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يمكن تتبع أثر العمارة في كارناتاكا إلى العصر الحجري الحديث الجنوبي والعصر الحديدي المبكر، بعد أن شهدت التحول الأيديولوجي والمنفعي المعماري في مباني الطقوس الدينية. تسمية «العمارة» هنا قديمة، وتعود لنحو 2000 قبل الميلاد. بنى أفراد العصر الحجري الأعلى والمتأخر أكواخ مصنوعة من الأغصان وقد دُعمت بالحجارة، تملك على الأغلب سقفًا مخروطيًا يرتكز على الخيزران أو الدعامات الخشبية في المرام الأحمر أو رقائق الغرانيت المرصوفة كما هو موضح في الحفريات الأثرية في مواقع مثل براماغيري (مقاطعة تشيترادورغا) وسانغاناكالو، تكالاكوتا (مقاطعة بيلاري) وبيكليهال (مقاطعة رايشور). يُعد الجندل الدليل الأثري السائد للعصر الحديدي المبكر (نحو 1500 قبل الميلاد -100 بعد الميلاد وهو تاريخ غير مستقر). هناك أكثر من 2000 موقع دفن مسجل من العصر الحديدي المبكر، يُعتبر الأساس لعمارة عالية غير قابلة للتلف في شكل من أنماط معمارية مميزة ومختلفة من المدافن الحجرية المبنية التي تكون طقسية في طابعها. تتوضح العمارة الدينية النشطة في عام 354 ميلادي من خلال سلالة كادامبا. كارناتاكا هي ولاية في الجزء الجنوبي من الهند كانت تُعرف أصلًا باسم ولاية ميسور. أظهرت المعالم المعمارية داخل المنطقة على مر القرون، مجموعة متنوعة من التأثيرات، وغالبًا ما نقلت الكثير من الاتجاهات الفنية لحكام اثني عشر سلالة مختلفة. تتراوح عمارتها من كتلة متجانسة مهيبة مثل غوماتيشوارا، إلى أماكن العبادة الهندوسية والجاينية وأطلال المدينة القديمة والأضرحة والقصور ذات الألوان المعمارية المختلفة. أعطى حكم مملكة ميسور (ووديار) هيكلًا معماريًا رئيسيًا في كنيسة سانت فيلومينا في ميسور (بُجل من قبل الملك باعتباره هيكلًا للتعاطف الإلهي وامتنان الرجال التواقين)، وانتُهي منه في عام 1956، إضافة إلى العديد من المعابد ذات الطراز المعماري الدرفيدي. أُدرج اثنان من المعالم الأثرية (باتاداكال وهامبي) ضمن قائمة التراث العالمي لليونسكو الحاوية على 22 معلمًا ثقافيًا في الهند. أُعيد نمط البناء الهندي الساركينوسي ونمط عصر النهضة والكورنثي والهندوسي والهندي الإغرقي في ميسور، وبُنيت قصور على هذه الأنماط في ميسور، مدينة القصور. يمكن الإشارة إلى العمارة السيخية في بيدار (1521) وأيضًا في بنغالور في عام 1956 على أن لها تأثير على التكوين المعماري للدولة. بصرف النظر عن الفيهارا البوذية التقليدية القديمة التي كانت موجودة في الهند منذ العصور القديمة، منذ استقلال الهند في عام 1947، شهدت كارناتاكا بعض التغييرات الملحوظة، لاسيما من خلال تدفق اللاجئين التبتيين الذين وصلوا إلى الولاية بين عامي 1963 و1997، وجلبوا معهم الفن التبتي التقليدي والأنماط المعمارية التي تنعكس في الدير البوذي في بايلاكاباي على سبيل المثال. يُعد فيدانا سودا (المبنية في بنغالور في عام 1953) وأطول معبد في موروديشوار، شاهدين على التأثيرات المعمارية الدرفيدية الجديدة التي تطورت منذ الاستقلال. (ar) The antiquity of architecture of Karnataka (Kannada: ಕರ್ನಾಟಕ ವಾಸ್ತುಶಿಲ್ಪ) can be traced to its southern Neolithic and early Iron Age, Having witnessed the architectural ideological and utilitarian transformation from shelter- ritual- religion. Here the nomenclature 'Architecture' is as old as c.2000 B.C.E. The upper or late Neolithic people in order to make their shelters, they constructed huts made of wattle and doab, that were buttressed by stone boulders, presumably having conical roof resting on the bamboo or wooden posts into red murram or paved granite chips as revealed in archaeological excavations in sites like Brhamagiri (Chitradurga district), Sanganakallu, Tekkalakota (Bellary district), Piklihal (Raichur district). Megaliths are the dominant archaeological evidence of the early Iron Age (c. 1500 B.C.E- 100 C.E unsettled date). There are more than 2000 early Iron Age burial sites on record, who laid the foundation for a high non-perishable architecture in the form of various distinct architectural styles of stone built burials, which are ritualistic in its character. The active religious architecture is evident 345 with that of the Kadamba Dynasty. Karnataka is a state in the southern part of India originally known as the State of Mysore. Over the centuries, architectural monuments within the region displayed a diversity of influences, often relaying much about the artistic trends of the rulers of twelve different