre-high (200 ft) acropolis. Although not situated on a major trade route, Ai-Khanoum controlled access to both mining in the Hindu Kush and strategically important choke points. Extensive fortifications, which were continuously maintained, upgraded, and rebuilt, surrounded the city. Ai-Khanoum, which may have initially grown in population because of royal patronage and the presence of a mint in the city, lost some importance through the secession of the Greco-Bactrians under Diodotus I (c. 250 BC). Seleucid construction programmes were halted, and the city probably became primarily military in function; it may have been a conflict zone during the invasion of Antiochus III (c. 209 – c. 205 BC). Ai-Khanoum began to grow once more under Euthydemus I and his successor Demetrius I, who began to assert control over the northwest Indian subcontinent. Many of the present ruins date from the time of Eucratides I, who substantially redeveloped the city and who may have renamed it Eucratideia, after himself. Soon after his death c. 145 BC, the Greco-Bactrian kingdom collapsed—Ai-Khanoum was captured by Saka invaders and was generally abandoned, although parts of the city were sporadically occupied until the 2nd century AD. Hellenistic culture in the region would persist longer only in the Indo-Greek kingdoms. While on a hunting trip in 1961, the King of Afghanistan, Mohammed Zahir Shah, rediscovered the city. An archaeological delegation, led by Paul Bernard, subsequently investigated the site. Bernard and his team unearthed the remains of a huge palace in the lower town, along with a large gymnasium, a theatre capable of holding 6,000 spectators, an arsenal, and two sanctuaries. Several inscriptions were found, along with coins, artefacts, and ceramics. The onset of the Soviet-Afghan War in the late 1970s halted scholarly progress, and during the following conflicts in Afghanistan, the site was extensively looted. (en) Ai Khanoum Ai Khanoum oder Ay Chānom (auch Ay Khanum und Ai Xanum) ist eine archäologische Ausgrabungsstätte in der Provinz Tachar im Nordosten Afghanistans. Es handelt sich bis heute um die einzigen großflächig untersuchten Reste einer griechisch-baktrischen Stadt. Der Ort wurde um 145 v. Chr. durch die Invasion von Nomaden fast vollkommen zerstört. Da er danach verlassen und später nicht wieder besiedelt wurde, ist er in den Grundmauern besonders gut erhalten. Nachdem , Khan der Kharoti, bei einer Jagd Relikte fand, beauftragte er den Archäologen Daniel Schlumberger mit den Ausgrabungen. Die Stätte wurde schließlich zwischen 1964 und 1978 von einem französischen Team unter der Leitung von Paul Bernard ausgegraben. Danach gab es auch vereinzelte sowjetische Grabungen. (de) Ai-Khanoum (euskaraz: «Ilargi Andrea») Greko-Baktriar Erresumako hiri nagusienetariko bat da. Alexandro Handiak sortu omen zuen k.a. 327an eta Alexandria Oxuskoa (antzinako grezieraz: Ἀλεξάνδρεια ἡ ἐπὶ τοῦ Ὄξου) izena eman zion. Bere aztarnak Afganistango Takhar probintzian daude, Panj eta ibaien lotunean (biak Amu Dariaren- grezieraz Oxus- ibaiadarrak dira) Ai-Khanoum hiria ekialdeko helenismoaren gune fokaletako bat zen. Greziar eta persiar estiloak konbinatuz, Errege Jauregia akemenestar estiloan eraiki zuten. Greziar eragin argia ere nabaria da, anfiteatro handia eta zenbait tenplu