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تشمل العمارة الهندية الإسلامية كلًا من الهندسة والعمارة الهندية في شبه القارة الهندية، وغالبًا ما تضمنت أيضًا بعض عناصر العمارة المنقولة من أجزاء مختلفة من غرب ووسط آسيا، والتي أُنتجت من أجل الأنظمة الإسلامية. جاءت هذه العناصر الأجنبية من مناطق تأثرت بانتشار المفردات المعمارية الهندية مع انتشار البوذية، إذ أن العمارة الإسلامية قد بدأت في جميع أنحاء العالم من خلال اعتماد واستخدام وإعادة استخدام الأبنية المبكرة قبل الإسلام. على الرغم من الغياب العربي الأولي في بلاد السند، بدأ تطور العمارة الهندية الإسلامية بشكل جدي مع إنشاء هيكل دلهي باعتبارها عاصمة سلالة الغوريون في عام 1193. خلفت سلطنة دلهي سلالة الغور، وهي عبارة عن سلسلة من سلالات آسيا الوسطى التي وحدت جزءًا كبيرًا من شمال الهند، وجاء بعد ذلك الإمبراطورية المغولية بحلول القرن الخامس عشر. أدخلت هاتين السلالتين كلًا من العمارة الفارسية والتركية والإسلامية وأنماط الفن من غرب أوراسيا إلى شبه القارة الهندية. اختلفت أنواع وأشكال المباني الكبيرة التي تحتاجها النخب الإسلامية إلى جانب المساجد والمقابر الأكثر شيوعًا، بشكل تام عن تلك التي بُنيت سابقًا في الهند، إلا أن المباني في كلتا المرحلتين احتوت على قبة كبيرة تعلو الجزء الخارجي منها، واستُخدمت الأقواس على نطاق واسع. تُستخدم كل من هاتين الميزتين في العمارة البوذية الهندية على سبيل المثال، في ستوبا والأنماط الهندية الأصلية الأخرى. يتكون هذان النوعان من المباني بشكل أساسي من مساحة كبيرة واحدة تحت قبة عالية، وجرى تجنب النحت التصويري الذي يُعد أمرًا مهمًا في هندسة المعبد الهندوسي بشكل تام. عملت المباني الإسلامية في بداية الأمر على تكييف مهارات القوى العاملة التي تدربت في التقاليد الهندية السابقة مع تصاميمها الخاصة. امتلكت الهند بناة مهرة استخدموا الحجر في إنتاج البناء الحجري الذي تميز بجودته العالية، على عكس معظم العالم الإسلامي الذي كان يميل إلى استخدام الطوب. طُورت مجموعة متنوعة من الأساليب الإقليمية في الممالك الإقليمية مثل سلطنات البنغال والكجرات والدكن وجانبور وكشمير التي عكست العمارة في تلك المناطق المحددة، إلى جانب العمارة التي تطورت في كل من دلهي والمراكز البارزة للوجود المغولي في أغرة ولاهور والله أباد. (ar) Η Ινδο-Ισλαμική αρχιτεκτονική περιλαμβάνει ένα ευρύ φάσμα αρχιτεκτονικών μορφών οι οποίες επηρεάστηκαν από την έλευση του Ισλάμ στην ινδική υποήπειρο τον 7ο αιώνα μέχρι και σήμερα. Σήμερα στην Ινδία υπάρχουν κτήρια (θρησκευτικά και μη) τα οποία παρουσιάζουν στοιχεία Ινδικής, Περσικής, Αραβικής και Οθωμανικής αρχιτεκτονικής. (el) Als indo-islamische Architektur wird die islamische Architektur des indischen Subkontinents bezeichnet, insbesondere auf dem Gebiet der heutigen Staaten Indien, Pakistan und Bangladesch. Obwohl der Islam bereits im frühen Mittelalter an der Westküste sowie im äußersten Nordwesten des Subkontinents Fuß gefasst hatte, begann die eigentliche Phase der indo-islamischen Bautätigkeit erst mit der Unterwerfung der nordindischen Gangesebene durch die Ghuriden im späten 12. Jahrhundert. Sie hat ihren Ursprung in der Sakralarchitektur des muslimischen Persien, die zahlreiche stilistische und bautechnische Neuerungen mit sich brachte, zeigt aber von Beginn an indischen Einfluss in Steinbearbeitung und Bautechnik. In der frühen Neuzeit verschmolzen persische und indisch-hinduistische Elemente endgültig zu einer eigenständigen, von den Stilen des außerindischen Islam klar abgrenzbaren architektonischen Einheit. Mit dem Niedergang der muslimischen Reiche und dem Aufstieg der Briten zur unangefochtenen Vormacht auf dem Subkontinent im späten 18. und frühen 19. Jahrhundert hörte die Entwicklung der indo-islamischen Baukunst auf. Einzelne architektonische Elemente fanden Eingang in den eklektischen Kolonialstil Britisch-Indiens, bisweilen auch in die moderne islamische Architektur