dynasties. Its architecture ranges dramatically from majestic monolith, such as the Gomateshwara, to Hindu and Jain places of worship, ruins of ancient cities, mausoleums and palaces of different architectural hue. Mysore Kingdom (Wodeyar) rule has also given an architectural master structure in the St. Philomena's Church at Mysore (extolled by the King as a structure of divine compassion and the eager gratitude of men) which was completed in 1956, in addition to many Dravidian style architectural temples. Two of the monuments (Pattadakal and Hampi) are listed under the UNESCO World Heritage List of 22 cultural monuments in India. Styles of Indo-Saracenic, Renaissance, Corinthian, Hindu, Indo-Greek and Indo-British style palaces were built in Mysore, the city of palaces. Sikh architecture at Bidar (1512) and also in Bangalore in 1956 can also be cited as having an impact on the architectural composition of the state. Apart from the ancient traditional Buddhist Viharas which existed in India since ancient times, since the Independence of India in 1947, Karnataka has experienced some marked architectural changes, notably by the influx of Tibetan refugees which arrived in the state between 1963 and 1997, bringing with them the traditional Tibetan art and architectural styles, reflected in the Buddhist monastery at Bylakuppe for instance. Vidhana Soudha (built in Bangalore in 1953) and the tallest temple at Murudeshwar are witnesses to the Neo–Dravidian architectural influences which have evolved since independence. The chronology of the architecture of Karnataka is elaborated in the right-hand box. (en) |
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https://books.google.com/books%3Fid=w6xpQpOCtzAC https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Historic_Landmarks_of_the_Deccan https://openlibrary.org/b/OL4248712M/concise_history_of_Karnataka%7Cpublisher= http://www.hindu.com/br/2009/11/24/stories/2009112450021200.htm https://www.thehansindia.com/featured/sunday-hans/the-jain-trail-610353 |
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Kirtimukha decoration at Kasivisvesvara Temple, Lakkundi (en) |
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يمكن تتبع أثر العمارة في كارناتاكا إلى العصر الحجري الحديث الجنوبي والعصر الحديدي المبكر، بعد أن شهدت التحول الأيديولوجي والمنفعي المعماري في مباني الطقوس الدينية. تسمية «العمارة» هنا قديمة، وتعود لنحو 2000 قبل الميلاد. بنى أفراد العصر الحجري الأعلى والمتأخر أكواخ مصنوعة من الأغصان وقد دُعمت بالحجارة، تملك على الأغلب سقفًا مخروطيًا يرتكز على الخيزران أو الدعامات الخشبية في المرام الأحمر أو رقائق الغرانيت المرصوفة كما هو موضح في الحفريات الأثرية في مواقع مثل براماغيري (مقاطعة تشيترادورغا) وسانغاناكالو، تكالاكوتا (مقاطعة بيلاري) وبيكليهال (مقاطعة رايشور). يُعد الجندل الدليل الأثري السائد للعصر الحديدي المبكر (نحو 1500 قبل الميلاد -100 بعد الميلاد وهو تاريخ غير مستقر). هناك أكثر من 2000 موقع دفن مسجل من العصر الحديدي المبكر، يُعتبر الأساس لعمارة عالية غير قابلة للتلف في شكل من أنماط معمارية م (ar) The antiquity of architecture of Karnataka (Kannada: ಕರ್ನಾಟಕ ವಾಸ್ತುಶಿಲ್ಪ) can be traced to its southern Neolithic and early Iron Age, Having witnessed the architectural ideological and utilitarian transformation from shelter- ritual- religion. Here the nomenclature 'Architecture' is as old as c.2000 B.C.E. The upper or late Neolithic people in order to make their shelters, they constructed huts made of wattle and doab, that were buttressed by stone boulders, presumably having conical roof resting on the bamboo or wooden posts into red murram or paved granite chips as revealed in archaeological excavations in sites like Brhamagiri (Chitradurga district), Sanganakallu, Tekkalakota (Bellary district), Piklihal (Raichur district). Megaliths are the dominant archaeological evidence of the early (en) |
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Architecture of Karnataka (en) عمارة كارناتاكا (ar) |
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