heleniar ere aurkitu zirelarik. Ia bi mendetan zehar, Ai-Khanoum Baktriako hiri nagusia izan zen, Bhakrirekin batera, k.a. 145 inguruan nomada inbaditzaileek suntsitu zuten arte. (eu) Alejandría de Oxiana o Alejandría del Oxo (en griego, Ἀλεξάνδρεια ἡ ἐπὶ τοῦ Ὄξου) fue una ciudad supuestamente fundada por Alejandro Magno a orillas del río Oxo (Amu Daria), en su confluencia con el río Kokcha, y en el umbral del subcontinente indio. Fue uno de los focos del helenismo en Oriente durante casi dos siglos hasta su aniquilación por invasores nómadas hacia 145 a. C., fecha en la que se ha estimado la muerte de Eucrátides I. Es la actual ciudad de Ai Janum (literalmente “Dama Luna” en uzbeko), situada en el noreste de Afganistán en la Provincia de Qundūz, cerca de la frontera de Tayikistán. La ciudad fue excavada por la organización francesa DAFA y científicos rusos entre los años 1964 y 1978. La excavación fue dirigida por Paul Bernard, quien suspendió los trabajos por la guerra de Afganistán (1978-1992). Durante la contienda el emplazamiento arqueológico fue parte del frente, lo que produjo daños, a los que se sumaron otros, de mucha mayor importancia, causados por los saqueos, que dejaron únicamente unos pocos restos del material original. (es) Aï Khanoum ou Ay Khanum (littéralement « Dame Lune » en ouzbek) est une cité antique située aujourd'hui dans le Nord-Est de l'Afghanistan, dans la province de Kondoz, près de la frontière tadjike. Elle se situe au confluent du fleuve Amou-Daria (anciennement Oxus) et de la rivière Kokcha. Elle est fondée au IVe siècle av. J.-C. par les Grecs dans le sillage de l'épopée d'Alexandre le Grand dans sa route vers l'Inde. La ville est surnommée l’Alexandrie de l’Oxus par le géographe Ptolémée et peut-être appelée plus tard Eucratidia sous le règne du souverain gréco-bactrien Eucratide Ier. Un temps capitale du royaume gréco-bactrien, elle est détruite durant la seconde moitié du IIe siècle av. J.-C. par des attaques successives de nomades et des prédations aux fins de récupération de matériaux de construction effectuées par des populations autochtones après l'évacuation de la région par les populations hellénisées. Redécouvert dans les années 1960, le site fait l'objet de fouilles menées par les archéologues français de la Délégation archéologique française en Afghanistan entre 1964 et 1978, qui constituent un « tournant décisif dans l'étude de l'hellénisme en Asie centrale ». Elles sont cependant interrompues par les troubles que connaît l'Afghanistan à partir de 1978 et le site, témoin particulier de l'hellénisme en Asie, est largement pillé avant d'avoir été complètement fouillé de façon méthodique. Les vestiges retrouvés lors des fouilles sont déposés dans les collections du musée national afghan de Kaboul, où certains éléments ont souffert des bombardements ainsi que des dégradations volontaires effectuées par les talibans. Tous les éléments découverts en contexte scientifique ne sont heureusement pas perdus, comme en a témoigné l'exposition « Afghanistan — Les trésors retrouvés » présentée en 2006-2007 au musée national des arts asiatiques - Guimet à Paris, mais aussi en Grande-Bretagne et aux États-Unis. Par son histoire antique et contemporaine, la cité est un « symbole à la fois de la conquête de l'Asie par Alexandre