der Staaten Südasiens. Als Hauptstile lassen sich in Nordindien die von der jeweils herrschenden Dynastie beeinflussten Stile des Sultanats von Delhi ab dem späten 12. Jahrhundert und der Stil des Mogulreiches ab der Mitte des 16. Jahrhunderts unterscheiden. Parallel dazu entwickelten sich verschiedene Regionalstile in kleineren islamischen Reichen, besonders auf dem Dekkan, die vom 14. Jahrhundert an ihre Unabhängigkeit von einem der beiden nordindischen Großreiche hatten erlangen können. Gemeinsam ist allen Stilen eine weitgehend an persischen und zentralasiatischen Vorbildern orientierte Konzeption und eine je nach Epoche und Region verschieden stark ausgeprägte Indisierung des Dekors und der Bautechnik. Einen Überblick über die gesamte Architekturgeschichte Indiens bietet der Artikel „Indische Architektur“. Wichtige Fachbegriffe sind im Glossar der indischen Architektur kurz erklärt. (de) Indo-Islamic architecture is the architecture of the Indian subcontinent produced by and for Islamic patrons and purposes. Despite an initial Arab presence in Sindh, the development of Indo-Islamic architecture began in earnest with the establishment of Delhi as the capital of the Ghurid dynasty in 1193. Succeeding the Ghurids was the Delhi Sultanate, a series of Central Asian dynasties that consolidated much of North India, and later the Mughal Empire by the 15th century. Both of these dynasties introduced Persianate architecture and art styles from Western Eurasia into the Indian subcontinent. The types and forms of large buildings required by Muslim elites, with mosques and tombs much the most common, were very different from those previously built in India. The exteriors of both were very often topped by large domes, and made extensive use of arches. Both of these features were hardly used in Hindu temple architecture and other indigenous Indian styles. Both types of building essentially consist of a single large space under a high dome, and completely avoid the figurative sculpture so important to Hindu temple architecture. Islamic buildings initially adapted the skills of a workforce trained in earlier Indian traditions to their own designs. Unlike most of the Islamic world, where brick tended to predominate, India had highly skilled builders well used to producing stone masonry of extremely high quality. Alongside the architecture developed in Delhi and prominent centres of Mughal culture such as Agra, Lahore and Allahabad, a variety of regional styles developed in regional kingdoms like the Bengal, Gujarat, Deccan, Jaunpur and Kashmir Sultanates. By the Mughal period, generally agreed to represent the peak of the style, aspects of Islamic style began to influence architecture made for Hindus, with even temples using scalloped arches, and later domes. This was especially the case in palace architecture. Following the collapse of the Mughal Empire, regional nawabs such as in Lucknow, Hyderabad and Mysore continued to commission and patronize the construction of Mughal-style architecture in the princely states. Indo-Islamic architecture has left a large impact on modern Indian, Pakistani and Bangladeshi architecture, as in the case of its influence on the Indo-Saracenic Revivalism of the late British Raj. Both secular and religious buildings are influenced by Indo-Islamic architecture. (en) Индо-исламская архитектура — архитектурная культура полуострова Индостан, возникшая в результате распространения ислама и исламской культуры на территории Индии, Пакистана и Бангладеш в эпоху Средневековья. Самым знаменитым зданием индо-исламской архитектуры считается мавзолей Тадж-Махал. (ru) |
