Operation Steinbock (original) (raw)
Das Unternehmen Steinbock (auch Operation Steinbock) war eine Serie von Bombenangriffen der deutschen Luftwaffe auf London und andere britische Städte im Zweiten Weltkrieg.
,_1943-1944._CH12537.jpg?width=300)
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| dbo:abstract | Das Unternehmen Steinbock (auch Operation Steinbock) war eine Serie von Bombenangriffen der deutschen Luftwaffe auf London und andere britische Städte im Zweiten Weltkrieg. (de) عملية شتاينبوك ((بالألمانية: Unternehmen Steinbock)، التي تسمى أحيانًا Baby Blitz، كانت حملة قصف إستراتيجية من قبل القوات الجوية الألمانية (لوفتفافه) خلال الحرب العالمية الثانية. أستهدفت العملية جنوب إنجلترا واستمرت من يناير إلى مايو 1944. كانت عملية شتاينبوك آخر هجوم جوي استراتيجي قامت به قاذفات القنابل الألمانية خلال النزاع. في أواخر عام 1943، ازداد هجوم الحلفاء المشترك زخما ضد ألمانيا. كانت القوات الجوية المتحالفة تقوم بحملة قصف استراتيجية ليلا ونهارا ضد المدن الصناعية الألمانية والتي دعمت بشكل كبير جهود الحرب الألمانية. من خلال مثل هذه الغارات الجوية، والتي استخدمت خلالها في أغلب الأحيان القنابل الحارقة، سعى الحلفاء لحرمان الجيش الألماني من المعدات العسكرية، التي استغلها لتحقيق انتصارات سريعة خلال السنوات الأولى للحرب، بهدف تعجيل سقوط النظام النازي واستسلام ألمانيا. ردا على ذلك، أمر أدولف هتلر لوفتفافه بالإعداد لعملية قصف ضد المملكة المتحدة. كان الهجوم بمثابة قيمة دعاية للجمهور الألماني والاستهلاك المحلي. كانت العملية موازية لحملة قاذفات القنابل ضد برلين (نوفمبر 1943 - مارس 1944). قام فريق لوفتفافه بتجميع 474 طائرة قاذفة للهجوم. كانت الهجمات موجهة أساسًا على منطقة لندن الكبرى وما حولها. في بريطانيا، كانت تُعرف باسم Baby Blitz نظرًا لصغر حجم العمليات مقارنةً بـ ذا بليتز (قصف لندن)، الحملة ضد المملكة المتحدة في 1940-1941. بدأت العملية في يناير وانتهت في مايو 1944. حققت الحملة القليل جدًا وعانت القوة الألمانية من خسارة حوالي 329 جهازًا خلال الأشهر الخمسة للعمليات - بمعدل 77 في الشهر - قبل أن يتم التخلي عنها. في النهاية، أفسدت الهجمات الانتقامية الاستعدادات لغزو الحلفاء الوشيك لفرنسا، لكن أضعفت عملية شتاينبوك القوة الهجومية لسلاح الجو الألماني إلى الحد الذي لم يستطع فيه شن أي هجمات مضادة كبيرة عندما بدأ الغزو في 6 يونيو 1944. كان الهجوم آخر حملة قصف واسعة النطاق ضد إنجلترا باستخدام الطائرات التقليدية، ومنذ ذلك الحين استخدمت القنبلة الطائرة من طراز في-1 وصواريخ في-2 -وهي الأمثلة الرائدة لصواريخ كروز والصواريخ الباليستية قصيرة المدى على التوالي - في الهجوم على المدن البريطانية. (ar) L'opération Steinbock a été menée par la Luftwaffe à la fin de la Seconde Guerre mondiale entre janvier et mai 1944 sur des objectifs du sud de l'Angleterre, en particulier sur Londres et ses alentours au cours de la nuit. Les Anglais ont surnommé cette opération le Baby Blitz (petit Blitz) en raison de sa faible importance au regard du bombardement stratégique de la Luftwaffe sur les îles britanniques en 1940–1941. Placée sous le commandement du Generalmajor Dietrich Peltz, la Luftflotte 3 rassemble 474 bombardiers pour l'offensive. L'opération — conduite en réaction à la campagne du Bomber Command connue sous le nom de Bataille de Berlin, mais sur une plus petite échelle — est lancée surtout pour des raisons de propagande et par mesure de représailles. Son intérêt reste pratiquement assez faible et les pertes s'élèvent à 329 appareils au cours des cinq derniers mois d'opération avant son abandon. Des commandants de la Luftwaffe, comme Hugo Sperrle, ont eu l'idée d'utiliser ces moyens contre la flotte d'invasion alliée dont ils prévoyaient qu'elle atterrirait au Nord de la France au cours de l'été. En fin de compte, les attaques de représailles ont permis l'interruption de l'invasion imminente de la France par les Alliés, mais Steinbock ayant perdu une part importante de la flotte de bombardiers allemande, il n'était plus possible d'opposer une contre–attaque sérieuse. Cette opération marque la fin des grandes offensives lancées par la Luftwaffe contre l'Angleterre, par la suite seuls des V1 et des V2 seront utilisés contre les îles britanniques. (fr) Operation Steinbock (German: Unternehmen Steinbock), sometimes called the Baby Blitz, was a strategic bombing campaign by the German Air Force (the Luftwaffe) during the Second World War. It targeted southern England and lasted from January to May 1944. Steinbock was the last strategic air offensive by the German bomber arm during the conflict. In late 1943, the Allied Combined Bomber Offensive was gathering momentum against Germany. The Allied air forces were conducting a strategic bombing campaign day and night against German industrial cities. In