le Grand, et de la destruction du patrimoine archéologique de l'Afghanistan ». Parlant du pillage du site, l'archéologue Paul Bernard estime qu'« il ne reste rien du site d'Aï Khanoum. Ce que nous n'avions pas trouvé, personne ne le trouvera, car cela n'existe plus ». (fr) Ai-Khanoum (Aï Khānum atau Ay Khanum, yang berarti “Dewi Bulan” dalam bahasa Uzbekistan), kemungkinan yang dulu disebut sebagai Alexandria on the Oxus (bahasa Yunani: Αλεξάνδρεια η επί του Ώξου), atau bisa jadi yang berikutnya yaitu اروکرتیه or ) adalah salah satu kota utama di Kerajaan Yunani-Baktria. Kemungkinan kota ini didirikan oleh Kekaisaran Seleukia, dan kemudian berfungsi sebagai pusat militer dan ekonomi bagi Kerajaan Yunani-Baktria hingga ia runtuh pada 145 SM. Kota ini ditemukan kembali pada 1961, dan digali ulang oleh hingga pecahnya konflik di penghabisan dekade 1970an. Para sarjana sebelumnya berpendapat bahwa Ai Khanoum didirikan pada akhir abad ke-4 SM, setelah penaklukan Alexander yang Agung. Analisis terbaru mengatakan bahwa kota ini didirikan sekitar 280 SM oleh kaisar Seleucid, Antiokhos I Soter. Kota ini terletak di provinsi Takhar, utara Afghanistan, di pertemuan Sungai Panj dan Kokcha, keduanya merupakan anak sungai dari Amu Darya yang secara historis dikenal sebagai Oxus, berlokasi di ambang pintu anak benua India. Meski tak berlokasi pada rute perdagangan utama, kota ini memegang akses atas masing-masing pertambangan di Hindu Kush dan secara strategis menjadi kawasan titik sempit yang penting. Pembentengan menyeluruh yang secara berkesinambungan dijaga, diperbaharui, dan dibangun ulang mengelilingi kota ini. (in) アイ・ハヌム（Ai-Khanoum, Ay Khanum）は、アフガニスタン北部のタハール州にあったギリシャ人による古代都市で、アレクサンドロス3世による征服後の紀元前4世紀に作られたグレコ・バクトリア王国の主要都市。アレクサンドリア・オクシアナ (Alexandria on the Oxus) に比定され、後の (Eucratidia) の可能性もある。"Ai-Khanoum" という名称はウズベク語で「月の婦人」の意。オクサス（Oxus、現在のアムダリヤ川）とが合流する地点にあり、インド亜大陸への玄関口だった。アイ・ハヌムは約2世紀に渡り東洋におけるヘレニズム文化の中心地だったが、エウクラティデス1世の死後間もない紀元前145年ごろ遊牧民月氏の侵入によって壊滅した。 その遺跡は、1961年に当時のアフガニスタン国王ザーヒル・シャーが、狩猟をしていた際に偶然村人から石灰岩製のギリシャ的な彫刻を持つ柱頭を見せられたことを契機に発見された。1964年から1978年まで率いるアフガニスタン考古学フランス調査団が発掘し、ロシアの科学者も発掘を行っている。アフガニスタン紛争によって発掘は中断し、その地は戦場となってしまい、ほとんど原形をとどめていない。 (ja) 아이하눔 또는 아이카눔(آی خانم, Ai-Khanoum, 우즈베크어로 "달의 부인")은 아프가니스탄 쿤두즈 주에 위치한 고대 도시의 유적이다. 클라우디오스 프톨레마이오스에 의해 옥수스의 알렉산드리아(Αλεξάνδρεια η επί του Ώξου)로 비정되었다. 타지키스탄과의 국경에서 5km 정도 떨어진, 아무다리야 강과 (fr)의 합류점에 세워진 이 도시는 알렉산드로스 대왕에 의해 기원전 4세기에 조성되었다. 후에 에우크라티디아로 개명되어 일시적으로 그리스-박트리아 왕국의 수도로 기능한 것으로 추정되며, 기원전 2세기 후반에 전쟁으로 파괴되었다. 무함마드 자히르 샤에 의해 발견되고 나서 1964년부터 1979년까지 발굴이 진행되어 대부분의 출토물이 아프가니스탄 국립박물관에 보관되었다. (ko) Ai-Khanum o Ay-Khanum o Ai Xanum (in usbeco: "Signora Luna"), probabilmente da identificare con Alessandria sull'Oxus, è un sito archeologico pertinente ad un'antica città greco-ellenistica, che si trova nell'attuale Afghanistan, all'estremità orientale della pianura di Battriana, sulla riva sinistra del fiume Panj uno dei due rami sorgentiferi del fiume Amu Darya (Oxus) (pianura di loess). Il territorio è formato da una collina piatta alla sommità, alta 60 m, che delimita, insieme ai due fiumi Panj e , una vasta area triangolare di 1,9 x 1,6 km, circondata da possenti mura di cinta in alto più di 10 metri e avente uno spessore di 8 metri e comprendente due grosse torri e da un fossato per rendere difficile l'avvicinamento. La fondazione