Iranian architecture (original) (raw)

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العمارة الإيرانية وتُعرف تخصيصًا بالعمارة الفارسية عمارة اشتهرت على مر العصور بالتنوع وهنا نستعرض مراحله المختلفة عبر تاريخ إيران وبلاد فارس.

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dbo:abstract L'arquitectura iraniana o arquitectura persa és l'arquitectura que s'ha construït al territori que ara correspon més o menys amb l'Iran contemporani i el continent cultural iranià. La seua història comença si fa no fa al 5000 ae, fins al present, amb exemples característics distribuïts en una àmplia zona des de Turquia i l'Iraq fins al nord de l'Índia i Tadjikistan, i des del Caucas fins a Zanzíbar. Els exemples d'edificis perses varien des de barraques camperoles a cases de te i jardins, des de pavellons a «alguns dels edificis més majestuosos que el món mai no ha vist». A més de portes, palaus i mesquites històriques, el ràpid creixement de ciutats, com la capital, Teheran (vegeu: arquitectura de Teheran), ha ocasionat una onada de demolicions i noves construccions. L'arquitectura iraniana mostra una gran varietat, tant estructural com estètica, a partir d'un desenvolupament gradual i coherent de tradicions i experiències anteriors. Sense innovacions sobtades, i malgrat el repetit trauma d'invasions i xocs culturals, ha aconseguit «una individualitat diferent de la d'altres països musulmans». Se n'han assenyalat com a virtuts primordials: «un marcat sentit de forma i escala, inventiva estructural, sobretot en la volta i la cúpula, i enginy en la decoració amb llibertat». Tradicionalment, el motiu formatiu rector de l'arquitectura iraniana ha estat el seu simbolisme còsmic «pel qual l'ésser humà es posa en comunicació amb les forces del cel». Aquest tema —compartit per quasi tota l'arquitectura asiàtica i que persisteix fins i tot en els temps moderns—, no sols ha donat unitat i continuïtat a l'arquitectura de Pèrsia, sinó que ha estat també la font principal del seu caràcter emocional. Segons l'historiador i arqueòleg Arthur Pope: (ca) العمارة الإيرانية وتُعرف تخصيصًا بالعمارة الفارسية عمارة اشتهرت على مر العصور بالتنوع وهنا نستعرض مراحله المختلفة عبر تاريخ إيران وبلاد فارس. (ar) Irana arkitekturo aŭ persa arkitekturo estas la arkitekturo de nuntempa Irano kaj de la Irankultura Mondoregiono. Ĝi havas kontinuan historion de almenaŭ 5000 a.K. ĝis la nuno, kun karakterizaj ekzemploj distribuitaj super vasta areo de Turkio kaj Irako ĝis Norda Hindio kaj Taĝikio, kaj de Kaŭkazo ĝis Zanzibaro. (eo) Der Begriff persische Architektur oder iranische Architektur bezeichnet die Architektur im heutigen Iran und den angrenzenden Gebieten des früheren Perserreichs. Als eines der 20 größten Länder der Erde weist Iran eine große topografische und klimatische Vielfalt auf, die die Architektur in den unterschiedlichen Landesteilen beeinflusst hat. Zugleich liegt das Gebiet des heutigen Iran im Zentrum des Alten Orients, eines der ältesten Kulturräume der Welt mit einer Jahrtausende in die Vergangenheit reichenden kontinuierlichen Geschichte, von der auch die Architektur zeugt. (de) La arquitectura iraní o arquitectura persa es la arquitectura que se ha construido en el territorio que ahora se corresponde más o menos con el Irán contemporáneo y el continente cultural iraní.​ Su historia data desde al menos 5000 a. C. hasta el presente, con ejemplos característicos distribuidos en una amplia zona desde Turquía e Irak hasta el norte de la India y Tayikistán, y desde el Cáucaso hasta Zanzíbar. Los ejemplos de edificios persas varían desde chozas campesinas a casas de té y jardines, desde pabellones a «algunos de los edificios más majestuosos que el mundo ha visto jamás».​ Además de puertas, palacios y mezquitas históricos, el rápido crecimiento de ciudades, como la capital, Teherán (ver: ) ha ocasionado una ola de demoliciones y nuevas construcciones.​ La arquitectura iraní muestra una gran variedad, tanto estructural como estética, a partir de un desarrollo gradual y coherente de tradiciones y experiencias anteriores. Sin innovaciones repentinas, y pese al repetido trauma de las invasiones y los choques culturales, se ha logrado «una individualidad distinta de la de otros países musulmanes».​ Se han señalado como virtudes primordiales, entre otras, «un marcado sentimiento de forma y escala, la inventiva estructural, sobre todo en la bóveda y la construcción de la cúpula, un genio de la decoración con una libertad y un éxito no igualados en ninguna otra arquitectura».