retaliation, Adolf Hitler ordered the Luftwaffe to prepare a bombing operation against the United Kingdom. The bombing offensive also served as propaganda value for the German public and domestic consumption. The operation ran parallel to Bomber Command's campaign against Berlin (November 1943 – March 1944). The Luftwaffe assembled 474 bomber aircraft for the offensive. The attacks were mainly aimed at and around the Greater London area. In Britain, it was known as the Baby Blitz due to the much smaller scale of operations compared to The Blitz, the campaign against the United Kingdom in 1940–1941. The operation began in January and ended in May 1944. It achieved very little, and the German force suffered a loss of some 329 machines during the five months of operations before it was abandoned. Casualties were at 70% for the planes committed and were destroyed at an average rate of 77 per month. Eventually, the revenge attacks gave way to attempts to disrupt preparations for the impending Allied invasion of France, but Steinbock had worn down the offensive power of the Luftwaffe to the extent it could not mount any significant counterattacks when the invasion began on 6 June 1944. The offensive was the last large-scale bombing campaign against England using conventional aircraft, and thenceforth only the V-1 flying bomb and V-2 rockets – the pioneering examples of cruise missiles and short-range ballistic missiles respectively – were used to strike British cities. (en) L'operazione Steinbock (tradotto in italiano: operazione Capricorno, in tedesco: Unternehmen Steinbock) fu un'offensiva notturna attuata dal gennaio al maggio 1944 dalla Luftwaffe con lo scopo di distruggere obiettivi militari e civili nell'Inghilterra meridionale in risposta alla crescente campagna di bombardamenti condotta dalle forze aeree anglo-americane sulla Germania. L'operazione causò alcuni danni a Londra e provocò numerose vittime civili, ma costò forti perdite ai bombardieri tedeschi e non raggiunse risultati significativi; non ebbe alcuna influenza sulla campagna di bombardamento alleata che continuò con effetti sempre più devastanti sulle città tedesche. I britannici chiamarono l'operazione "Baby Blitz", in riferimento alla molto più distruttiva campagna di bombardamento tedesca che si riversò su di loro durante il biennio 1940-1941, nell'ambito della battaglia d'Inghilterra. (it) A Operação Steinbock (em alemão: Unternehmen Steinbock), também conhecida por Baby Blitz, foi uma operação militar de bombardeamento estratégico realizada pela Luftwaffe durante a Segunda Guerra Mundial. O alvo desta campanha militar foi o sul de Inglaterra, e durou de Janeiro a Maio de 1944. Steinbock foi a última ofensiva estratégica realizada pelos bombardeiros alemães durante a guerra. No final de 1943, a aliado estava a ganhar ímpeto contra a Alemanha. As forças aéreas aliadas estava a realizar campanhas de bombardeamento estratégico de dia e de noite contra os centros industriais germânicos. Em retaliação, Adolf Hitler deu indicações à Luftwaffe para preparar uma operação de bombardeamento contra o Reino Unido. Esta ofensiva serviria também para efeitos de propaganda para o público alemão. A operação decorreu paralelamente à campanha aérea aliada contra Berlim, que ocorreu entre Novembro de 1943 e Março de 1944. A Luftfotte 3 reuniu uma força de 474 bombardeiros para a ofensiva. Os ataques foi direccionados essencialmente à área da Grande Londres. Na Inglaterra, esta operação ficou conhecida por Baby Blitz, devido à escala muito menor quando comparada com a campanha aérea alemã anos antes, o Blitz. A operação começou em Janeiro e terminou em Maio de 1944; apesar de ter durado alguns meses, a operação alcançou um resultado aquém do esperado, e a força aérea alemã sofreu com a perda de 329 aeronaves, uma média de 77 por mês. Estes resultados fizeram com que a operação fosse abandonada em Maio. Vários militares de alta patente da Luftwaffe faziam intenção de usar esta força de bombardeiros contra a frota de invasão dos aliados, que previam que iria desembarcar algures no norte de França entre a Primavera e o Verão de 1944. Eventualmente, no meio desta ofensiva alemã, alguns esforços foram realizados para danificar e atrasar os preparativos para a iminente invasão aliada da França, a Operação Overlord; contudo, os custos da operação Steinbock foram altos demais para que a Luftwaffe conseguisse realizar um contra-ataque eficaz quando a invasão começou no dia 6 de Junho de 1944. Esta ofensiva alemã foi o último bombardeamento estratégico de grande escala empregue contra a Inglaterra usando aeronaves convencionais. Meses mais tarde iniciaram-se novos bombardeamentos através de meios não convencionais, realizados com as bombas-voadoras V-1 e com os mísseis V-2. (pt) |