della città è stata attribuita ad Alessandro Magno, nel corso della sua conquista dell'Asia centrale (329-327 a.C.), ma si deve più probabilmente a Seleuco I, sul finire del IV secolo a.C. La Battriana rimase relazionata con la civiltà mediterranea grazie al governo dei seleucidi e intorno al 250 a.C. la Battriana, dovendo opporsi a potenze rivali occidentali, si staccò per diventare un regno autonomo. Verso il 145 a.C. un'ondata di tribù nomadi cacciò i Greci dalla città e dalla Battriana orientale. Dopo una breve occupazione da parte delle popolazioni locali, il sito venne definitivamente abbandonato a eccezione della cittadella, che continuò a vivere fino agli inizi del I secolo d.C. Ancora prima che nascesse la città ellenica, il luogo era coltivato grazie al contributo di una rete di canali di irrigazione, inoltre le montagne adiacenti offrivano siti ideali per i pascoli estivi oltre ad un buon quantitativo di minerali. Il sito disponeva di difese naturali, quali un'acropoli rialzata di una sessantina di metri rispetto al resto del luogo, e una scarpata che dai due fiumi proteggeva i due lati meridionali e occidentali. Il sito fu riscoperto nel 1962, casualmente, dallo studioso , durante una battuta di caccia, durante la quale alcuni uomini inciamparono in un blocco di calcare bianco che si rivelò un capitello corinzio di evidente origine greca. Venne dunque individuato l'impianto urbano. Le indagini su questo sito, condotte fino al 1979, portarono alla luce una città ellenistica, che colmò il vuoto sulle conoscenze dell'influenza greca in Asia centrale. (it) Ajchanom − polis greko-baktryjskie, którego ruiny zostały zlokalizowane w pobliżu Talokanu w prowincji Tachar w północnym Afganistanie, przy ujściu Kokczy do Pandżu, jeden z zabytków kultury hellenistycznej w Azji Centralnej. (pl) Ai-Khanoum ou Ay Khanum (literalmente "Jovem Lua", em usbeque), possivelmente a cidade histórica Alexandria de Oxiana ou Alexandria no Oxo, foi supostamente fundada por Alexandre Magno nas margens do rio Oxo (Amu Dária) e do seu afluente, o , que nasce na cordilheira de Indocuche. Foi um dos focos do helenismo no oriente durante quase dois séculos até sua destruição por invasores nômades em 145 a.C, sendo também a data estimada da morte de Eucrátides I. Atualmente está situada a noroeste do Afeganistão na província de Kondoz, próximo a fronteira do Tajiquistão. A cidade foi escavada pela organização francesa DAFA (Delegação Arqueológica Francesa no Afeganistão) e por cientistas russos entre os anos 1964 e 1978. A escavação foi dirigida por Paul Bernard, o qual teve que suspender os trabalhos devido a Guerra Civil do Afeganistão, que durante o conflito foi usado como campo de batalha, deixando apenas alguns resquícios do material original. (pt) Ai Khanoum var en hellenistisk stad där floderna Oxus (Amu-Darja) och Kokcha flyter samman i östra Baktrien, i vad som idag är nordöstra Afghanistan. Staden, vars grekiska namn är okänt, byggdes som en befäst gränsstad under 300-talet f.Kr. som försvar mot nomadstammar i norr och bergsfolk i öster. Ai khanoum är uzbekiska (آی خانم) och betyder måndamen. Khanoum låg på platsen för en akemenidisk fästning och behärskade en bördig konstbevattnad slätt. Staden förstördes och övergavs i mitten av 100-talet f.Kr efter upprepade invasioner av nomadstammar, först saka som följdes av Yuezhi. Ai Khanoum har grävts ut av franska och sovjetiska arkeologer som bl.a. funnit administrativa byggnader, ett gymnasium och en teater. Staden omgavs av omfattande och imponerande befästningsverk. Ruinerna är idag i mycket dåligt skick efter år av ockupation, inbördeskrig och plundring. (sv) Ай-Ханум (перс. آیخانم, узб. Oyxonim), Александрия Оксианская (др.