​ Tradicionalmente, el motivo formativo rector de la arquitectura iraní ha sido su simbolismo cósmico «por el cual el hombre se pone en comunicación y participación con las fuerzas del cielo».​ Este tema —compartido por casi toda la arquitectura asiática y que persiste incluso en los tiempos modernos—, no solo ha dado unidad y continuidad a la arquitectura de Persia, sino que ha sido también la fuente principal de su carácter emocional. Según el historiador y arqueólogo persa : El arte supremo de Irán, en el sentido propio de la palabra, ha sido siempre su arquitectura. La supremacía de la arquitectura se aplica tanto al período pre-islámico como al post-islámico. Introducing Persian Architecture, ​ (es) Iranian architecture or Persian architecture (Persian: معمارى ایرانی, Memāri e Irāni) is the architecture of Iran and parts of the rest of West Asia, the Caucasus and Central Asia. Its history dates back to at least 5,000 BC with characteristic examples distributed over a vast area from Turkey and Iraq to Uzbekistan and Tajikistan, and from the Caucasus to Zanzibar. Persian buildings vary from peasant huts to tea houses, and garden pavilions to "some of the most majestic structures the world has ever seen". In addition to historic gates, palaces, and mosques, the rapid growth of cities such as the capital Tehran has brought about a wave of demolition and new construction. Iranian architecture displays great variety, both structural and aesthetic, from a variety of traditions and experience. Without sudden innovations, and despite the repeated trauma of invasions and cultural shocks, it has achieved "an individuality distinct from that of other Muslim countries". Its paramount virtues are: "a marked feeling for form and scale; structural inventiveness, especially in vault and dome construction; a genius for decoration with a freedom and success not rivaled in any other architecture". Traditionally, the guiding formative motif of Iranian architecture has been its cosmic symbolism "by which man is brought into communication and participation with the powers of heaven". This theme has not only given unity and continuity to the architecture of Persia, but has been a primary source of its emotional character as well. According to American historian and archaeologist Arthur Pope, the supreme Iranian art, in the proper meaning of the word, has always been its architecture. The supremacy of architecture applies to both pre- and post-Islamic periods. (en) Ailtireacht na hIaráine seanda, ag tosú le foirgnimh dhaingnithe sa 8ú-7ú céad RC. Ina dhiaidh sin bhí colúin is ballaí ramhra, déanta as cloch is brící láibe, maisithe go lonrach le rilífí, brící glónraithe is stucó snoite. Sampla iontach is ea Pálás Peirsipilise (c 518–460 RC) le halla an chéad colún mar sheomra na ríchathaoireach. As an bPeirs a tháinig an dearadh croschruthach don mhosc san ailtireacht Ioslamach, ón mosc in Isfahan (1612–1638). (ga) L'architecture iranienne ou architecture perse bénéficie d'un héritage particulièrement ancien parmi les arts iraniens. Elle utilise abondamment la géométrie symbolique, basée sur des formes pures telles que le cercle et le carré. Les plans sont souvent fondés sur des rendus symétriques, dont les cours rectangulaires et les halls sont caractéristiques. L'architecture islamique iranienne reprend des idées de époques qui l'ont précédée et fait intervenir des formes géométriques, répétitives, ainsi que des surfaces richement ornées de céramiques, de stuc sculpté et de briques, formant des motifs décoratifs, calligraphiques, une iconographie florale, et parfois des formes animées. (fr) Con architettura persiana o architettura iraniana si intende l'architettura dell'area del cosiddetto Grande Iran, caratterizzata da vicissitudini storiche e culturali comuni sin da un'epoca risalente almeno al 5000 a.C. fino ai giorni presenti. Si possono rintracciare elementi tipici dell'architettura persiana su un'amplissima area che si espande pressappoco dalla Siria all'India settentrionale fino ai confini con la Cina e dal Caucaso fino a Zanzibar. Sono presenti all'interno di questo vasto contenitore numerosissime tipologie di edificio: dalla capanna per contadini alle sale da tè, fino ai meravigliosi padiglioni presenti nei giardini e ad "alcune delle più maestose strutture che il mondo abbia potuto vedere". L'architettura persiana mostra di sé una grande varietà, sia dal punto di vista strutturale che estetico, sapendosi sviluppare gradualmente e coerentemente nel corso dei secoli, traendo spunto dalle precedenti tradizioni ed esperienze. Senza improvvise innovazioni, e nonostante il continui traumi dovute alle varie invasioni subite, ha mantenuto "una distinta individualità rispetto agli altri paesi musulmani". Varie sono le caratteristiche fondamentali rintracciabili: "una marcata attitudine per le forme e le proporzioni; inventiva strutturale, specialmente nella costruzione di volte e cupole (gonbad); un gusto geniale nella decorazione, con una libertà espressiva ed una riuscita non comparabile con qualsiasi altra architettura". Tradizionalmente, l'elemento guida e caratterizzante dell'architettura iraniana è stato il proprio simbolismo cosmico «per il quale l'uomo è messo in comunicazione e partecipazione con i poteri del paradiso». Tale tema, condiviso virtualmente con pressoché tutte le altre culture asiatiche e persistente ancora in tempi moderni, non solo ha dato unità e continuità all'architettura della Persia, ma è stato anche una delle fonti principali nella scelta dei suoi caratteri espressivi. (it) Персидская архитектура или Иранская архитектура — разнообразие архитектурных стилей, существовавших на территории современного Ирана и государств, подпадавших под культурную гегемонию Персии. Первые произведения персидской архитектуры появились в III тысячелетии до н. э., географически образцы персидской архитектуры расположены от Турции на западе до Северной Индии и границ Китая на востоке, и от Кавказа на севере до Занзибара на юге. (ru) Перська архітектура або Іранська архітектура — архітектура властива Ірану та деяким частинам Передньої Азії, Кавказу і Центральної Азії — іранському культурному простору. Історія іранської архітектури сягає принаймні 5 тис. до н. е., а її характерні зразки зустрічаються на величезних територіях від Туреччини до Таджикистану, а також від Азербайджану до Занзібару та включають в себе безліч типів споруд. Незважаючи на давню історію, іранська архітектура продовжує розвиватись і збагачуватись новими формами — швидке зростання міст, зокрема Тегерану, привело до хвилі знесення старих і будівництва нових споруд поряд із історичними брамами, палацами, мечетями. (uk)
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rdfs:comment العمارة الإيرانية وتُعرف تخصيصًا بالعمارة الفارسية عمارة اشتهرت على مر العصور بالتنوع وهنا نستعرض مراحله المختلفة عبر تاريخ إيران وبلاد فارس. (ar) Irana arkitekturo aŭ persa arkitekturo estas la arkitekturo de nuntempa Irano kaj de la Irankultura Mondoregiono. Ĝi havas kontinuan historion de almenaŭ 5000 a.K. ĝis la nuno, kun karakterizaj ekzemploj distribuitaj super vasta areo de Turkio kaj Irako ĝis Norda Hindio kaj Taĝikio, kaj de Kaŭkazo ĝis Zanzibaro. (eo) Der Begriff persische Architektur oder iranische Architektur bezeichnet die Architektur im heutigen Iran und den angrenzenden Gebieten des früheren Perserreichs. Als eines der 20 größten Länder der Erde weist Iran eine große topografische und klimatische Vielfalt auf, die die Architektur in den unterschiedlichen Landesteilen beeinflusst hat. Zugleich liegt das Gebiet des heutigen Iran im Zentrum des Alten Orients, eines der ältesten Kulturräume der Welt mit einer Jahrtausende in die Vergangenheit reichenden kontinuierlichen Geschichte, von der auch die Architektur zeugt. (de) Ailtireacht na hIaráine seanda, ag tosú le foirgnimh dhaingnithe sa 8ú-7ú céad RC. Ina dhiaidh sin bhí colúin is ballaí ramhra, déanta as cloch is brící láibe, maisithe go lonrach le rilífí, brící glónraithe is stucó snoite. Sampla iontach is ea Pálás Peirsipilise (c 518–460 RC) le halla an chéad colún mar sheomra na ríchathaoireach. As an bPeirs a tháinig an dearadh croschruthach don mhosc san ailtireacht Ioslamach, ón mosc in Isfahan (1612–1638). (ga) Персидская архитектура или Иранская архитектура — разнообразие архитектурных стилей, существовавших на территории современного Ирана и государств, подпадавших под культурную гегемонию Персии. Первые произведения персидской архитектуры появились в III тысячелетии до н. э., географически образцы персидской архитектуры расположены от Турции на западе до Северной Индии и границ Китая на востоке, и от Кавказа на севере до