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http://en.banglapedia.org/index.php%3Ftitle=Architecture https://books.google.co.uk/books%3Fid=Uunyz4qFZwEC&pg=PA32 http://www.ne.jp/asahi/arc/ind/1_primer/indoislam/indis_eng.htm https://books.google.com/books%3Fid=YCF9CgAAQBAJ&pg=PT121 https://books.google.com/books%3Fid=aHcfv6zkJgQC&pg=PR92%7Caccess-date=14 http://asi.nic.in/asi_monu_whs_humayuntomb_char.asp |
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Η Ινδο-Ισλαμική αρχιτεκτονική περιλαμβάνει ένα ευρύ φάσμα αρχιτεκτονικών μορφών οι οποίες επηρεάστηκαν από την έλευση του Ισλάμ στην ινδική υποήπειρο τον 7ο αιώνα μέχρι και σήμερα. Σήμερα στην Ινδία υπάρχουν κτήρια (θρησκευτικά και μη) τα οποία παρουσιάζουν στοιχεία Ινδικής, Περσικής, Αραβικής και Οθωμανικής αρχιτεκτονικής. (el) Индо-исламская архитектура — архитектурная культура полуострова Индостан, возникшая в результате распространения ислама и исламской культуры на территории Индии, Пакистана и Бангладеш в эпоху Средневековья. Самым знаменитым зданием индо-исламской архитектуры считается мавзолей Тадж-Махал. (ru) تشمل العمارة الهندية الإسلامية كلًا من الهندسة والعمارة الهندية في شبه القارة الهندية، وغالبًا ما تضمنت أيضًا بعض عناصر العمارة المنقولة من أجزاء مختلفة من غرب ووسط آسيا، والتي أُنتجت من أجل الأنظمة الإسلامية. جاءت هذه العناصر الأجنبية من مناطق تأثرت بانتشار المفردات المعمارية الهندية مع انتشار البوذية، إذ أن العمارة الإسلامية قد بدأت في جميع أنحاء العالم من خلال اعتماد واستخدام وإعادة استخدام الأبنية المبكرة قبل الإسلام. على الرغم من الغياب العربي الأولي في بلاد السند، بدأ تطور العمارة الهندية الإسلامية بشكل جدي مع إنشاء هيكل دلهي باعتبارها عاصمة سلالة الغوريون في عام 1193. خلفت سلطنة دلهي سلالة الغور، وهي عبارة عن سلسلة من سلالات آسيا الوسطى التي وحدت جزءًا كبيرًا من شمال الهند، وجاء بعد ذلك الإمبراطورية المغولية بحلول القرن الخامس عشر. أدخلت هاتين السلالتين كلًا من العمارة الفارسية والت (ar) Als indo-islamische Architektur wird die islamische Architektur des indischen Subkontinents bezeichnet, insbesondere auf dem Gebiet der heutigen Staaten Indien, Pakistan und Bangladesch. Obwohl der Islam bereits im frühen Mittelalter an der Westküste sowie im äußersten Nordwesten des Subkontinents Fuß gefasst hatte, begann die eigentliche Phase der indo-islamischen Bautätigkeit erst mit der Unterwerfung der nordindischen Gangesebene durch die Ghuriden im späten 12. Jahrhundert. Sie hat ihren Ursprung in der Sakralarchitektur des muslimischen Persien, die zahlreiche stilistische und bautechnische Neuerungen mit sich brachte, zeigt aber von Beginn an indischen Einfluss in Steinbearbeitung und Bautechnik. In der frühen Neuzeit verschmolzen persische und indisch-hinduistische Elemente endgülti (de) Indo-Islamic architecture is the architecture of the Indian subcontinent produced by and for Islamic patrons and purposes. Despite an initial Arab presence in Sindh, the development of Indo-Islamic architecture began in earnest with the establishment of Delhi as the capital of the Ghurid dynasty in 1193. Succeeding the Ghurids was the Delhi Sultanate, a series of Central Asian dynasties that consolidated much of North India, and later the Mughal Empire by the 15th century. Both of these dynasties introduced Persianate architecture and art styles from Western Eurasia into the Indian subcontinent. (en) |
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Indo-Islamic architecture (en) عمارة هندية إسلامية (ar) Indo-islamische Architektur (de) Ινδοϊσλαμική αρχιτεκτονική (el) Индо-исламская архитектура (ru) |
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