-греч. Ἀλεξάνδρεια ἡ ἐπὶ τοῦ Ὄξου) — древний город Греко-Бактрийского царства, руины которого располагаются в Афганистане в районе провинции Тахар, близ границы с Таджикистаном, на левом берегу реки Пяндж у устья реки Кокча. Городище является уникальным памятником эллинистической культуры в Центральной Азии. (ru) Ай-Ханум (Александрія Оксіанська) — греко-бактрійське місто, руїни якого розташовані в афганській провінції Кундуз біля місця злиття Амудар'ї та . Городище є унікальною пам'яткою елліністичної культури в Центральній Азії. (uk) |
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| dbp:alt | A disc made out of mother-of-pearl, with partial ornamentation still visible, alongside a possible reconstruction of the original decoration (en) A marble relief of a man wearing a toga; the head is missing, along with parts of all four limbs (en) A stucco mask with a high level of detail, but with missing sections and numerous cracks (en) A plan of the layout of Ai-Khanoum. (en) Broken ostracon from the Ai-Khanoum treasury, displaying inscription (en) A map of the Greco-Bactrian kingdom and surrounding polities, displaying key cities, regions, and topography. (en) Image of a philosophical dialogue retrieved at Ai-Khanoum (en) A sculpture known as a "palmette antefix" displaying large leaf fronds (en) The capital of a Corinthian column, showing detail of leaf carvings (en) Landscape photograph of ruined structures on a grassy plain. (en) A red-orange mosaic displaying patterns and a central motif of a star-like symbol (en) |
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| dbp:caption | The main sanctuary and temple of Ai-Khanoum, as viewed from the acropolis in the late 1970s. (en) |
| dbp:condition | In ruins since abandonment in ancient times; also plundered by modern looters. (en) |
| dbp:cultures | dbr:Greeks |
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| dbp:excavations | Between 1964 and 1978 (en) |
| dbp:footer | Ai-Khanoum, situated on a triangular peninsula at the junction of two rivers, was a major centre of the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom. (en) Decorations of the Ai-Khanoum palace, clockwise from upper left: a stucco mask, a Corinthian column capital, a relief of a chlamys-garbed man in contrapposto style, a mosaic reminiscent of contemporary Hellenistic art, and a palmette antefix (en) Artefacts of the palace treasury, clockwise from top left: broken ostracon from the Ai-Khanoum treasury, displaying inscription; papyrus with philosophical text, Ai Khanoum treasury, 2nd century BC; Indian disc that probably depicts the myth of Sakuntala, with partial reconstruction (en) |
| dbp:image | Ai Khanoum Ostraca from the treasury.jpg (en) Ai-Khanoum high-relief.jpg (en) Ai-Khanoum mosaic.jpg (en) CapitalSharp.jpg (en) Greco-BactrianKingdomMap.jpg (en) Philosophical papyrus Ai Khanoum.jpg (en) Plan AI Khanoum-fr.svg (en) Sakuntala plate reconstitution.jpg (en) Ai Khanum Antefix from the administrative palace.jpg (en) Ai Khanoum Portrait of a man, found in the administrative palace.jpg (en) |