Занзибара на юге. (ru) Перська архітектура або Іранська архітектура — архітектура властива Ірану та деяким частинам Передньої Азії, Кавказу і Центральної Азії — іранському культурному простору. Історія іранської архітектури сягає принаймні 5 тис. до н. е., а її характерні зразки зустрічаються на величезних територіях від Туреччини до Таджикистану, а також від Азербайджану до Занзібару та включають в себе безліч типів споруд. Незважаючи на давню історію, іранська архітектура продовжує розвиватись і збагачуватись новими формами — швидке зростання міст, зокрема Тегерану, привело до хвилі знесення старих і будівництва нових споруд поряд із історичними брамами, палацами, мечетями. (uk) L'arquitectura iraniana o arquitectura persa és l'arquitectura que s'ha construït al territori que ara correspon més o menys amb l'Iran contemporani i el continent cultural iranià. La seua història comença si fa no fa al 5000 ae, fins al present, amb exemples característics distribuïts en una àmplia zona des de Turquia i l'Iraq fins al nord de l'Índia i Tadjikistan, i des del Caucas fins a Zanzíbar. Els exemples d'edificis perses varien des de barraques camperoles a cases de te i jardins, des de pavellons a «alguns dels edificis més majestuosos que el món mai no ha vist». A més de portes, palaus i mesquites històriques, el ràpid creixement de ciutats, com la capital, Teheran (vegeu: arquitectura de Teheran), ha ocasionat una onada de demolicions i noves construccions. (ca) La arquitectura iraní o arquitectura persa es la arquitectura que se ha construido en el territorio que ahora se corresponde más o menos con el Irán contemporáneo y el continente cultural iraní.​ Su historia data desde al menos 5000 a. C. hasta el presente, con ejemplos característicos distribuidos en una amplia zona desde Turquía e Irak hasta el norte de la India y Tayikistán, y desde el Cáucaso hasta Zanzíbar. Los ejemplos de edificios persas varían desde chozas campesinas a casas de té y jardines, desde pabellones a «algunos de los edificios más majestuosos que el mundo ha visto jamás».​ Además de puertas, palacios y mezquitas históricos, el rápido crecimiento de ciudades, como la capital, Teherán (ver: ) ha ocasionado una ola de demoliciones y nuevas construcciones.​ (es) Iranian architecture or Persian architecture (Persian: معمارى ایرانی, Memāri e Irāni) is the architecture of Iran and parts of the rest of West Asia, the Caucasus and Central Asia. Its history dates back to at least 5,000 BC with characteristic examples distributed over a vast area from Turkey and Iraq to Uzbekistan and Tajikistan, and from the Caucasus to Zanzibar. Persian buildings vary from peasant huts to tea houses, and garden pavilions to "some of the most majestic structures the world has ever seen". In addition to historic gates, palaces, and mosques, the rapid growth of cities such as the capital Tehran has brought about a wave of demolition and new construction. (en) L'architecture iranienne ou architecture perse bénéficie d'un héritage particulièrement ancien parmi les arts iraniens. Elle utilise abondamment la géométrie symbolique, basée sur des formes pures telles que le cercle et le carré. Les plans sont souvent fondés sur des rendus symétriques, dont les cours rectangulaires et les halls sont caractéristiques. (fr) Con architettura persiana o architettura iraniana si intende l'architettura dell'area del cosiddetto Grande Iran, caratterizzata da vicissitudini storiche e culturali comuni sin da un'epoca risalente almeno al 5000 a.C. fino ai giorni presenti. Si possono rintracciare elementi tipici dell'architettura persiana su un'amplissima area che si espande pressappoco dalla Siria all'India settentrionale fino ai confini con la Cina e dal Caucaso fino a Zanzibar. Sono presenti all'interno di questo vasto contenitore numerosissime tipologie di edificio: dalla capanna per contadini alle sale da tè, fino ai meravigliosi padiglioni presenti nei giardini e ad "alcune delle più maestose strutture che il mondo abbia potuto vedere". (it)
rdfs:label عمارة إيرانية (ar) Arquitectura de l'Iran (ca) Persische Architektur (de) Irana arkitekturo (eo) Arquitectura de Irán (es) Ailtireacht na Peirse (ga) Iranian architecture (en) Architecture iranienne (fr) Architettura persiana (it) Arquitetura da Pérsia (pt) Персидская архитектура (ru) Перська архітектура (uk)
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