| dbo:causalties | ----1,556 civilians killed 1 destroyed in combat 1 to friendly-fire 22 lost to other causes 5 damaged in combat Aircraft |
| dbo:combatant | Germany United Kingdom |
| dbo:commander | dbr:Roderic_Hill dbr:Hugo_Sperrle dbr:Frederick_Alfred_Pile dbr:Dietrich_Peltz |
| dbo:date | 1944-05-29 (xsd:date) |
| dbo:place | dbr:United_Kingdom |
| dbo:result | British victory |
| dbo:strength | 524 bombers ~ 25 squadrons |
| dbo:thumbnail | wiki-commons:Special:FilePath/Royal_Air_Force-_Air_...gb),_1943-1944._CH12537.jpg?width=300 |
| dbo:wikiPageExternalLink | https://web.archive.org/web/20120120224956/http:/www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil/airchronicles/apj/apj95/fal95_files/andrews.pdf http://www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil/airchronicles/apj/apj95/fal95_files/andrews.pdf |
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| dbp:caption | 0001-03-21 (xsd:gMonthDay) |
| dbp:casualties | 1 (xsd:integer) 5 (xsd:integer) 22 (xsd:integer) Aircraft 1 destroyed in combat (en) Aircraft 329 destroyed (en) |
| dbp:combatant | Germany (en) United Kingdom (en) |
| dbp:commander | dbr:Roderic_Hill dbr:Dietrich_Peltz Frederick Alfred Pile (en) Hugo Sperrle (en) |
| dbp:conflict | Operation Steinbock (en) |
| dbp:date | 0001-01-21 (xsd:gMonthDay) |
| dbp:partof | World War II (en) |
| dbp:place | Southern United Kingdom (en) |
| dbp:portal | United Kingdom (en) World War II (en) |
| dbp:result | British victory (en) |
| dbp:strength | 524 (xsd:integer) ~ 25 squadrons (en) |
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| gold:hypernym | dbr:Campaign |
| georss:point | 53.32 2.35 |
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| rdfs:comment | Das Unternehmen Steinbock (auch Operation Steinbock) war eine Serie von Bombenangriffen der deutschen Luftwaffe auf London und andere britische Städte im Zweiten Weltkrieg. (de) عملية شتاينبوك ((بالألمانية: Unternehmen Steinbock)، التي تسمى أحيانًا Baby Blitz، كانت حملة قصف إستراتيجية من قبل القوات الجوية الألمانية (لوفتفافه) خلال الحرب العالمية الثانية. أستهدفت العملية جنوب إنجلترا واستمرت من يناير إلى مايو 1944. كانت عملية شتاينبوك آخر هجوم جوي استراتيجي قامت به قاذفات القنابل الألمانية خلال النزاع. (ar) L'opération Steinbock a été menée par la Luftwaffe à la fin de la Seconde Guerre mondiale entre janvier et mai 1944 sur des objectifs du sud de l'Angleterre, en particulier sur Londres et ses alentours au cours de la nuit. Les Anglais ont surnommé cette opération le Baby Blitz (petit Blitz) en raison de sa faible importance au regard du bombardement stratégique de la Luftwaffe sur les îles britanniques en 1940–1941. Cette opération marque la fin des grandes offensives lancées par la Luftwaffe contre l'Angleterre, par la suite seuls des V1 et des V2 seront utilisés contre les îles britanniques. (fr) Operation Steinbock (German: Unternehmen Steinbock), sometimes called the Baby Blitz, was a strategic bombing campaign by the German Air Force (the Luftwaffe) during the Second World War. It targeted southern England and lasted from January to May 1944. Steinbock was the last strategic air offensive by the German bomber arm during the conflict. (en) L'operazione Steinbock (tradotto in italiano: operazione Capricorno, in tedesco: Unternehmen Steinbock) fu un'offensiva notturna attuata dal gennaio al maggio 1944 dalla Luftwaffe con lo scopo di distruggere obiettivi militari e civili nell'Inghilterra meridionale in risposta alla crescente campagna di bombardamenti condotta dalle forze aeree anglo-americane sulla Germania. (it) A Operação Steinbock (em alemão: Unternehmen Steinbock), também conhecida por Baby Blitz, foi uma operação militar de bombardeamento estratégico realizada pela Luftwaffe durante a Segunda Guerra Mundial. O alvo desta campanha militar foi o sul de Inglaterra, e durou de Janeiro a Maio de 1944. Steinbock foi a última ofensiva estratégica realizada pelos bombardeiros alemães durante a guerra. (pt) |
| rdfs:label | عملية شتاينبوك (ar) Unternehmen Steinbock (de) Opération Steinbock (fr) Operazione Steinbock (it) Operation Steinbock (en) Operação Steinbock (pt) |
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| foaf:name | Operation Steinbock (en) |
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