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| dbp:location | Takhar Province, Afghanistan (en) |
| dbp:mapAlt | Alexandria-Oxus lies in the north of Afghanistan, close to the border with Tajikistan. (en) |
| dbp:mapType | West Asia#Afghanistan#Bactria (en) |
| dbp:material | dbr:Mud_brick |
| dbp:name | Ai-Khanoum (en) |
| dbp:perrow | 2 (xsd:integer) 3 (xsd:integer) |
| dbp:region | dbr:Bactria |
| dbp:relief | yes (en) |
| dbp:text | The appearance of the place, however, does indicate the truth of [Tajik] tradition, that an ancient city once stood here. On the site of the town was an Uzbek encampment; but from its inmates, we could glean no information, and to all our inquiries about coins and relics, they only vouchsafed a vacant stare or an idiotic laugh. (en) |
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| rdfs:comment | アイ・ハヌム（Ai-Khanoum, Ay Khanum）は、アフガニスタン北部のタハール州にあったギリシャ人による古代都市で、アレクサンドロス3世による征服後の紀元前4世紀に作られたグレコ・バクトリア王国の主要都市。アレクサンドリア・オクシアナ (Alexandria on the Oxus) に比定され、後の (Eucratidia) の可能性もある。"Ai-Khanoum" という名称はウズベク語で「月の婦人」の意。オクサス（Oxus、現在のアムダリヤ川）とが合流する地点にあり、インド亜大陸への玄関口だった。アイ・ハヌムは約2世紀に渡り東洋におけるヘレニズム文化の中心地だったが、エウクラティデス1世の死後間もない紀元前145年ごろ遊牧民月氏の侵入によって壊滅した。 その遺跡は、1961年に当時のアフガニスタン国王ザーヒル・シャーが、狩猟をしていた際に偶然村人から石灰岩製のギリシャ的な彫刻を持つ柱頭を見せられたことを契機に発見された。1964年から1978年まで率いるアフガニスタン考古学フランス調査団が発掘し、ロシアの科学者も発掘を行っている。アフガニスタン紛争によって発掘は中断し、その地は戦場となってしまい、ほとんど原形をとどめていない。 (ja) 아이하눔 또는 아이카눔(آی خانم, Ai-Khanoum, 우즈베크어로 "달의 부인")은 아프가니스탄 쿤두즈 주에 위치한 고대 도시의 유적이다. 클라우디오스 프톨레마이오스에 의해 옥수스의 알렉산드리아(Αλεξάνδρεια η επί του Ώξου)로 비정되었다. 타지키스탄과의 국경에서 5km 정도 떨어진, 아무다리야 강과 (fr)의 합류점에 세워진 이 도시는 알렉산드로스 대왕에 의해 기원전 4세기에 조성되었다. 후에 에우크라티디아로 개명되어 일시적으로 그리스-박트리아 왕국의 수도로 기능한 것으로 추정되며, 기원전 2세기 후반에 전쟁으로 파괴되었다. 무함마드 자히르 샤에 의해 발견되고 나서 1964년부터 1979년까지 발굴이 진행되어 대부분의 출토물이 아프가니스탄 국립박물관에 보관되었다. (ko) Ajchanom − polis greko-baktryjskie, którego ruiny zostały zlokalizowane w pobliżu Talokanu w prowincji Tachar w północnym Afganistanie, przy ujściu Kokczy do Pandżu, jeden z zabytków kultury hellenistycznej w Azji Centralnej. (pl) Ай-Ханум (перс. آیخانم, узб. Oyxonim), Александрия Оксианская (др.-греч. Ἀλεξάνδρεια ἡ ἐπὶ τοῦ Ὄξου) — древний город Греко-Бактрийского царства, руины которого располагаются в Афганистане в районе провинции Тахар, близ границы с Таджикистаном, на левом берегу реки Пяндж у устья реки Кокча. Городище является уникальным памятником эллинистической культуры в Центральной Азии. (ru) Ай-Ханум (Александрія Оксіанська) — греко-бактрійське місто, руїни якого розташовані в афганській провінції Кундуз біля місця злиття Амудар'ї та . Городище є унікальною пам'яткою елліністичної культури в Центральній Азії. (uk) Alexandria d'Oxiana o Alexandria de l'Oxus fou una ciutat fundada el segle iv aC per Alexandre el Gran durant la seva ruta cap a l'Índia. És la mateixa ciutat esmentada també com Alexandria de Bactriana i Alexandria de Sogdiana per estar situada al límit entre aquests dos territoris històrics. Probablement, durant el període del Regne grecobactrià es va dir igualment Eucratídia. Fou en part destruïda després del 150 aC per les invasions dels escites i totalment abandonada vers el 125 aC amb la invasió dels yuezhi. Finalment, els grecs, sota el rei de Bactriana, van establir el seu regne a la vall de Kabul abandonant Alexandria i Balkh (Bactra). Eucràtidia hauria estat destruïda en el regnat del seu pare Eucràtides I. És a la regió de Kunduz, al nord-est de l'actual Afganistan, a la conflu (ca) Ai Khanoum Ai Khanoum oder Ay Chānom (auch Ay Khanum und Ai Xanum) ist eine archäologische Ausgrabungsstätte in der Provinz Tachar im Nordosten Afghanistans. Es handelt sich bis heute um die einzigen großflächig untersuchten Reste einer griechisch-baktrischen Stadt. Der Ort wurde um 145 v. Chr. durch die Invasion von Nomaden fast vollkommen zerstört. Da er danach verlassen und später nicht wieder besiedelt wurde, ist er in den Grundmauern besonders gut erhalten. (de) Η Αϊ-Χανούμ ή Αλ Χανούμ (πιθανώς η ιστορική Αλεξάνδρεια η επί του Ώξου, επίσης πιθανώς η μετονομασθείσα αργότερα σε اروکرتیه ή Ευκρατίδεια Βακτρίας) ήταν μια από τις πρώτες πόλεις του Ελληνικού βασιλείου της Βακτριανής. Προηγούμενοι μελετητές ανάφεραν ότι η πόλη είχε ιδρυθεί στα τέλη του 4ου αιώνα π.Χ., μετά τις κατακτήσεις του Μέγα Αλέξανδρου. Μεταγενέστερες αναλύσεις εισηγούνται ότι η πόλη ιδρύθηκε το 280 π.Χ. από το βασιλιά της Αυτοκρατορίας των Σελευκιδών, Αντίοχο Α΄ Σωτήρα. Τα ερείπια της πόλης βρίσκονται στην περιοχή Ταχάρ, στο βόρειο Αφγανιστάν, στη συμβολή των ποταμών Αμού Ντάρια (Ωξου) και . Η πόλη ήταν ένα από τα κύρια σημεία του ελληνισμού στην Ανατολή για περισσότερο από δύο αιώνες, μέχρι την καταστροφή της από νομάδες εισβολείς γύρω στο 145 π.Χ., περίπου την περίοδο του θανάτο (el) Ai-Khanoum (/aɪ ˈhɑːnjuːm/, meaning Lady Moon; Uzbek: Oyxonim) is the archaeological site of a Hellenistic city in Takhar Province, Afghanistan. The city, whose original name is unknown, was probably founded by an early ruler of the Seleucid Empire and served as a military and economic centre for the rulers of the Greco-Bactrian Kingdom until its destruction c. 145 BC. Rediscovered in 1961, the ruins of the city were excavated by a French team of archaeologists until the outbreak of conflict in Afghanistan in the late 1970s. (en) Ai-Khanoum (euskaraz: «Ilargi Andrea») Greko-Baktriar Erresumako hiri nagusienetariko bat da. Alexandro Handiak sortu omen zuen k.a. 327an eta Alexandria Oxuskoa (antzinako grezieraz: Ἀλεξάνδρεια ἡ ἐπὶ τοῦ Ὄξου) izena eman zion. Bere aztarnak Afganistango Takhar probintzian daude, Panj eta ibaien lotunean (biak Amu Dariaren- grezieraz Oxus- ibaiadarrak dira) (eu) Alejandría de Oxiana o Alejandría del Oxo (en griego, Ἀλεξάνδρεια ἡ ἐπὶ τοῦ Ὄξου) fue una ciudad supuestamente fundada por Alejandro Magno a orillas del río Oxo (Amu Daria), en su confluencia con el río Kokcha, y en el umbral del subcontinente indio. Fue uno de los focos del helenismo en Oriente durante casi dos siglos hasta su aniquilación por invasores nómadas hacia 145 a. C., fecha en la que se ha estimado la muerte de Eucrátides I. (es) Aï Khanoum ou Ay Khanum (littéralement « Dame Lune » en ouzbek) est une cité antique située aujourd'hui dans le Nord-Est de l'Afghanistan, dans la province de Kondoz, près de la frontière tadjike. Elle se situe au confluent du fleuve Amou-Daria (anciennement Oxus) et de la rivière Kokcha. Elle est fondée au IVe siècle av. J.-C. par les Grecs dans le sillage de l'épopée d'Alexandre le Grand dans sa route vers l'Inde. La ville est surnommée l’Alexandrie de l’Oxus par le géographe Ptolémée et peut-être appelée plus tard Eucratidia sous le règne du souverain gréco-bactrien Eucratide Ier. (fr) Ai-Khanoum (Aï Khānum atau Ay Khanum, yang berarti “Dewi Bulan” dalam bahasa Uzbekistan), kemungkinan yang dulu disebut sebagai Alexandria on the Oxus (bahasa Yunani: Αλεξάνδρεια η επί του Ώξου), atau bisa jadi yang berikutnya yaitu اروکرتیه or ) adalah salah satu kota utama di Kerajaan Yunani-Baktria. Kemungkinan kota ini didirikan oleh Kekaisaran Seleukia, dan kemudian berfungsi sebagai pusat militer dan ekonomi bagi Kerajaan Yunani-Baktria hingga ia runtuh pada 145 SM. Kota ini ditemukan kembali pada 1961, dan digali ulang oleh hingga pecahnya konflik di penghabisan dekade 1970an. Para sarjana sebelumnya berpendapat bahwa Ai Khanoum didirikan pada akhir abad ke-4 SM, setelah penaklukan Alexander yang Agung. (in) Ai-Khanum o Ay-Khanum o Ai Xanum (in usbeco: "Signora Luna"), probabilmente da identificare con Alessandria sull'Oxus, è un sito archeologico pertinente ad un'antica città greco-ellenistica, che si trova nell'attuale Afghanistan, all'estremità orientale della pianura di Battriana, sulla riva sinistra del fiume Panj uno dei due rami sorgentiferi del fiume Amu Darya (Oxus) (pianura di loess). Il territorio è formato da una collina piatta alla sommità, alta 60 m, che delimita, insieme ai due fiumi Panj e , una vasta area triangolare di 1,9 x 1,6 km, circondata da possenti mura di cinta in alto più di 10 metri e avente uno spessore di 8 metri e comprendente due grosse torri e da un fossato per rendere difficile l'avvicinamento. (it) Ai-Khanoum ou Ay Khanum (literalmente "Jovem Lua", em usbeque), possivelmente a cidade histórica Alexandria de Oxiana ou Alexandria no Oxo, foi supostamente fundada por Alexandre Magno nas margens do rio Oxo (Amu Dária) e do seu afluente, o , que nasce na cordilheira de Indocuche. Foi um dos focos do helenismo no oriente durante quase dois séculos até sua destruição por invasores nômades em 145 a.C, sendo também a data estimada da morte de Eucrátides I. (pt) Ai Khanoum var en hellenistisk stad där floderna Oxus (Amu-Darja) och Kokcha flyter samman i östra Baktrien, i vad som idag är nordöstra Afghanistan. Staden, vars grekiska namn är okänt, byggdes som en befäst gränsstad under 300-talet f.Kr. som försvar mot nomadstammar i norr och bergsfolk i öster. Ai khanoum är uzbekiska (آی خانم) och betyder måndamen. Khanoum låg på platsen för en akemenidisk fästning och behärskade en bördig konstbevattnad slätt. Staden förstördes och övergavs i mitten av 100-talet f.Kr efter upprepade invasioner av nomadstammar, först saka som följdes av Yuezhi. Ai Khanoum har grävts ut av franska och sovjetiska arkeologer som bl.a. funnit administrativa byggnader, ett gymnasium och en teater. Staden omgavs av omfattande och imponerande befästningsverk. Ruinerna är ida (sv) |
| rdfs:label | Ai-Khanoum (en) Alexandria d'Oxiana (ca) Ai Khanoum (de) Άι-Χανούμ (el) Alejandría de Oxiana (es) Ai-Khanoum (eu) Aï Khanoum (fr) Ai-Khanoum (in) Ai-Khanum (it) 아이하눔 (ko) アイ・ハヌム (ja) Ajchanom (pl) Ai-Khanoum (pt) Ай-Ханум (ru) Ai Khanoum (sv) Ай-Ханум (uk) |
| rdfs:seeAlso | dbr:Hellenistic_influence_on_Indian_art |
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